Neuroprotective Effect of Caryocar brasiliense Camb. Leaves Is Associated with Anticholinesterase and Antioxidant Properties

Neuroprotective Effect of Ginseng Fibrous Root Enzymatic Hydrolysate against Oxidative Stress

Oxidative stress is one of the potential causes of nervous system disease. Ginseng extract possesses excellent antioxidant activity; however, little research on the function of the ginseng fibrous root. This study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of ginseng fibrous root to alleviate the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) against oxidative stress. Ginseng fibrous root enzymatic hydrolysate (GFREH) was first prepared by digesting ginseng fibrous roots with alkaline protease. In vitro, the GFREH showed antioxidant activities in free radical scavenging mechanisms. With a cellular model of AD, GFREH inhibited the increase in Ca²⁺ levels and intracellular ROS content, maintained the balance of mitochondrial membrane potential, and relieved L-glutamic acid-induced neurotoxicity. In vivo, GFREH improved the survival rate of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) under oxidative stress, upregulated SOD-3 expression, and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) content. Therefore, our findings provide evidence for the alleviation effect of GFREH against oxidative stress in neuroprotection, which may accelerate the development of anti-Alzheimer's drugs and treatments in the future.

Redox Profiling of Selected Apulian Red Wines in a Single Minute

Wine is a complex bioproduct whose chemical composition is highly variable across production regions. In order to shed light on affordable ways to promote the characterization of wines and explore the physicochemical basis of their antioxidant capacity, this work reported on the quick and easy redox profiling of selected red wines from Apulia, Italy. Therefore, an affordable and quickly performed semiempirical quantum chemistry approach, i.e., the extended Hückel method, was used to compute the bandgaps of the main phytochemical markers attributed to red wines. The findings of these calculations were then compared to an electroanalytical investigation in the form of cyclic and square-wave voltammetry, and the electric current of the redox profiles was used as the input dataset for principal component analysis. Results showcased that the semiempirical quantum chemistry calculations allowed the correlation of the bandgaps to the observed faradaic signals upon voltammetry; thereby, also providing insights on their antioxidant appeal by highlighting the feasibility of charge-transfer processes at low electric potentials. Furthermore, the principal component analysis showed that the electric current dataset gathered in a time span of 55 s allowed the appropriate separation of the samples, which hints at the possible use of quick voltammetric assays as fingerprinting tools.

Pequi Fruit Extract Increases Antioxidant Enzymes and Reduces Oxidants in Human Coronary Artery Endothelial Cells

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) imbalance results in endothelial cell function impairment. Natural phenolic antioxidant compounds have been investigated as therapeutic alternatives. The fruit bark of Brazilian-native pequi (Caryocar brasiliense, Camb.) is rich in polyphenols. The HPLC-MS (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry) analyses identified gallic acid and catechin in six out of seven ethanolic extract samples prepared in our lab. In this study, we examined the effects of ethanolic pequi extract on ROS levels in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC) subjected to hypoxia or oxidative stress. We first confirmed the oxidant scavenging capacity of the extract. Then, HCAEC pre-incubated with 10 or 25 μg/mL of extract were subjected to hypoxia for 48 h or 100 μM H2O2 for six hours and compared to the normoxia group. Total and mitochondrial ROS levels and cell proliferation were measured. Pequi significantly reduced cytosolic HCAEC ROS levels in all conditions. Mitochondrial ROS were also reduced, except in hypoxia with 10 μg/mL of extract. HCAEC proliferation increased when treated with 25 μg/mL extract under hypoxia and after H2O2 addition. Additionally, pequi upregulated oxidative stress defense enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD-)1, SOD-2, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. Together, these findings demonstrate that pequi bark extract increases antioxidative enzyme levels, decreases ROS, and favors HACEC proliferation, pointing to a protective effect against oxidative stress.

Recycled Pequi (Caryocar brasiliense, Camb.) Shell Ethanolic Extract Induces Apoptosis in Canine Osteosarcoma Cells

Abstract Osteosarcoma is a mesenchymal cancer associated with high mortality in dogs and in humans. The biodiversity-rich Cerrado, the predominant biome in the Midwest region of Brazil, is native to locally appreciated fruits such as pequi (Caryocar brasiliense, Camb). Although this plant has been frequently used in folk medicine, the pharmacological properties of pequi fruit shells have not been fully evaluated. Thus, this study aimed to determine the cytotoxic activity of ethanol extract of recycled pequi shells on canine osteosarcoma cells in vitro. Cells were cultured and treated with final extract concentrations of 0, 0.029 µg/µL, 0.29 µg/µL, and 2.91 µg/µL for 24, 48, or 72 hours. Cell viability assay using trypan blue exclusion method and tetrazolium reduction method, cell survival assay, and double labeling with annexin V and propidium iodide were performed in the treated osteosarcoma cells. These allowed the determination of IC50, survival fraction, and type of cell death, respectively. Pequi shell ethanol extract at a concentration of 2.91 µg/µL showed the greatest inhibition of osteosarcoma cell growth in vitro, resulting in a 71.80% decrease in growth compared to the control. The mean IC50 was 155.2 μg/mL at 72 hours. The calculated survival fractions showed that cell growth at 72 hours was 3.33% lower in cells treated with 2.91 µg/µL extract. Results from the double labeling experiment suggest that apoptosis was the predominant type of cell death in cells treated with 2.91 µg/µL extract. These results demonstrate that ethanol extract of recycled pequi shells promotes apoptosis in canine osteosarcoma cells.

Protective effects of chrysin against the neurotoxicity induced by aluminium: In vitro and in vivo studies

Chronic exposure to aluminium (Al) can contribute to the progression of several neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. Al is a metal that promotes oxidative damage leading to neuronal death in different brain regions with behavior, cognition, and memory deficits. Chrysin is a flavonoid found mainly in honey, passion fruit, and propolis with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytoprotective properties. In this study, we used an integrated approach of in vitro and in vivo studies to evaluate the antioxidant and neuroprotective effects of chrysin against the neurotoxicity elicited by aluminium chloride (AlCl₃). In in vitro studies, chrysin (5 μM) showed the ability to counteract the early oxidative stress elicited by tert-butyl hydroperoxide, an oxidant that mimics the lipid peroxidation and Fenton reaction in presence of AlCl₃ as well as the late necrotic death triggered by AlCl₃ in neuronal SH-SY5Y cells. In vivo studies in a mouse model of neurotoxicity induced by chronic exposure to AlCl₃ (100 mg/kg/day) for ninety days then corroborated the antioxidant and neuroprotective effect of chrysin (10, 30, and 100 mg/kg/day) using the oral route. In particular, chrysin reduced the cognitive impairment induced by AlCl₃ as well as normalized the acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activities in the hippocampus. In parallel, chrysin counteracted the oxidative damage, in terms of lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, catalase, and superoxide dismutase impairment, in the brain cortex and hippocampus. Lastly, necrotic cells frequency in the same brain regions was also decreased by chrysin. These results highlight the ability of chrysin to prevent the neurotoxic effects associated with chronic exposure to Al and suggest its potential use as a food supplement for brain health.

Ethanolic Extract of Dried Leaves from the Cerrado Biome Increases the Cryotolerance of Bovine Embryos Produced In Vitro

In vitro embryo production (IVP) induces excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which affects blastocyst quality. Therefore, the supplementation of culture media with antioxidants is an alternative to overcome oxidative stress damage. However, there is a growing demand for the use of antioxidant compounds that are more natural and less toxic in cell cultures. The present study is aimed at evaluating the effect of ethanolic extracts from cerrado leaves on IVP. First, the antioxidant capacity and the amount of phenolic compounds of the leaves were evaluated. Then, the best ethanolic extract concentration composed of cagaita (Eugenia dysenterica) and murici (Byrsonima crassifolia) to be used during the in vitro culture of in vitro-produced embryos was determined. Afterward, we evaluated the influence of the extract of both plants on ROS and glutathione (GSH) production, while also evaluating the apoptosis and ROS metabolism gene expression. In a subsequent step, the effect of the ethanolic extracts of dried cagaita and murici leaves during embryonic cultivation on the cryotolerance of expanded blastocysts was studied. The results showed a significant reduction in the proportion of apoptotic cells from embryos cultivated with 0.01 mg/mL of the cagaita ethanolic extract, besides inducing an increase in the GPX4 and PRDX3 transcription levels. The murici ethanolic extract induced an increase in the transcription abundance of these genes but did not reduce the proportion of apoptotic cells. In addition, expanded blastocysts cultivated with extracts at a concentration of 0.01 mg/mL and cryopreserved had higher hatching rates and lower degeneration rates when compared to the frozen group previously supplemented with the extracts. Moreover, the apoptosis rate of embryos cultured for 12 h after cryopreservation was lower in groups previously exposed to extracts during in vitro cultivation. Such extracts may be used as alternatives to increase the cryotolerance of in vitro-produced embryos.

Pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Cambess)-Loaded Nanoemulsion, Orally Delivered, Modulates Inflammation in LPS-Induced Acute Lung Injury in Mice

Pequi is a Brazilian fruit used in folk medicine for pulmonary diseases treatment, but its oil presents bioavailability limitations. The use of nanocarriers can overcome this limitation. We developed nanoemulsions containing pequi oil (pequi-NE) and evaluated their effects in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung injury model. Free pequi oil or pequi-NE (20 mg/kg) was orally administered to A/J mice 16 and 4 h prior to intranasal LPS exposure, and the analyses were performed 24 h after LPS provocation. The physicochemical results revealed that pequi-NE comprised particles with mean diameter of 174–223 nm, low polydispersity index (0.11 ± 0.01), zeta potential of −7.13 ± 0.08 mV, and pH of 5.83 ± 0.12. In vivo evaluation showed that free pequi oil pretreatment reduced the influx of inflammatory cells into bronchoalveolar fluid (BALF), while pequi-NE completely abolished leukocyte accumulation. Moreover, pequi-NE, but not free pequi oil, reduced myeloperoxidase (MPO), TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, MCP-1, and KC levels. Similar anti-inflammatory effects were observed when LPS-exposed animals were pre-treated with the nanoemulsion containing pequi or oleic acid. These results suggest that the use of nanoemulsions as carriers enhances the anti-inflammatory properties of oleic acid-containing pequi oil. Moreover, pequi’s beneficial effect is likely due its high levels of oleic acid.

Non-Timber Forest Products in Brazil: A Bibliometric and a State of the Art Review

Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are a consolidated source of income and acquisition of inputs from forest environments. Therefore, the objective of this work was to carry out a collection of publications on NTFPs in Brazil, until 2019, available in the Scopus database, presenting a bibliometric review and the state of the art of this theme from the evaluation of these publications, discussing the challenges of Brazilian legislation on NTFPs. After screening the articles of interest, 196 documents were evaluated, in which they were observed institutions and authors, analyzing networks of citations and terms used, areas of forest sciences and sciences that encompass the most explored biomes and the most studied species. The results showed that the concern to research on NTFPs in Brazil began in the 1990s, with an increase in the number of publications over the years. Besides that, the research on NTFPs is multidisciplinary, with emphasis on the areas of Agricultural and Biological Sciences and Environmental Science. For better regulation of the process of exploration and management of NTFPs in Brazil, the need to create specific legislation that takes into account factors such as the phytogeographic domain the explored area, producing species, and the products and co-products obtained was observed.

Natural phenolic antioxidants electrochemistry: Towards a new food science methodology

Natural phenolic compounds are abundant in the vegetable kingdom, occurring mainly as secondary metabolites in a wide variety of chemical structures. Around 10,000 different plant phenolic derivatives have been isolated and identified. This review provides an exhaustive overview concerning the electron transfer reactions in natural polyphenols, from the point of view of their in vitro antioxidant and/or pro-oxidant mode of action, as well as their identification in highly complex matrixes, for example, fruits, vegetables, wine, food supplements, relevant for food quality control, nutrition, and health research. The accurate assessment of polyphenols' redox behavior is essential, and the application of the electrochemical methods in routine quality control of natural products and foods, where the polyphenols antioxidant activity needs to be quantified in vitro, is of the utmost importance. The phenol moiety oxidation pathways and the effect of substituents and experimental conditions on their electrochemical behavior will be reviewed. The fundamental principles concerning the redox behavior of natural polyphenols, specifically flavonoids and other benzopyran derivatives, phenolic acids and ester derivatives, quinones, lignins, tannins, lignans, essential oils, stilbenes, curcuminoids, and chalcones, will be described. The final sections will focus on the electroanalysis of phenolic antioxidants in natural products and the electroanalytical evaluation of in vitro total antioxidant capacity.