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Gupta V, Prasad S. Differential Alterations in the Expression of AMPA Receptor and Its Trafficking Proteins in the Hippocampus Are Associated with Recognition Memory Impairment in the Rotenone-Parkinson's Disease Mouse Model: Neuroprotective Role of Bacopa monnieri Extract CDRI 08. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04392-1. [PMID: 39073529 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04392-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), an age-associated neurodegenerative motor disorder, is associated with dementia and cognitive decline. However, the precise molecular insight into PD-induced cognitive decline is not fully understood. Here, we have investigated the possible alterations in the expression of glutamate receptor and its trafficking/scaffolding/regulatory proteins underlying the memory formation and neuroprotective effects of a specialized Bacopa monnieri extract, CDRI-08 (BME) in the hippocampus of the rotenone-induced PD mouse model. Our Western blotting and qRT-PCR data reveal that the PD-induced recognition memory decline is associated with significant upregulation of the AMPA receptor subunit GluR1 and downregulation of GluR2 subunit genes in the hippocampus of rotenone-affected mice as compared to the vehicle control. Further, expressions of the trafficking proteins are significantly upregulated in the hippocampus of rotenone-affected mice compared to the vehicle control. Our results also reveal that the above alterations in the hippocampus are associated with similar expression patterns of total CREB, pCREB, and BDNF. BME (CDRI-08, 200 mg/kg BW) reverses the expression of AMPA receptor subunits, their trafficking proteins differentially, and the transcriptional modulatory proteins depending on whether the BME treatment was given before or after the rotenone treatment. Our data suggest that expression of the above genes is significantly reversed in the BME pre-treated mice subjected to rotenone treatment towards their levels in the control mice compared to its treatment after rotenone administration. Our results provide the possible molecular basis underlying the rotenone-induced recognition memory decline, conditions mimicking the PD symptoms in mouse model and neuroprotective action of bacoside A and bacoside B (58%)-enriched Bacopa monnieri extract (BME) in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vartika Gupta
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, UP, India
| | - S Prasad
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, UP, India.
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Luo Y, Liu J, Hong Y, Peng S, Meng S. Sevoflurane-induced hypotension causes cognitive dysfunction and hippocampal inflammation in mice. Behav Brain Res 2023; 455:114672. [PMID: 37716552 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Sevoflurane commonly adopted for anesthetic in clinical practice, however, its influences on cerebral blood flow and cognitive function remain controversial. Herein, the sevoflurane-induced hypotension on arterial blood pressure, cerebral blood flow, cognitive function, and hippocampal inflammation was investigated in mice. A significant decrease in arterial blood pressure and cerebral blood flow was indicated by the sevoflurane anesthesia treatment. Moreover, sevoflurane-induced hypotension was associated with the impaired cognitive function and the increased levels of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and oxidative stress in hippocampus. These findings suggest that sevoflurane-induced hypotension may lead to the cognitive dysfunction and hippocampal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuelian Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou 510120, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Jiayi Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou 510120, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Yu Hong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou 510120, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Shuling Peng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou 510120, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.
| | - Shiyu Meng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 107 Yanjiang West Road, Guangzhou 510120, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.
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3
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Chen Y, Xie Y, Ni H. Effects of overexpression of Hsp70 in neural stem cells on neurotoxicity and cognitive dysfunction in neonatal mice under sevoflurane exposure. Exp Brain Res 2022; 240:3207-3216. [PMID: 36271938 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06490-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
As one of the commonly used inhalation anesthetics in clinical practice, sevoflurane is currently widely applied in surgery for children and the elderly due to its safety and efficacy. However, the neurotoxicity and cognitive impairment induced by sevoflurane exposure cannot be ignored. A recombinant adenovirus with green fluorescent protein-labeled heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) was constructed and used to infect neural stem cells (NSCs) separated from neonatal mice. Quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot assays were used to evaluate the expression of certain genes. 5‑Ethynyl‑2'‑deoxyuridine staining and cell counting kit assay were used to detect the proliferation and differentiation ability of NSCs. The Morris water maze experiment was used to test the cognitive abilities of mice. Adv-Hsp70 induced the overexpression of Hsp70 in mouse NSCs. Upregulation of Hsp70 promoted the proliferation ability and differentiation of mouse NSCs. NSCs that overexpressed Hsp70 attenuated sevoflurane-induced neurotoxicity and protected cognitive dysfunction in mice under sevoflurane exposure. In summary, our findings demonstrate the potential of overexpression of Hsp70 in NSCs against sevoflurane-induced impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijia Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Longyan People's Hospital, No. 72 Denggao West Road, Xinluo District, Longyan, 364000, Fujian, China.
| | - Yongxiang Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Longyan People's Hospital, No. 72 Denggao West Road, Xinluo District, Longyan, 364000, Fujian, China
| | - Honghu Ni
- Department of Anesthesiology, Longyan People's Hospital, No. 72 Denggao West Road, Xinluo District, Longyan, 364000, Fujian, China
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Chen C, Bu L, Liu H, Rang Y, Huang H, Xiao X, Ou G, Liu C. Learning and memory impairment induced by 1,4-butanediol is regulated by ERK1/2-CREB-BDNF signaling pathways in PC12 cells. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:1451-1463. [PMID: 35348994 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-00963-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD) is a known γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) precursor which affects the nervous system after ingestion, leading to uncontrolled behavioral consequences. In the present study, we investigated whether 1,4-BD induces oxidative stress and inflammation in PC12 cells and evaluated the toxic effects of 1,4-BD associates with learning and memory. CCK-8 results revealed a dose-effect relationship between the cell viability of PC12 cells and 1,4-BD when the duration of action was 2 h or 4 h. Assay kits results showed that 1,4-BD decreased the levels of Glutathione (GSH), Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Acetylcholine (Ach) and increased the levels of Malondialdehyde (MDA), Nitric oxide (NO) and Acetylcholinesterase (AchE). Elisa kits results indicated that 1,4-BD decreased the levels of synaptophysin I (SYN-1), Postsynaptic density protein-95 (PSD-95), Growth associated protein-43 (GAP-43) and increased the levels of Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and Interleukin- 6 (IL-6). RT-PCR results showed that the mRNA levels of PSD-95, SYN-1 and GAP-43 were significantly decreased. The expression of phosphorylation extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (p-ERK1/2), phosphorylation cAMP response element binding protein (p-CREB) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) proteins were significantly decreased in PC12 cells by protein blotting. Overall, these results suggest that 1,4-BD may affect synaptic plasticity via the ERK1/2-CREB-BDNF pathway, leading to Ach release reduction and ultimately to learning and memory impairment. Furthermore, oxidative stress and inflammation induced by 1,4-BD may also result in learning and memory deficits. These findings will enrich the toxicity data of 1.4-BD associated with learning and memory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congying Chen
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guang zhou, 510642, China
| | - Lingling Bu
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guang zhou, 510642, China
| | - Huan Liu
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guang zhou, 510642, China
| | - Yifeng Rang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guang zhou, 510642, China
| | - Huiying Huang
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guang zhou, 510642, China
| | - Xueman Xiao
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guang zhou, 510642, China
| | - Genghua Ou
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guang zhou, 510642, China
| | - Chunhong Liu
- College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guang zhou, 510642, China.
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5
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Li C, Liu S, Mei Y, Wang Q, Lu X, Li H, Tao F. Differential Effects of Sevoflurane Exposure on Long-Term Fear Memory in Neonatal and Adult Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:2799-2807. [PMID: 35201592 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02629-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
It remains unclear whether exposure to sevoflurane produces different effects on long-term cognitive function in developing and mature brains. In the present study, Sprague-Dawley neonatal rats at postnatal day (PND) 7 and adult rats (PND 56) were used in all experiments. We performed fear conditioning testing to examine long-term fear memory following 4-h sevoflurane exposure. We assessed hippocampal synapse ultrastructure with a transmission electron microscope. Moreover, we investigated the effect of sevoflurane exposure on the expression of postsynaptic protein 95 (PSD-95) and its binding protein kalirin-7 in the hippocampus. We observed that early exposure to sevoflurane in neonatal rats impairs hippocampus-dependent fear memory, reduces hippocampal synapse density, and dramatically decreases the expressions of PSD-95 and kalirin-7 in the hippocampus of the developing brain. However, sevoflurane exposure in adult rats has no effects on hippocampus-dependent fear memory and hippocampal synapse density, and the expressions of PSD-95 and kalirin-7 in the adult hippocampus are not significantly altered following sevoflurane treatment. Our results indicate that sevoflurane exposure produces differential effects on long-term fear memory in neonatal and adult rats and that PSD-95 signaling may be involved in the molecular mechanism for early sevoflurane exposure-caused long-term fear memory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsheng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Cognitive Function, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Sufang Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Ave, Dallas, TX, 75023, USA
| | - Yixin Mei
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Qingyong Wang
- Department of Neurology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xihua Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hongle Li
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 127 Dongming Road, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450008, China.
| | - Feng Tao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Ave, Dallas, TX, 75023, USA.
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Bao Z, Jing Y. Brominated flame retardant TBPH induced oxidative damage and reduced the expression of memory-related proteins in mice, with no discernable impairment of learning and memory. Hum Exp Toxicol 2021; 40:S684-S692. [PMID: 34784780 DOI: 10.1177/09603271211058876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) is one of the new brominated flame retardants with adverse neurobehavioral potential. These flame retardants are often added to household furnishings where children would come into contact with them. This study explores whether oral exposure to TBPH for 28 days would impair neurobehavioral function in mice and the role of curcumin (CUR) in this process. CUR is a natural antioxidant and is thought to be of use in the treatment of neurological toxicity due to its neuroprotective effects. Learning and memory of mice exposed to TBPH was investigated using the Morris water maze. Levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione (GSH) were determined to assess oxidative damage. Western blot was used to detect the expression of glucose-regulated protein 78-kDa (GRP78), PKR-like ER kinase (PERK), and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) in the hippocampus. End-point effects were evaluated through observing post-synaptic density protein-95 (PSD-95), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and phosphorylated cAMP response element binding protein (p-CREB). Although TBPH exposure alone does not impair learning and memory, oxidative stress markers and endoplasmic reticulum stress-associated proteins were adversely affected in exposed mice. TBPH could significantly decrease the levels of BDNF, p-CREB, and PSD-95 in the hippocampus, and these TBPH-induced neurotoxic effects were attenuated by CUR. These findings provide further understanding of the neurotoxic effects of TBPH and the protective effect of CUR on TBPH exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Bao
- Department of Emergency, 117732Affiliated Renhe Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Yin Jing
- Department of Anesthesiology, 117732Affiliated Renhe Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
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7
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Han F, Zhao J, Zhao G. Prolonged Volatile Anesthetic Exposure Exacerbates Cognitive Impairment and Neuropathology in the 5xFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 84:1551-1562. [PMID: 34690137 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease which shows a set of symptoms involving cognitive changes and psychological changes. Given that AD is the most common form of dementia in aging population and the increasing demand for anesthesia/surgery with aging, there has been significant interest in the exact impact of volatile anesthetics on cognitive function and pathological alterations in AD population. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate behavioral changes and neuropathology in the 5xFAD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease with short-term exposure or long-term exposure to desflurane, sevoflurane, or isoflurane. METHODS In this study, we exposed 5xFAD mouse model of AD to isoflurane, sevoflurane, or desflurane in two different time periods (30 min and 6 h), and the memory related behaviors as well as the pathological changes in 5xFAD mice were evaluated 7 days after the anesthetic exposure. RESULTS We found that short-term exposure to volatile anesthetics did not affect hippocampus dependent memory and the amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition in the brain. However, long-term exposure to sevoflurane or isoflurane significantly increased the Aβ deposition in CA1 and CA3 regions of hippocampus, as well as the glial cell activation in amygdala. Besides, the PSD-95 expression was decreased in 5xFAD mice with exposure to sevoflurane or isoflurane and the caspase-3 activation was enhanced in isoflurane, sevoflurane, and desflurane groups. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate the time-dependent effects of common volatile anesthetics and implicate that desflurane has the potential benefits to prolonged anesthetic exposure in AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanglei Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Jia Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Guoqing Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
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Jin L, Bo XM. Neuroprotection of sevoflurane against ischemia/reperfusion-induced brain injury through inhibiting GluN2A/GluN2B-PSD-95-MLK3 module. Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:2701-2709. [PMID: 34223957 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06157-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the role of GluN2A and GluN2B in neuroprotective effect of sevoflurane preconditioning against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI). Rats were randomly divided into five groups as follows: control, ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) 6 h, sevoflurane preconditioning (SP), SP + amantadine, SP + NMDA. Immunoblot and immunoprecipitation were used to detect the tyrosine phosphorylation of GluN2A/GluN2B, the interaction of GluN2A/GluN2B-PSD-95-MLK3 and the expression of phosphorylation of MLK3, MKK7 and JNK3. Cresyl violet staining was employed to analyse neuronal injury in rat hippocampal CA1 subfields. Sevoflurane preconditioning inhibits the tyrosine phosphorylation of GluN2A/GluN2B, the interaction of GluN2A/GluN2B-PSD-95-MLK3 and the phosphorylation of MLK3, MKK7 and JNK3 in rat hippocampus. An N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist amantadine reversed the MLK3-MKK7- JNK3 signal events. Such reversion was also realized by NMDA (60 and 80 nmol) and low doses of NMDA (0-40 nmol) could not change the inhibitory effect of sevoflurane preconditioning on MLK3-MKK7-JNK3 signal events. Finally, Cresyl violet staining also confirmed that low dose of NMDA reduced neuronal loss in rat hippocampal CA1 subfields. Sevoflurane preconditioning provides neuroprotection against CIRI by inhibiting NMDAR over-activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jin
- Medical Biological Experiment Credit Center, Basic Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiu Mei Bo
- Medical Biological Experiment Credit Center, Basic Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Fan XY, Shi G, Zhao P. Neonatal Sevoflurane Exposure Impairs Learning and Memory by the Hypermethylation of Hippocampal Synaptic Genes. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:895-904. [PMID: 33052583 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02161-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sevoflurane anesthesia is widely used in pediatric patients. Clinical studies report memory impairment in those exposed to general anesthesia early in life. DNA methylation is essential for the modulation of synaptic plasticity through regulating the transcription of synaptic genes. Therefore, we tested whether neonatal sevoflurane exposure affects learning and memory underlying the hippocampal DNA methylation of synaptic genes. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 3% sevoflurane or air for 2 h daily from postnatal day 7 (P7) to P9. 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine (5-AZA), an inhibitor of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), was intraperitoneally injected 30 min before sevoflurane or air exposure on P7-9. The rats were euthanized 6, 12, 24 h, and 28 days after the last sevoflurane exposure, followed by the determination of global and gene-specific DNA methylation. The expression of synaptic proteins and synaptic density and the transcription of Dnmts and ten eleven translocations (Tets) in the hippocampus were measured. The ability of learning and memory was assessed using Morris water maze, novel object recognition, and intruder tests. Repeated neonatal sevoflurane exposure impaired cognitive, social, and spatial memory. The memory impairment was associated with the increased Dnmt1, Dnmt3a, and 5-methylcytosine level and the decreased Tet1 and 5-hydromethylcytosine level. Sevoflurane subsequently induced hypermethylation of Shank2, Psd95, Syn1, and Syp gene and down-regulated the expression of synaptic proteins, which finally led to the decrease of synaptic density in a time-dependent manner. Notably, 5-AZA pretreatment ameliorated learning and memory in sevoflurane-treated rats. In conclusion, neonatal exposure to sevoflurane can impair learning and memory through DNA methylation of synaptic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yu Fan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Guang Shi
- Department of Neurology, Liaoning Provincial People's Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Shenyang, 110004, China.
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Minimal effects from a single exposure to sevoflurane in adult male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2021; 84:106955. [PMID: 33465422 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2021.106955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Many people undergo procedures requiring general anesthesia each day and adverse cognitive effects have been reported in response to that anesthesia. Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction (POCD) may occur in as many as 80% of adults during the first post-surgical week and can have lasting effects. Here, the cognitive and motor effects of sevoflurane exposure in Sprague-Dawley rats was examined along with body weights, blood oxygen saturation, heart rate, and body temperature. Male and female rats were exposed to 2.5% sevoflurane or medical grade air for one hour at postnatal day 115. Beginning the following day, rats began a series of behavioral tests examining locomotor activity, motor coordination, novel object recognition, and spatial learning and memory in a water maze. Blood oxygen saturation, heart rate, and body temperature were not affected by the sevoflurane exposure. A slight effect on locomotor activity was detected, but no effects on motor coordination, novel object recognition, or spatial learning and memory were observed. Brain weights following behavioral testing did not differ. The results reported here along with existing literature suggest sevoflurane is largely without effects on later cognition in adult rodents when exposure is of a relatively short duration and at a relatively low concentration.
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Jang Y, Lee JH, Lee MJ, Kim SJ, Ju X, Cui J, Zhu J, Lee YL, Namgung E, Sung HWJ, Lee HW, Ryu MJ, Oh E, Chung W, Kweon GR, Choi CW, Heo JY. Schisandra Extract and Ascorbic Acid Synergistically Enhance Cognition in Mice Through Modulation of Mitochondrial Respiration. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12040897. [PMID: 32218327 PMCID: PMC7230947 DOI: 10.3390/nu12040897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive decline is observed in aging and neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and dementia. Intracellular energy produced via mitochondrial respiration is used in the regulation of synaptic plasticity and structure, including dendritic spine length and density, as well as for the release of neurotrophic factors involved in learning and memory. To date, a few synthetic agents for improving mitochondrial function have been developed for overcoming cognitive impairment. However, no natural compounds that modulate synaptic plasticity by directly targeting mitochondria have been developed. Here, we demonstrate that a mixture of Schisandra chinensis extract (SCE) and ascorbic acid (AA) improved cognitive function and induced synaptic plasticity-regulating proteins by enhancing mitochondrial respiration. Treatment of embryonic mouse hippocampal mHippoE-14 cells with a 4:1 mixture of SCE and AA increased basal oxygen consumption rate. We found that mice injected with the SCE-AA mixture showed enhanced learning and memory and recognition ability. We further observed that injection of the SCE-AA mixture in mice significantly increased expression of postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95), an increase that was correlated with enhanced brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression. These results demonstrate that a mixture of SCE and AA improves mitochondrial function and memory, suggesting that this natural compound mixture could be used to alleviate AD and aging-associated memory decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunseon Jang
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea; (Y.J.); (J.H.L.); (M.J.L.); (S.J.K.); (X.J.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.L.L.); (E.N.); (H.W.J.S.); (H.W.L.); (M.J.R.); (G.R.K.)
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea;
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Jae Hyeon Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea; (Y.J.); (J.H.L.); (M.J.L.); (S.J.K.); (X.J.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.L.L.); (E.N.); (H.W.J.S.); (H.W.L.); (M.J.R.); (G.R.K.)
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Min Joung Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea; (Y.J.); (J.H.L.); (M.J.L.); (S.J.K.); (X.J.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.L.L.); (E.N.); (H.W.J.S.); (H.W.L.); (M.J.R.); (G.R.K.)
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea;
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Soo Jeong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea; (Y.J.); (J.H.L.); (M.J.L.); (S.J.K.); (X.J.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.L.L.); (E.N.); (H.W.J.S.); (H.W.L.); (M.J.R.); (G.R.K.)
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Xianshu Ju
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea; (Y.J.); (J.H.L.); (M.J.L.); (S.J.K.); (X.J.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.L.L.); (E.N.); (H.W.J.S.); (H.W.L.); (M.J.R.); (G.R.K.)
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea;
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Jianchen Cui
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea; (Y.J.); (J.H.L.); (M.J.L.); (S.J.K.); (X.J.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.L.L.); (E.N.); (H.W.J.S.); (H.W.L.); (M.J.R.); (G.R.K.)
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea;
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Jiebo Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea; (Y.J.); (J.H.L.); (M.J.L.); (S.J.K.); (X.J.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.L.L.); (E.N.); (H.W.J.S.); (H.W.L.); (M.J.R.); (G.R.K.)
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea;
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Yu Lim Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea; (Y.J.); (J.H.L.); (M.J.L.); (S.J.K.); (X.J.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.L.L.); (E.N.); (H.W.J.S.); (H.W.L.); (M.J.R.); (G.R.K.)
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea;
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Eunji Namgung
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea; (Y.J.); (J.H.L.); (M.J.L.); (S.J.K.); (X.J.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.L.L.); (E.N.); (H.W.J.S.); (H.W.L.); (M.J.R.); (G.R.K.)
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea;
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Han Wool John Sung
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea; (Y.J.); (J.H.L.); (M.J.L.); (S.J.K.); (X.J.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.L.L.); (E.N.); (H.W.J.S.); (H.W.L.); (M.J.R.); (G.R.K.)
| | - Hong Won Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea; (Y.J.); (J.H.L.); (M.J.L.); (S.J.K.); (X.J.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.L.L.); (E.N.); (H.W.J.S.); (H.W.L.); (M.J.R.); (G.R.K.)
| | - Min Jeong Ryu
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea; (Y.J.); (J.H.L.); (M.J.L.); (S.J.K.); (X.J.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.L.L.); (E.N.); (H.W.J.S.); (H.W.L.); (M.J.R.); (G.R.K.)
| | - Eungseok Oh
- Department of Neurology, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 35015, Korea;
| | - Woosuk Chung
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea;
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 35015, Korea
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Gi Ryang Kweon
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea; (Y.J.); (J.H.L.); (M.J.L.); (S.J.K.); (X.J.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.L.L.); (E.N.); (H.W.J.S.); (H.W.L.); (M.J.R.); (G.R.K.)
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea;
| | - Chun Whan Choi
- Natural Product Research Team, Biocenter, Gyeonggido Business and Science Accelerator, Suwon 16229, Korea
- Correspondence: (C.W.C.); (J.Y.H.); Tel.: +82-31-888-6131 (C.W.C.); +82-42-580-8222 (J.Y.H.)
| | - Jun Young Heo
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea; (Y.J.); (J.H.L.); (M.J.L.); (S.J.K.); (X.J.); (J.C.); (J.Z.); (Y.L.L.); (E.N.); (H.W.J.S.); (H.W.L.); (M.J.R.); (G.R.K.)
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea;
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
- Correspondence: (C.W.C.); (J.Y.H.); Tel.: +82-31-888-6131 (C.W.C.); +82-42-580-8222 (J.Y.H.)
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