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Lu J, Huo W, Ma Y, Wang X, Yu J. Suppressive immune microenvironment and CART therapy for glioblastoma: Future prospects and challenges. Cancer Lett 2024; 600:217185. [PMID: 39142498 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.217185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Glioblastoma, a highly malignant intracranial tumor, has acquired slow progress in treatment. Previous clinical trials involving targeted therapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors have shown no significant benefits in treating glioblastoma. This ineffectiveness is largely due to the complex immunosuppressive environment of glioblastoma. Glioblastoma cells exhibit low immunogenicity and strong heterogeneity and the immune microenvironment is replete with inhibitory cytokines, numerous immunosuppressive cells, and insufficient effective T cells. Fortunately, recent Phase I clinical trials of CART therapy for glioblastoma have confirmed its safety, with a small subset of patients achieving survival benefits. However, CART therapy continues to face challenges, including blood-brain barrier obstruction, antigen loss, and an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). This article provides a detailed examination of glioblastoma's immune microenvironment, both from intrinsic and extrinsic tumor cell factors, reviews current clinical and basic research on multi-targets CART treatment, and concludes by outlining the key challenges in using CART cells for glioblastoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Lu
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wen Huo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, China
| | - Yingze Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan, Shandong, China; Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong University Cancer Center, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Jinming Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan, Shandong, China; Research Unit of Radiation Oncology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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2
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Jahnke K, Struve N, Hofmann D, Gote MJ, Bach M, Kriegs M, Hausmann M. Formation of EGFRwt/EGFRvIII homo- and hetero-dimers in glioblastoma cells as detected by single molecule localization microscopy. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:15240-15255. [PMID: 39073345 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr01570c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Super-resolution microscopy has been used to show the formation of receptor clusters and adapted lipid organization of cell membranes for many members of the ErbB receptor family. The clustering behaviour depends on the receptor size and shape, possibly ligand binding or expression activity. Using single molecule localization microscopy (SMLM), we also showed this typical clustering for the epidermal growth factor receptor variant III (EGFRvIII) in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells. EGFRvIII is co-expressed with the wild type (EGFRwt) and both receptors are assumed to preferentially form hetero-dimers leading to transactivation and elevated oncogenic EGFR-signalling in GBM cells. Here, we analysed EGFRvIII and EGFRwt co-localization using our already described model system of the glioblastoma cell line DKMG, displaying endogenous EGFRvIII expression. Using EGFRvIII and EGFRwt specific antibodies, EGFR localization and their potential for dimerization in a given membrane cluster were analysed by dual colour SMLM supported by novel approaches of mathematic evaluations including Ripley statistics, persistent homology and similarity algorithms. Surprisingly, cluster analysis, Ripley point-to-point distance statistics for cluster geometry and persistent homology comparing cluster topology, revealed that both EGFRvIII and EGFRwt do primarily not form hetero-dimers but the results support the hypothesis that they tend to form homo-dimers. The ratio of homo-dimers obtained by this calculation was significantly higher (>5σ, standard deviation) than expected from randomly arranged points. In comparison, hetero-dimer formation was only slightly increased. We confirmed these data by immunoprecipitation, which show no co-precipitation of EGFRvIII and EGFRwt. Furthermore, we showed that the topology of the clusters was more similar among the same type than among the different types of receptors. Taken together, these data indicate that EGFRvIII does induce oncogenic signalling by homo-dimerisation and not preferentially by hetero-dimer formation with EGFRwt. These data offer a new perspective on EGFRvIII signalling which will lead to a better understanding of this tumour associated receptor variant in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Jahnke
- Kirchhoff-Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Nina Struve
- Department of Radiotherapy & Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg - Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Daniel Hofmann
- Kirchhoff-Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Martin Julius Gote
- Kirchhoff-Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Margund Bach
- Kirchhoff-Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Malte Kriegs
- Department of Radiotherapy & Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg - Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Michael Hausmann
- Kirchhoff-Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Sadowski K, Jażdżewska A, Kozłowski J, Zacny A, Lorenc T, Olejarz W. Revolutionizing Glioblastoma Treatment: A Comprehensive Overview of Modern Therapeutic Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5774. [PMID: 38891962 PMCID: PMC11172387 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common malignant primary brain tumor in the adult population, with an average survival of 12.1 to 14.6 months. The standard treatment, combining surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, is not as efficient as we would like. However, the current possibilities are no longer limited to the standard therapies due to rapid advancements in biotechnology. New methods enable a more precise approach by targeting individual cells and antigens to overcome cancer. For the treatment of glioblastoma, these are gamma knife therapy, proton beam therapy, tumor-treating fields, EGFR and VEGF inhibitors, multiple RTKs inhibitors, and PI3K pathway inhibitors. In addition, the increasing understanding of the role of the immune system in tumorigenesis and the ability to identify tumor-specific antigens helped to develop immunotherapies targeting GBM and immune cells, including CAR-T, CAR-NK cells, dendritic cells, and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Each of the described methods has its advantages and disadvantages and faces problems, such as the inefficient crossing of the blood-brain barrier, various neurological and systemic side effects, and the escape mechanism of the tumor. This work aims to present the current modern treatments of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Sadowski
- The Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland; (K.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
- Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adrianna Jażdżewska
- The Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Dębinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Jan Kozłowski
- The Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland; (K.S.)
| | - Aleksandra Zacny
- The Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland; (K.S.)
| | - Tomasz Lorenc
- Department of Radiology I, The Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Roentgena 5, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wioletta Olejarz
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
- Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
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Ling YZ, Luo JR, Cheng SJ, Meng XP, Li JY, Luo SY, Zhong ZH, Jiang XC, Wang X, Ji YQ, Tu YY. GARNL3 identified as a crucial target for overcoming temozolomide resistance in EGFRvIII-positive glioblastoma. Am J Transl Res 2024; 16:1550-1567. [PMID: 38883343 PMCID: PMC11170598 DOI: 10.62347/tfut3720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
OBJECT Amplification of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its active mutant type III (EGFRvIII), frequently occurr in glioblastoma (GBM), contributing to chemotherapy and radiation resistance in GBM. Elucidating the underlying molecular mechanism of temozolomide (TMZ) resistance in EGFRvIII GBM could offer valuable insights for cancer treatment. METHODS To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying EGFRvIII-mediated resistance to TMZ in GBM, we conducted a comprehensive analysis using Gene Expression Omnibus and The cancer genome atlas (TCGA) databases. Initially, we identified common significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and prioritized those correlating significantly with patient prognosis as potential downstream targets of EGFRvIII and candidates for drug resistance. Additionally, we analyzed transcription factor expression changes and their correlation with candidate genes to elucidate transcriptional regulatory mechanisms. Using estimate method and databases such as Tumor IMmune Estimation Resource (TIMER) and CellMarker, we assessed immune cell infiltration in TMZ-resistant GBM and its relationship with candidate gene expression. In this study, we examined the expression differences of candidate genes in GBM cell lines following EGFRvIII intervention and in TMZ-resistant GBM cell lines. This preliminary investigation aimed to verify the regulatory impact of EGFRvIII on candidate targets and its potential involvement in TMZ resistance in GBM. RESULTS Notably, GTPase Activating Rap/RanGAP Domain Like 3 (GARNL3) emerged as a key DEG associated with TMZ resistance and poor prognosis, with reduced expression correlating with altered immune cell profiles. Transcription factor analysis suggested Epiregulin (EREG) as a putative upstream regulator of GARNL3, linking it to EGFRvIII-mediated TMZ resistance. In vitro experiments confirmed EGFRvIII-mediated downregulation of GARNL3 and decreased TMZ sensitivity in GBM cell lines, further supported by reduced GARNL3 levels in TMZ-resistant GBM cells. CONCLUSION GARNL3 downregulation in EGFRvIII-positive and TMZ-resistant GBM implicates its role in TMZ resistance, suggesting modulation of EREG/GARNL3 signaling as a potential therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Zhi Ling
- Research Center, Huizhou Central People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical University Huizhou 516001, Guangdong, China
| | - Jia-Ru Luo
- Research Center, Huizhou Central People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical University Huizhou 516001, Guangdong, China
| | - Si-Jia Cheng
- Department of Administration, Huizhou Central People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical University Huizhou 516001, Guangdong, China
| | - Xian-Peng Meng
- Research Center, Huizhou Central People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical University Huizhou 516001, Guangdong, China
| | - Jia-Yi Li
- Research Center, Huizhou Central People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical University Huizhou 516001, Guangdong, China
| | - Shu-Yang Luo
- Research Center, Huizhou Central People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical University Huizhou 516001, Guangdong, China
| | - Ze-Hui Zhong
- Research Center, Huizhou Central People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical University Huizhou 516001, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Cong Jiang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Huizhou Central People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical University Huizhou 516001, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University Cambridge, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yan-Qin Ji
- Department of Administration, Huizhou Central People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical University Huizhou 516001, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan-Yang Tu
- Research Center, Huizhou Central People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical University Huizhou 516001, Guangdong, China
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Abdulsahib S, Boswell W, Boswell M, Savage M, Schartl M, Lu Y. Transcriptional background effects on a tumor driver gene in different pigment cell types of medaka. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART B, MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2024; 342:252-259. [PMID: 37877158 PMCID: PMC11043209 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.23224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
The Xiphophorus melanoma receptor kinase gene, xmrk, is a bona fide oncogene driving melanocyte tumorigenesis of Xiphophorus fish. When ectopically expressed in medaka, it not only induces development of several pigment cell tumor types in different strains of medaka but also induces different tumor types within the same animal, suggesting its oncogenic activity has a transcriptomic background effect. Although the central pathways that xmrk utilizes to lead to melanomagenesis are well documented, genes and genetic pathways that modulate the oncogenic effect and alter the course of disease have not been studied so far. To understand how the genetic networks between different histocytes of xmrk-driven tumors are composed, we isolated two types of tumors, melanoma and xanthoerythrophoroma, from the same xmrk transgenic medaka individuals, established the transcriptional profiles of both xmrk-driven tumors, and compared (1) genes that are co-expressed with xmrk in both tumor types, and (2) differentially expressed genes and their associated molecular functions, between the two tumor types. Transcriptomic comparisons between the two tumor types show melanoma and xanthoerythrophoroma are characterized by transcriptional features representing varied functions, indicating distinct molecular interactions between the driving oncogene and the cell-type-specific transcriptomes. Melanoma tumors exhibit gene signatures that are relevant to proliferation and invasion, while xanthoerythrophoroma tumors are characterized by expression profiles related to metabolism and DNA repair. We conclude the transcriptomic backgrounds, exemplified by cell-type-specific genes that are downstream of xmrk effected signaling pathways, contribute the potential to change the course of tumor development and may affect overall tumor outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahad Abdulsahib
- Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 419 Centennial Hall, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA
| | - William Boswell
- Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 419 Centennial Hall, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA
| | - Mikki Boswell
- Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 419 Centennial Hall, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA
| | - Markita Savage
- Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 419 Centennial Hall, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA
| | - Manfred Schartl
- Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 419 Centennial Hall, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA
- Developmental Biochemistry, Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Yuan Lu
- Xiphophorus Genetic Stock Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 419 Centennial Hall, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA
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Tręda C, Włodarczyk A, Rieske P. The hope, hype and obstacles surrounding cell therapy. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18359. [PMID: 38770886 PMCID: PMC11107145 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy offers hope, but it also presents challenges, most particularly the limited ability of human organs and tissues to regenerate. Since many diseases are associated with irreversible pathophysiological or traumatic changes, stem cells and their derivatives are unable to secure healing. Although regenerative medicine offers chances for improvements in many diseases, such as type one diabetes and Parkinson's disease, it cannot eliminate the primary cause of many of them. While successes can be expected for diseases such as sickle cell disease, this is not the case for hereditary diseases with varied mutation types or for ciliopathies, which start in embryogenesis. In this complicated medical environment, synthetic biology offers some solutions, but their implementation will take many years. Still, positive examples such as CAR-T therapy offer hope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cezary Tręda
- Department of Tumor BiologyMedical University of LodzLodzPoland
| | | | - Piotr Rieske
- Department of Tumor BiologyMedical University of LodzLodzPoland
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Rios SA, Oyervides S, Uribe D, Reyes AM, Fanniel V, Vazquez J, Keniry M. Emerging Therapies for Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1485. [PMID: 38672566 PMCID: PMC11048459 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16081485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is most commonly a primary brain tumor and the utmost malignant one, with a survival rate of approximately 12-18 months. Glioblastoma is highly heterogeneous, demonstrating that different types of cells from the same tumor can manifest distinct gene expression patterns and biological behaviors. Conventional therapies such as temozolomide, radiation, and surgery have limitations. As of now, there is no cure for glioblastoma. Alternative treatment methods to eradicate glioblastoma are discussed in this review, including targeted therapies to PI3K, NFKβ, JAK-STAT, CK2, WNT, NOTCH, Hedgehog, and TGFβ pathways. The highly novel application of oncolytic viruses and nanomaterials in combating glioblastoma are also discussed. Despite scores of clinical trials for glioblastoma, the prognosis remains poor. Progress in breaching the blood-brain barrier with nanomaterials and novel avenues for targeted and combination treatments hold promise for the future development of efficacious glioblastoma therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Megan Keniry
- School of Integrative Biological and Chemical Sciences, College of Sciences, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA; (S.A.R.); (D.U.); (A.M.R.)
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Manzanares-Guzmán A, Lugo-Fabres PH, Camacho-Villegas TA. vNARs as Neutralizing Intracellular Therapeutic Agents: Glioblastoma as a Target. Antibodies (Basel) 2024; 13:25. [PMID: 38534215 DOI: 10.3390/antib13010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most prevalent and fatal form of primary brain tumors. New targeted therapeutic strategies for this type of tumor are imperative given the dire prognosis for glioblastoma patients and the poor results of current multimodal therapy. Previously reported drawbacks of antibody-based therapeutics include the inability to translocate across the blood-brain barrier and reach intracellular targets due to their molecular weight. These disadvantages translate into poor target neutralization and cancer maintenance. Unlike conventional antibodies, vNARs can permeate tissues and recognize conformational or cryptic epitopes due to their stability, CDR3 amino acid sequence, and smaller molecular weight. Thus, vNARs represent a potential antibody format to use as intrabodies or soluble immunocarriers. This review comprehensively summarizes key intracellular pathways in glioblastoma cells that induce proliferation, progression, and cancer survival to determine a new potential targeted glioblastoma therapy based on previously reported vNARs. The results seek to support the next application of vNARs as single-domain antibody drug-conjugated therapies, which could overcome the disadvantages of conventional monoclonal antibodies and provide an innovative approach for glioblastoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Manzanares-Guzmán
- Unidad de Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), Guadalajara 44270, Mexico
| | - Pavel H Lugo-Fabres
- Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y Tecnologías (CONAHCYT)-Unidad de Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), Guadalajara 44270, Mexico
| | - Tanya A Camacho-Villegas
- Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y Tecnologías (CONAHCYT)-Unidad de Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), Guadalajara 44270, Mexico
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Chen E, Ling AL, Reardon DA, Chiocca EA. Lessons learned from phase 3 trials of immunotherapy for glioblastoma: Time for longitudinal sampling? Neuro Oncol 2024; 26:211-225. [PMID: 37995317 PMCID: PMC10836778 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noad211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM)'s median overall survival is almost 21 months. Six phase 3 immunotherapy clinical trials have recently been published, yet 5/6 did not meet approval by regulatory bodies. For the sixth, approval is uncertain. Trial failures result from multiple factors, ranging from intrinsic tumor biology to clinical trial design. Understanding the clinical and basic science of these 6 trials is compelled by other immunotherapies reaching the point of advanced phase 3 clinical trial testing. We need to understand more of the science in human GBMs in early trials: the "window of opportunity" design may not be best to understand complex changes brought about by immunotherapeutic perturbations of the GBM microenvironment. The convergence of increased safety of image-guided biopsies with "multi-omics" of small cell numbers now permits longitudinal sampling of tumor and biofluids to dissect the complex temporal changes in the GBM microenvironment as a function of the immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexander L Ling
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David A Reardon
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - E Antonio Chiocca
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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10
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Shaban N, Kamashev D, Emelianova A, Buzdin A. Targeted Inhibitors of EGFR: Structure, Biology, Biomarkers, and Clinical Applications. Cells 2023; 13:47. [PMID: 38201251 PMCID: PMC10778338 DOI: 10.3390/cells13010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Members of the EGFR family of tyrosine kinase receptors are major regulators of cellular proliferation, differentiation, and survival. In humans, abnormal activation of EGFR is associated with the development and progression of many cancer types, which makes it an attractive target for molecular-guided therapy. Two classes of EGFR-targeted cancer therapeutics include monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), which bind to the extracellular domain of EGFR, and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), which mostly target the intracellular part of EGFR and inhibit its activity in molecular signaling. While EGFR-specific mAbs and three generations of TKIs have demonstrated clinical efficacy in various settings, molecular evolution of tumors leads to apparent and sometimes inevitable resistance to current therapeutics, which highlights the need for deeper research in this field. Here, we tried to provide a comprehensive and systematic overview of the rationale, molecular mechanisms, and clinical significance of the current EGFR-targeting drugs, highlighting potential candidate molecules in development. We summarized the underlying mechanisms of resistance and available personalized predictive approaches that may lead to improved efficacy of EGFR-targeted therapies. We also discuss recent developments and the use of specific therapeutic strategies, such as multi-targeting agents and combination therapies, for overcoming cancer resistance to EGFR-specific drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Shaban
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117997, Russia; (D.K.); (A.B.)
- Laboratory for Translational Genomic Bioinformatics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny 141701, Russia
| | - Dmitri Kamashev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117997, Russia; (D.K.); (A.B.)
- Laboratory for Translational Genomic Bioinformatics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny 141701, Russia
- Institute of Personalized Oncology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Aleksandra Emelianova
- World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia;
| | - Anton Buzdin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117997, Russia; (D.K.); (A.B.)
- Laboratory for Translational Genomic Bioinformatics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny 141701, Russia
- Institute of Personalized Oncology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119991, Russia
- PathoBiology Group, European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC), 1200 Brussels, Belgium
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11
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Rutkowska A, Strózik T, Jędrychowska-Dańska K, Zamerska A, Jesionek-Kupnicka D, Kowalczyk T, Och W, Szóstak B, Tręda C, Włodarczyk A, Kierasińska-Kałka A, Wasiak T, Ciunowicz D, Rieske P, Stoczyńska-Fidelus E. Immunohistochemical detection of EGFRvIII in glioblastoma - Anti-EGFRvIII antibody validation for diagnostic and CAR-T purposes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 685:149133. [PMID: 37918325 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.149133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of therapies such as CAR-T has created a need for reliable, validated methods for detecting EGFRvIII in patient tumor cells. Particularly so since previous studies have already suggested that some anti-EGFRvIII antibodies may be non-specific. The present paper evaluates the use of the L8A4 antibody in the immunohistochemical (IHC) and immunocytochemical (ICC) detection of EGFRvIII in 30 glioblastoma specimens, and compares it with other methods such as RT-PCR, MLPA, and FISH. The results indicate that Real-time PCR appears to be a very specific and sensitive method of EGFRvIII detection. ICC analysis with L8A4 also appears specific but requires cell culture. IHC analyses of EGFRvIII returned a number of false positives when using L8A4. Due to the growing need for an effective diagnostic tool before starting immunotherapy methods, such as the CAR-T anti-EGFRvIII or SynNotch CAR-T recognizing EGFRvIII, it is necessary to identify a more reliable and simple method of EGFRvIII detection or improve the specificity of the anti-EGFRvIII antibody, until then, immunocytochemistry may temporarily replace immunohistochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianna Rutkowska
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752, Lodz, Poland; Department of Research and Development, Celther Polska LTD, Inwestycyjna 7, 95-050, Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland; Department of Research and Development, Personather LTD, Inwestycyjna 7, 95-050, Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Strózik
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Alicja Zamerska
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Tamara Kowalczyk
- Department of Pathology, Chair of Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Waldemar Och
- Clinical Department of Neurosurgery, The Regional Specialist Hospital in Olsztyn, Zolnierska 18, 10-561, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Błażej Szóstak
- Department of Pathomorphology, The Regional Specialist Hospital in Olsztyn, Zolnierska 18, 10-561, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Cezary Tręda
- Department of Research and Development, Celther Polska LTD, Inwestycyjna 7, 95-050, Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland; Department of Research and Development, Personather LTD, Inwestycyjna 7, 95-050, Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland; Department of Tumor Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752, Lodz, Poland
| | - Aneta Włodarczyk
- Department of Research and Development, Celther Polska LTD, Inwestycyjna 7, 95-050, Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland; Department of Research and Development, Personather LTD, Inwestycyjna 7, 95-050, Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland; Department of Tumor Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752, Lodz, Poland
| | - Amelia Kierasińska-Kałka
- Department of Research and Development, Celther Polska LTD, Inwestycyjna 7, 95-050, Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland; Department of Research and Development, Personather LTD, Inwestycyjna 7, 95-050, Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland; Department of Tumor Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752, Lodz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Wasiak
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752, Lodz, Poland
| | - Damian Ciunowicz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752, Lodz, Poland; Department of Research and Development, Celther Polska LTD, Inwestycyjna 7, 95-050, Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland; Department of Research and Development, Personather LTD, Inwestycyjna 7, 95-050, Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland
| | - Piotr Rieske
- Department of Research and Development, Celther Polska LTD, Inwestycyjna 7, 95-050, Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland; Department of Research and Development, Personather LTD, Inwestycyjna 7, 95-050, Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland; Department of Tumor Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752, Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewelina Stoczyńska-Fidelus
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752, Lodz, Poland; Department of Research and Development, Celther Polska LTD, Inwestycyjna 7, 95-050, Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland; Department of Research and Development, Personather LTD, Inwestycyjna 7, 95-050, Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland.
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12
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Ramapriyan R, Sun J, Curry A, Richardson LG, Ramesh T, Gaffey MA, Gedeon PC, Gerstner ER, Curry WT, Choi BD. The Role of Antibody-Based Therapies in Neuro-Oncology. Antibodies (Basel) 2023; 12:74. [PMID: 37987252 PMCID: PMC10660525 DOI: 10.3390/antib12040074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This review explores the evolving landscape of antibody-based therapies in neuro-oncology, in particular, immune checkpoint inhibitors and immunomodulatory antibodies. We discuss their mechanisms of action, blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration, and experience in neuro-oncological conditions. Evidence from recent trials indicates that while these therapies can modulate the tumor immune microenvironment, their clinical benefits remain uncertain, largely due to challenges with BBB penetration and tumor-derived immunosuppression. This review also examines emerging targets such as TIGIT and LAG3, the potential of antibodies in modulating the myeloid compartment, and tumor-specific targets for monoclonal antibody therapy. We further delve into advanced strategies such as antibody-drug conjugates and bispecific T cell engagers. Lastly, we explore innovative techniques being investigated to enhance antibody delivery, including CAR T cell therapy. Despite current limitations, these therapies hold significant therapeutic potential for neuro-oncology. Future research should focus on optimizing antibody delivery to the CNS, identifying novel biological targets, and discovering combination therapies to address the hostile tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishab Ramapriyan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA (A.C.); (L.G.R.); (W.T.C.)
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA (E.R.G.)
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA (A.C.); (L.G.R.); (W.T.C.)
| | - Annabel Curry
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA (A.C.); (L.G.R.); (W.T.C.)
| | - Leland G. Richardson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA (A.C.); (L.G.R.); (W.T.C.)
| | - Tarun Ramesh
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA (E.R.G.)
| | - Matthew A. Gaffey
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA (A.C.); (L.G.R.); (W.T.C.)
| | - Patrick C. Gedeon
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA (E.R.G.)
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elizabeth R. Gerstner
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA (E.R.G.)
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - William T. Curry
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA (A.C.); (L.G.R.); (W.T.C.)
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA (E.R.G.)
| | - Bryan D. Choi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA (A.C.); (L.G.R.); (W.T.C.)
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA (E.R.G.)
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13
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Smith R. Bringing cell therapy to tumors: considerations for optimal CAR binder design. Antib Ther 2023; 6:225-239. [PMID: 37846297 PMCID: PMC10576856 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbad019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells have revolutionized the immunotherapy of B-cell malignancies and are poised to expand the range of their impact across a broad range of oncology and non-oncology indications. Critical to the success of a given CAR is the choice of binding domain, as this is the key driver for specificity and plays an important role (along with the rest of the CAR structure) in determining efficacy, potency and durability of the cell therapy. While antibodies have proven to be effective sources of CAR binding domains, it has become apparent that the desired attributes for a CAR binding domain do differ from those of a recombinant antibody. This review will address key factors that need to be considered in choosing the optimal binding domain for a given CAR and how binder properties influence and are influenced by the rest of the CAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Smith
- Department of Research, Kite, a Gilead Company, 5858 Horton Street, Suite 240, Emeryville, CA 94070, USA
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14
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Alsajjan R, Mason WP. Bispecific T-Cell Engagers and Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapies in Glioblastoma: An Update. Curr Oncol 2023; 30:8501-8549. [PMID: 37754534 PMCID: PMC10529026 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol30090619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common malignant primary brain tumor in adults. The prognosis is extremely poor even with standard treatment of maximal safe resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Recurrence is inevitable within months, and treatment options are very limited. Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy (CART) and bispecific T-cell engagers (TCEs) are two emerging immunotherapies that can redirect T-cells for tumor-specific killing and have shown remarkable success in hematological malignancies and been under extensive study for application in glioblastoma. While there have been multiple clinical trials showing preliminary evidence of safety and efficacy for CART, bispecific TCEs are still in the early stages of clinical testing, with preclinical studies showing very promising results. However, there are multiple shared challenges that need to be addressed in the future, including the route of delivery, antigen escape, the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, and toxicity resulting from the limited choice of tumor-specific antigens. Efforts are underway to optimize the design of both these treatments and find the ideal combination therapy to overcome these challenges. In this review, we describe the work that has been performed as well as novel approaches in glioblastoma and in other solid tumors that may be applicable in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roa Alsajjan
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia
| | - Warren P. Mason
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
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15
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Crintea A, Constantin AM, Motofelea AC, Crivii CB, Velescu MA, Coșeriu RL, Ilyés T, Crăciun AM, Silaghi CN. Targeted EGFR Nanotherapy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:466. [PMID: 37754880 PMCID: PMC10532491 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14090466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Despite advances in treatment, the prognosis remains poor, highlighting the need for novel therapeutic strategies. The present review explores the potential of targeted epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) nanotherapy as an alternative treatment for NSCLC, showing that EGFR-targeted nanoparticles are efficiently taken up by NSCLC cells, leading to a significant reduction in tumor growth in mouse models. Consequently, we suggest that targeted EGFR nanotherapy could be an innovative treatment strategy for NSCLC; however, further studies are needed to optimize the nanoparticles and evaluate their safety and efficacy in clinical settings and human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea Crintea
- Department of Molecular Sciences, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hațieganu”, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.C.); (T.I.); (C.N.S.)
| | - Anne-Marie Constantin
- Department of Morphological Sciences, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hațieganu”, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.-M.C.); (C.-B.C.)
| | - Alexandru C. Motofelea
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babeș”, 300041 Timișoara, Romania;
| | - Carmen-Bianca Crivii
- Department of Morphological Sciences, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hațieganu”, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.-M.C.); (C.-B.C.)
| | - Maria A. Velescu
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hațieganu”, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Răzvan L. Coșeriu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology “George Emil Palade”, 540142 Târgu-Mureș, Romania;
| | - Tamás Ilyés
- Department of Molecular Sciences, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hațieganu”, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.C.); (T.I.); (C.N.S.)
| | - Alexandra M. Crăciun
- Department of Molecular Sciences, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hațieganu”, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.C.); (T.I.); (C.N.S.)
| | - Ciprian N. Silaghi
- Department of Molecular Sciences, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hațieganu”, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.C.); (T.I.); (C.N.S.)
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16
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Schrader JA, Burkard TL, Brüggemann Y, Gömer A, Meister TL, Fu RM, Mehnert AK, Dao Thi VL, Behrendt P, Durantel D, Broering R, Vondran FWR, Todt D, Kinast V, Steinmann E. EGF receptor modulates HEV entry in human hepatocytes. Hepatology 2023; 77:2104-2117. [PMID: 36745934 PMCID: PMC10187617 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Being the most common cause of acute viral hepatitis with >20 million cases per year and 70,000 deaths annually, HEV presents a long-neglected and underinvestigated health burden. Although the entry process of viral particles is an attractive target for pharmacological intervention, druggable host factors to restrict HEV entry have not been identified so far. APPROACH AND RESULTS Here we identify the EGF receptor (EGFR) as a novel host factor for HEV and reveal the significance of EGFR for the HEV entry process. By utilizing RNAi, chemical modulation with Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs, and ectopic expression of EGFR, we revealed that EGFR is critical for HEV infection without affecting HEV RNA replication or assembly of progeny virus. We further unveiled that EGFR itself and its ligand-binding domain, rather than its signaling function, is responsible for the proviral effect. Modulation of EGF expression in HepaRG cells and primary human hepatocytes affected HEV infection. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our study provides novel insights into the life cycle of HEV and identified EGFR as a possible target for future antiviral strategies against HEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jil A. Schrader
- Department for Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas L. Burkard
- Department for Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Yannick Brüggemann
- Department for Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - André Gömer
- Department for Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Toni L. Meister
- Department for Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Rebecca M. Fu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Cluster of Excellence CellNetworks, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Biosciences International Graduate School, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Mehnert
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Cluster of Excellence CellNetworks, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Biosciences International Graduate School, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Viet L. Dao Thi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Cluster of Excellence CellNetworks, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Behrendt
- TWINCORE Center for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Hannover Medical School (MHH) and the Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), Institute for Experimental Virology, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover - Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
| | - David Durantel
- CIRI—International Center for Infectiology Research, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Ruth Broering
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Transplant Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Florian W. R. Vondran
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Daniel Todt
- Department for Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- European Virus Bioinformatics Center (EVBC), Jena, Germany
| | - Volker Kinast
- Department for Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Eike Steinmann
- Department for Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), External Partner Site, Bochum, Germany
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17
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Silva WRD, Pires HDF, França GMD, Freitas RDA, Morais HGDF, Galvão HC. EGFR, VEGF, and angiogenesis promote the development of lipoma in the oral cavity. Braz Dent J 2023; 34:113-121. [PMID: 37194849 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440202305117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to detect, quantify and compare the immunohistochemical expression of EGFR and VEGF and microvessel count (MVC) in oral lipomas, and to correlate the findings with clinical and morphological characteristics of the cases studied. The sample consisted of 54 oral lipomas (33 classic and 21 non-classic) and 23 normal adipose tissue specimens. Cytoplasmic and/or nuclear immunohistochemical staining of EGFR and VEGF was analyzed. The angiogenic index was determined by MVC. Cells were counted using the Image J® software. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences was used for data analysis, adopting a level of significance of 5% for all statistical tests. A statistically significant difference in EGFR immunoexpression (p=0.047), especially, between classic lipomas and normal adipose tissue. There was a significant difference in MVC between non-classic lipomas and normal adipose tissue (p=0.022). In non-classic lipomas, only VEGF immunoexpression showed a significant moderate positive correlation (r=0.607, p=0.01) with MVC. In classic lipomas, the number of EGFR-immunostained adipocytes was directly proportional to the number of VEGF-positive cells, demonstrating a significant moderate positive correlation (r=0.566, p=0.005). The results suggest that EGFR, VEGF, and angiogenesis participate in the development of oral lipomas but are not primarily involved in the growth of these tumors.
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18
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Tręda C, Włodarczyk A, Pacholczyk M, Rutkowska A, Stoczyńska-Fidelus E, Kierasińska A, Rieske P. Increased EGFRvIII Epitope Accessibility after Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Treatment of Glioblastoma Cells Creates More Opportunities for Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:4350. [PMID: 36901782 PMCID: PMC10001577 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of glioblastoma (GB) cases is increasing every year, and the currently available therapies remain ineffective. A prospective antigen for GB therapy is EGFRvIII, an EGFR deletion mutant containing a unique epitope that is recognized by the L8A4 antibody used in CAR-T (chimeric antigen receptor T cell) therapy. In this study, we observed that the concomitant use of L8A4 with particular tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) does not impede the interaction between L8A4 and EGFRvIII; moreover, in this case, the stabilization of formed dimers results in increased epitope display. Unlike in wild-type EGFR, a free cysteine at position 16 (C16) is exposed in the extracellular structure of EGFRvIII monomers, leading to covalent dimer formation in the region of L8A4-EGFRvIII mutual interaction. Following in silico analysis of cysteines possibly involved in covalent homodimerization, we prepared constructs containing cysteine-serine substitutions of EGFRvIII in adjacent regions. We found that the extracellular part of EGFRvIII possesses plasticity in the formation of disulfide bridges within EGFRvIII monomers and dimers due to the engagement of cysteines other than C16. Our results suggest that the EGFRvIII-specific L8A4 antibody recognizes both EGFRvIII monomers and covalent dimers, regardless of the cysteine bridging structure. To summarize, immunotherapy based on the L8A4 antibody, including CAR-T combined with TKIs, can potentially increase the chances of success in anti-GB therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cezary Tręda
- Department of Tumor Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Research and Development, Celther Polska Ltd., Inwestycyjna 7, 95-050 Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland
| | - Aneta Włodarczyk
- Department of Tumor Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Research and Development, Celther Polska Ltd., Inwestycyjna 7, 95-050 Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland
| | - Marcin Pacholczyk
- Department of Research and Development, Celther Polska Ltd., Inwestycyjna 7, 95-050 Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland
- Department of Systems Biology and Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 16, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Adrianna Rutkowska
- Department of Tumor Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Research and Development, Celther Polska Ltd., Inwestycyjna 7, 95-050 Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland
| | - Ewelina Stoczyńska-Fidelus
- Department of Tumor Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Research and Development, Celther Polska Ltd., Inwestycyjna 7, 95-050 Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland
| | - Amelia Kierasińska
- Department of Tumor Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Research and Development, Celther Polska Ltd., Inwestycyjna 7, 95-050 Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland
| | - Piotr Rieske
- Department of Tumor Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Research and Development, Celther Polska Ltd., Inwestycyjna 7, 95-050 Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland
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Antonelli M, Poliani PL. Adult type diffuse gliomas in the new 2021 WHO Classification. Pathologica 2022; 114:397-409. [PMID: 36534419 PMCID: PMC9763975 DOI: 10.32074/1591-951x-823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult-type diffuse gliomas represent a group of highly infiltrative central nervous system tumors with a prognosis that significantly varies depending on the specific subtype and histological grade. Traditionally, adult-type diffuse gliomas have been classified based on their morphological features with a great interobserver variability and discrepancy in patient survival even within the same histological grade. Over the last few decades, advances in molecular profiling have drastically changed the diagnostic approach and classification of brain tumors leading to the development of an integrated morphological and molecular classification endowed with a more clinically relevant value. These concepts were largely anticipated in the revised fourth-edition of WHO classification of central nervous system tumors published in 2016. The fifth-edition (WHO 2021) moved molecular diagnostics forward into a full integration of molecular parameters with the histological features into an integrative diagnostic approach. Diagnosis of adult type diffuse gliomas, IDH mutant and IDH-wildtype has been simplified by introducing revised diagnostic and grading criteria. In this review, we will discuss the most recent updates to the classification of adult-type diffuse gliomas and summarize the essential diagnostic keys providing a practical guidance to pathologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manila Antonelli
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Anatomo-Pathological Sciences, University Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro Luigi Poliani
- Pathology Units, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Italy,Correspondence Pietro Luigi Poliani Pathology Unit, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia Medical School, Brescia Italy, p.le Spedali Civili 1, 25125 Brescia, Italy Tel.: 030-3998-(407) Fax: 030-3995-377 E-mail:
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20
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Włodarczyk A, Tręda C, Rutkowska A, Grot D, Dobrewa W, Kierasińska A, Węgierska M, Wasiak T, Strózik T, Rieske P, Stoczyńska-Fidelus E. Phenotypical Flexibility of the EGFRvIII-Positive Glioblastoma Cell Line and the Multidirectional Influence of TGFβ and EGF on These Cells—EGFRvIII Appears as a Weak Oncogene. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012129. [PMID: 36292985 PMCID: PMC9603514 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The biological role of EGFRvIII (epidermal growth factor receptor variant three) remains unclear. Methods: Three glioblastoma DK-MG sublines were tested with EGF (epidermal growth factor) and TGFβ (transforming growth factor β). Sublines were characterized by an increased percentage of EGFRvIII-positive cells and doubling time (DK-MGlow to DK-MGextra-high), number of amplicons, and EGFRvIII mRNA expression. The influence of the growth factors on primary EGFRvIII positive glioblastomas was assessed. Results: The overexpression of exoEGFRvIII in DK-MGhigh did not convert them into DK-MGextra-high, and this overexpression did not change DK-MGlow to DK-MGhigh; however, the overexpression of RASG12V increased the proliferation of DK-MGlow. Moreover, the highest EGFRvIII phosphorylation in DK-MGextra-high did not cause relevant AKT (known as protein kinase B) and ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) activation. Further analyses indicate that TGFβ is able to induce apoptosis of DK-MGhigh cells. This subline was able to convert to DK-MGextra-high, which appeared resistant to this proapoptotic effect. EGF acted as a pro-survival factor and stimulated proliferation; however, simultaneous senescence induction in DK-MGextra-high cells was ambiguous. Primary EGFRvIII positive (and SOX2 (SRY-Box Transcription Factor 2) positive or SOX2 negative) glioblastoma cells differentially responded to EGF and TGFβ. Conclusions: The roles of TGFβ and EGF in the EGFRvIII context remain unclear. EGFRvIII appears as a weak oncogene and not a marker of GSC (glioma stem cells). Hence, it may not be a proper target for CAR-T (chimeric antigen receptor T cells).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Włodarczyk
- Department of Tumor Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9 St., 90-752 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Research and Development, Celther Polska LTD, Inwestycyjna 7 St., 95-050 Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland
- Department of Research and Development, Personather LTD, Inwestycyjna 7 St., 95-050 Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland
| | - Cezary Tręda
- Department of Tumor Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9 St., 90-752 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Research and Development, Celther Polska LTD, Inwestycyjna 7 St., 95-050 Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland
- Department of Research and Development, Personather LTD, Inwestycyjna 7 St., 95-050 Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland
| | - Adrianna Rutkowska
- Department of Tumor Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9 St., 90-752 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Research and Development, Celther Polska LTD, Inwestycyjna 7 St., 95-050 Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland
- Department of Research and Development, Personather LTD, Inwestycyjna 7 St., 95-050 Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland
| | - Dagmara Grot
- Department of Tumor Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9 St., 90-752 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Research and Development, Celther Polska LTD, Inwestycyjna 7 St., 95-050 Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland
- Department of Research and Development, Personather LTD, Inwestycyjna 7 St., 95-050 Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland
| | - Weronika Dobrewa
- Department of Tumor Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9 St., 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - Amelia Kierasińska
- Department of Tumor Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9 St., 90-752 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Research and Development, Celther Polska LTD, Inwestycyjna 7 St., 95-050 Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland
| | - Marta Węgierska
- Department of Tumor Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9 St., 90-752 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Research and Development, Celther Polska LTD, Inwestycyjna 7 St., 95-050 Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland
| | - Tomasz Wasiak
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9 St., 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Strózik
- Department of Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9 St., 90-752 Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr Rieske
- Department of Tumor Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9 St., 90-752 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Research and Development, Celther Polska LTD, Inwestycyjna 7 St., 95-050 Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland
- Department of Research and Development, Personather LTD, Inwestycyjna 7 St., 95-050 Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland
| | - Ewelina Stoczyńska-Fidelus
- Department of Tumor Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9 St., 90-752 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Research and Development, Celther Polska LTD, Inwestycyjna 7 St., 95-050 Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland
- Department of Research and Development, Personather LTD, Inwestycyjna 7 St., 95-050 Konstantynow Lodzki, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-426-393-221
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21
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Yu F, Gao Y, Wu Y, Dai A, Wang X, Zhang X, Liu G, Xu Q, Chen D. Combination of a Novel Fusion Protein CD3εζ28 and Bispecific T Cell Engager Enhances the Persistance and Anti-Cancer Effects of T Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14194947. [PMID: 36230871 PMCID: PMC9563022 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bi-specific T cell engager (BiTE), an artificial bi-functional fusion protein, has shown promising therapeutic potential in preclinical and clinical studies. However, T cells cannot be sufficiently activated by BiTE, most likely due to lacking co-stimulatory signal. We reasoned that incorporating co-stimulatory signal might have the potential to enhance the T cell activation mediated by BiTE. We, therefore, designed a chimeric fusion protein, named as CD3εζ28, which consists of the CD3ε extracellular region, the CD28 costimulatory signal and the intracellular region of CD3ζ in tandem. T cells genetically modified to express both CD3εζ28 and GFP (T-CD3εζ28-GFP) were generated by retroviral transduction. The results from in vitro experiments showed that T-CD3εζCD28-GFP cells had superior cytotoxic effects on tumor cells in presence of BiTE compared with control T cells, as evidenced by IL-2 and IFN-γ production, T cell proliferation and sequential killing assay. In vivo, T-CD3εζCD28-GFP cells showed superior anti-tumor effects in Hela-BiTE. EGFRvIII xenograft tumor model, as evaluated by tumor growth rate and T cell persistence in comparison with control T cells. In order to further confirm these findings, we generated T cells modified to express both CD3εζCD28 on cell surface and BiTE.CD19 by autocrine manner (T-CD3εζCD28-BiTE.19). The superior anti-tumor effects of T-CD3εζCD28-BiTE.19 cells could also be evidenced by the similar in vitro and in vivo experiments; thus, incorporating co-stimulatory signal may be an effective approach to improve the effector function of T cells mediated by BiTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yu
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yang Gao
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yan Wu
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Anran Dai
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Suqian First People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suqian 223812, China
| | - Xiangzhi Zhang
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Guodong Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Suqian First People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suqian 223812, China
| | - Qinggang Xu
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Dongfeng Chen
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-15951288195
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22
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Chatterjee A, Asija S, Yadav S, Purwar R, Goda JS. Clinical utility of CAR T cell therapy in brain tumors: Lessons learned from the past, current evidence and the future stakes. Int Rev Immunol 2022; 41:606-624. [PMID: 36191126 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2022.2125963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2022]
Abstract
The unprecedented clinical success of Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T cell therapy in hematological malignancies has led researchers to study its role in solid tumors. Although, its utility in solid tumors especially in neuroblastoma has begun to emerge, preclinical studies of its efficacy in other solid tumors like osteosarcomas or gliomas has caught the attention of oncologist to be tried in clinical trials. Malignant high-grade brain tumors like glioblastomas or midline gliomas in children represent some of the most difficult malignancies to be managed with conventionally available therapeutics, while relapsed gliomas continue to have the most dismal prognosis due to limited therapeutic options. Innovative therapies such as CAR T cells could give an additional leverage to the treating oncologists by potentially improving outcomes and ameliorating the toxicity of the currently available therapies. Moreover, CAR T cell therapy has the potential to be integrated into the therapeutic paradigm for aggressive gliomas in the near future. In this review we discuss the challenges in using CAR T cell therapy in brain tumors, enumerate the completed and ongoing clinical trials of different types of CAR T cell therapy for different brain tumors with special emphasis on glioblastoma and also discuss the future role of CAR T cells in Brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Chatterjee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Sweety Asija
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Sandhya Yadav
- Department of Radiation Oncology, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Rahul Purwar
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai, India
| | - Jayant S Goda
- Department of Radiation Oncology, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi Mumbai, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
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23
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Dhanya CR, Mary AS, Madhavan M. Aptamer-siRNA chimeras: Promising tools for targeting HER2 signaling in cancer. Chem Biol Drug Des 2022; 101:1162-1180. [PMID: 36099164 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference is a transformative approach and has great potential in the development of novel and more efficient cancer therapeutics. Immense prospects exist in the silencing of HER2 and its downstream genes which are overexpressed in many cancers, through exogenously delivered siRNA. However, there is still a long way to exploit the full potential and versatility of siRNA therapeutics due to the challenges associated with the stability and delivery of siRNA targeted to specific sites. Aptamers offer several advantages as a vehicle for siRNA delivery, over other carriers such as antibodies. In this review, we discuss the progress made in the development and applications of aptamer-siRNA chimeras in HER2 targeting and gene silencing. A schematic workflow is also provided which will provide ample insight for all those researchers who are new to this field. Also, we think that a mechanistic understanding of the HER2 signaling pathway is crucial in designing extensive investigations aimed at the silencing of a wider array of genes. This review is expected to stimulate more research on aptamer-siRNA chimeras targeted against HER2 which might arm us with potential effective therapeutic interventions for the management of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Dhanya
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Aarcha Shanmugha Mary
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Maya Madhavan
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College for Women, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
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24
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Neurotransmitters: Potential Targets in Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14163970. [PMID: 36010960 PMCID: PMC9406056 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14163970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Aiming to discover potential treatments for GBM, this review connects emerging research on the roles of neurotransmitters in the normal neural and the GBM microenvironments and sheds light on the prospects of their application in the neuropharmacology of GBM. Conventional therapy is blamed for its poor effect, especially in inhibiting tumor recurrence and invasion. Facing this dilemma, we focus on neurotransmitters that modulate GBM initiation, progression and invasion, hoping to provide novel therapy targeting GBM. By analyzing research concerning GBM therapy systematically and scientifically, we discover increasing insights into the regulatory effects of neurotransmitters, some of which have already shown great potential in research in vivo or in vitro. After that, we further summarize the potential drugs in correlation with previously published research. In summary, it is worth expecting that targeting neurotransmitters could be a promising novel pharmacological approach for GBM treatment. Abstract For decades, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a type of the most lethal brain tumor, has remained a formidable challenge in terms of its treatment. Recently, many novel discoveries have underlined the regulatory roles of neurotransmitters in the microenvironment both physiologically and pathologically. By targeting the receptors synaptically or non-synaptically, neurotransmitters activate multiple signaling pathways. Significantly, many ligands acting on neurotransmitter receptors have shown great potential for inhibiting GBM growth and development, requiring further research. Here, we provide an overview of the most novel advances concerning the role of neurotransmitters in the normal neural and the GBM microenvironments, and discuss potential targeted drugs used for GBM treatment.
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25
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Hermawan A, Wulandari F, Hanif N, Utomo RY, Jenie RI, Ikawati M, Tafrihani AS. Identification of potential targets of the curcumin analog CCA-1.1 for glioblastoma treatment : integrated computational analysis and in vitro study. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13928. [PMID: 35977996 PMCID: PMC9385707 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18348-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is challenging owing to its localization in the brain, the limited capacity of brain cells to repair, resistance to conventional therapy, and its aggressiveness. Curcumin has anticancer activity against aggressive cancers, such as leukemia, and GBM; however, its application is limited by its low solubility and bioavailability. Chemoprevention curcumin analog 1.1 (CCA-1.1), a curcumin analog, has better solubility and stability than those of curcumin. In this study, we explored potential targets of CCA-1.1 in GBM (PTCGs) by an integrated computational analysis and in vitro study. Predicted targets of CCA-1.1 obtained using various databases were subjected to comprehensive downstream analyses, including functional annotation, disease and drug association analyses, protein–protein interaction network analyses, analyses of genetic alterations, expression, and associations with survival and immune cell infiltration. Our integrative bioinformatics analysis revealed four candidate targets of CCA-1.1 in GBM: TP53, EGFR, AKT1, and CASP3. In addition to targeting specific proteins with regulatory effects in GBM, CCA-1.1 has the capacity to modulate the immunological milieu. Cytotoxicity of CCA-1.1 was lower than TMZ with an IC50 value of 9.8 μM compared to TMZ with an IC50 of 40 μM. mRNA sequencing revealed EGFR transcript variant 8 was upregulated, whereas EGFRvIII was downregulated in U87 cells after treatment with CCA-1.1. Furthermore, a molecular docking analysis suggested that CCA-1.1 inhibits EGFR with various mutations in GBM, which was confirmed using molecular dynamics simulation, wherein the binding between CCA-1.1 with the mutant EGFR L861Q was stable. For successful clinical translation, the effects of CCA-1.1 need to be confirmed in laboratory studies and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Hermawan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Cancer Chemoprevention Research Center, Universitas Gadjah Mada Sekip Utara II, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia. .,Laboratory of Macromolecular Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada Sekip Utara II, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia.
| | - Febri Wulandari
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Cancer Chemoprevention Research Center, Universitas Gadjah Mada Sekip Utara II, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Naufa Hanif
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Cancer Chemoprevention Research Center, Universitas Gadjah Mada Sekip Utara II, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Rohmad Yudi Utomo
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Cancer Chemoprevention Research Center, Universitas Gadjah Mada Sekip Utara II, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia.,Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada Sekip Utara II, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Riris Istighfari Jenie
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Cancer Chemoprevention Research Center, Universitas Gadjah Mada Sekip Utara II, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia.,Laboratory of Macromolecular Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada Sekip Utara II, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Muthi Ikawati
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Cancer Chemoprevention Research Center, Universitas Gadjah Mada Sekip Utara II, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia.,Laboratory of Macromolecular Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada Sekip Utara II, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Ahmad Syauqy Tafrihani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Cancer Chemoprevention Research Center, Universitas Gadjah Mada Sekip Utara II, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
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26
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Batool SM, Muralidharan K, Hsia T, Falotico S, Gamblin AS, Rosenfeld YB, Khanna SK, Balaj L, Carter BS. Highly sensitive EGFRvIII detection in circulating extracellular vesicle RNA of glioma patients. Clin Cancer Res 2022; 28:4070-4082. [PMID: 35849415 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-0444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Liquid biopsy offers an attractive platform for non-invasive tumor diagnosis, prognostication and prediction of glioblastoma clinical outcomes. Prior studies report that 30-50% of GBM lesions characterized by EGFR amplification also harbor the EGFRvIII mutation. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A novel digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) assay for high GC content amplicons was developed and optimized for sensitive detection of EGFRvIII in tumor tissue and circulating extracellular vesicle RNA (EV RNA) isolated from the plasma of glioma patients. RESULTS Our optimized qPCR assay detected EGFRvIII mRNA in 81% (95% CI, 68% - 94%) of EGFR amplified glioma tumor tissue, indicating a higher than previously reported prevalence of EGFRvIII in glioma. Using the optimized ddPCR assay in discovery and blinded validation cohorts, we detected EGFRvIII mutation in 73% (95% CI, 64% - 82%) of patients with a specificity of 98% (95% CI, 87% - 100%), compared with qPCR tumor tissue analysis. Additionally, upon longitudinal monitoring in 4 patients, we report detection of EGFRvIII in the plasma of patients with different clinical outcomes, rising with tumor progression, and decreasing in response to treatment. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the feasibility of detecting EGFRvIII mutation in plasma using a highly sensitive and specific ddPCR assay. We also show a higher than previously reported EGFRvIII prevalence in glioma tumor tissue. Several features of the assay are favorable for clinical implementation for detection and monitoring of EGFRvIII positive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tiffaney Hsia
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Leonora Balaj
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
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27
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Monteleone L, Marengo B, Musumeci F, Grossi G, Carbone A, Valenti GE, Domenicotti C, Schenone S. Anti-Survival Effect of SI306 and Its Derivatives on Human Glioblastoma Cells. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14071399. [PMID: 35890294 PMCID: PMC9318396 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common adult brain tumor and, although many efforts have been made to find valid therapies, the onset of resistance is the main cause of recurrence. Therefore, it is crucial to identify and target the molecular mediators responsible for GBM malignancy. In this context, the use of Src inhibitors such as SI306 (C1) and its prodrug (C2) showed promising results, suggesting that SI306 could be the lead compound useful to derivate new anti-GBM drugs. Therefore, a new prodrug of SI306 (C3) was synthesized and tested on CAS-1 and U87 human GBM cells by comparing its effect to that of C1 and C2. All compounds were more effective on CAS-1 than U87 cells, while C2 was the most active on both cell lines. Moreover, the anti-survival effect was associated with a reduction in the expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)WT and EGFR-vIII in U87 and CAS-1 cells, respectively. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that all tested compounds are able to counteract GBM survival, further supporting the role of SI306 as progenitor of promising new drugs to treat malignant GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Monteleone
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), General Pathology Section, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (L.M.); (B.M.); (G.E.V.)
| | - Barbara Marengo
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), General Pathology Section, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (L.M.); (B.M.); (G.E.V.)
- Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research (Centro 3R), 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Musumeci
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (F.M.); (G.G.); (A.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Giancarlo Grossi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (F.M.); (G.G.); (A.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Anna Carbone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (F.M.); (G.G.); (A.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Giulia E. Valenti
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), General Pathology Section, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (L.M.); (B.M.); (G.E.V.)
| | - Cinzia Domenicotti
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), General Pathology Section, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (L.M.); (B.M.); (G.E.V.)
- Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research (Centro 3R), 56122 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-010-353-8830
| | - Silvia Schenone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (F.M.); (G.G.); (A.C.); (S.S.)
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28
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Alnefaie A, Albogami S, Asiri Y, Ahmad T, Alotaibi SS, Al-Sanea MM, Althobaiti H. Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cells: An Overview of Concepts, Applications, Limitations, and Proposed Solutions. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:797440. [PMID: 35814023 PMCID: PMC9256991 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.797440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive immunity, orchestrated by B-cells and T-cells, plays a crucial role in protecting the body from pathogenic invaders and can be used as tools to enhance the body's defense mechanisms against cancer by genetically engineering these immune cells. Several strategies have been identified for cancer treatment and evaluated for their efficacy against other diseases such as autoimmune and infectious diseases. One of the most advanced technologies is chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, a pioneering therapy in the oncology field. Successful clinical trials have resulted in the approval of six CAR-T cell products by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of hematological malignancies. However, there have been various obstacles that limit the use of CAR T-cell therapy as the first line of defense mechanism against cancer. Various innovative CAR-T cell therapeutic designs have been evaluated in preclinical and clinical trial settings and have demonstrated much potential for development. Such trials testing the suitability of CARs against solid tumors and HIV are showing promising results. In addition, new solutions have been proposed to overcome the limitations of this therapy. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge regarding this novel technology, including CAR T-cell structure, different applications, limitations, and proposed solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Alnefaie
- Department of Medical Services, King Faisal Medical Complex, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah Albogami
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yousif Asiri
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tanveer Ahmad
- Multidisciplinary Centre for Advanced Research and Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Saqer S. Alotaibi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad M. Al-Sanea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hisham Althobaiti
- Chief of Medical Department, King Faisal Medical Complex (KFMC), Taif, Saudi Arabia
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29
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Givinostat-Liposomes: Anti-Tumor Effect on 2D and 3D Glioblastoma Models and Pharmacokinetics. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14122978. [PMID: 35740641 PMCID: PMC9220922 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14122978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common and aggressive brain tumor, associated with poor prognosis and survival, representing a challenging medical issue for neurooncologists. Dysregulation of histone-modifying enzymes (HDACs) is commonly identified in many tumors and has been linked to cancer proliferation, changes in metabolism, and drug resistance. These findings led to the development of HDAC inhibitors, which are limited by their narrow therapeutic index. In this work, we provide the proof of concept for a delivery system that can improve the in vivo half-life and increase the brain delivery of Givinostat, a pan-HDAC inhibitor. Here, 150-nm-sized liposomes composed of cholesterol and sphingomyelin with or without surface decoration with mApoE peptide, inhibited human glioblastoma cell growth in 2D and 3D models by inducing a time- and dose-dependent reduction in cell viability, reduction in the receptors involved in cholesterol metabolism (from -25% to -75% of protein levels), and reduction in HDAC activity (-25% within 30 min). In addition, liposome-Givinostat formulations showed a 2.5-fold increase in the drug half-life in the bloodstream and a 6-fold increase in the amount of drug entering the brain in healthy mice, without any signs of overt toxicity. These features make liposomes loaded with Givinostat valuable as potential candidates for glioblastoma therapy.
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30
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You R, Artichoker J, Ray A, Gonzalez Velozo H, Rock DA, Conner KP, Krummel MF. Visualizing Spatial and Stoichiometric Barriers to Bispecific T-cell Engager Efficacy. Cancer Immunol Res 2022; 10:698-712. [PMID: 35413104 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-21-0594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE) molecules are biologic T cell-directing immunotherapies. Blinatumomab is approved for treatment of B-cell malignancies, but BiTE molecule development in solid tumors has been more challenging. Here, we employed intravital imaging to characterize exposure and pharmacodynamic response of an anti-muCD3/anti-huEGFRvIII mouse surrogate BiTE molecule in epidermal growth factor receptor variant III (EGFRvIII)-positive breast tumors implanted within immunocompetent mice. Our study revealed heterogeneous temporal and spatial dynamics of BiTE molecule extravasation into solid tumors, highlighting physical barriers to BiTE molecule function. We also discovered that high, homogeneous EGFRvIII expression on cancer cells was necessary for a BiTE molecule to efficiently clear tumors. Additionally, we found that resident tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) were sufficient for optimal tumor killing only at high BiTE molecule dosage, whereas inclusion of peripheral T-cell recruitment was synergistic at moderate to low dosages. We report that deletion of stimulatory conventional type I DCs (cDC1) diminished BiTE molecule-induced T-cell activation and tumor clearance, suggesting that in situ antigen-presenting cell (APC) engagements modulate the extent of BiTE molecule efficacy. In summary, our work identified multiple requirements for optimal BiTE molecule efficacy in solid tumors, providing insights that could be harnessed for solid cancer immunotherapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran You
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- ImmunoX Initiative, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jordan Artichoker
- ImmunoX Initiative, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Biological Imaging Development CoLab, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Arja Ray
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- ImmunoX Initiative, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Hugo Gonzalez Velozo
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Dan A Rock
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen, South San Francisco, California
| | - Kip P Conner
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen, South San Francisco, California
| | - Matthew F Krummel
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- ImmunoX Initiative, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Biological Imaging Development CoLab, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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31
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Dent P. Cell Signaling and Translational Developmental Therapeutics. COMPREHENSIVE PHARMACOLOGY 2022. [PMCID: PMC7538147 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-820472-6.00002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The relationships between drug pharmacodynamics and subsequent changes in cellular signaling processes are complex. Many in vitro cell signaling studies often use drug concentrations above physiologically safe drug levels achievable in a patient's plasma. Drug companies develop agents to inhibit or modify the activities of specific target enzymes, often without a full consideration that their compounds have additional unknown targets. These two negative sequelae, when published together, become impediments against successful developmental therapeutics and translation because this data distorts our understanding of signaling mechanisms and reduces the probability of successfully translating drug-based concepts from the bench to the bedside. This article will discuss cellular signaling in isolation and as it relates to extant single and combined therapeutic drug interventions. This will lead to a hypothetical series standardized sequential approaches describing a rigorous concept to drug development and clinical translation.
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Balan J, Jenkinson G, Nair A, Saha N, Koganti T, Voss J, Zysk C, Barr Fritcher EG, Ross CA, Giannini C, Raghunathan A, Kipp BR, Jenkins R, Ida C, Halling KC, Blackburn PR, Dasari S, Oliver GR, Klee EW. SeekFusion - A Clinically Validated Fusion Transcript Detection Pipeline for PCR-Based Next-Generation Sequencing of RNA. Front Genet 2021; 12:739054. [PMID: 34745213 PMCID: PMC8569241 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.739054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Detecting gene fusions involving driver oncogenes is pivotal in clinical diagnosis and treatment of cancer patients. Recent developments in next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have enabled improved assays for bioinformatics-based gene fusions detection. In clinical applications, where a small number of fusions are clinically actionable, targeted polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based NGS chemistries, such as the QIAseq RNAscan assay, aim to improve accuracy compared to standard RNA sequencing. Existing informatics methods for gene fusion detection in NGS-based RNA sequencing assays traditionally use a transcriptome-based spliced alignment approach or a de-novo assembly approach. Transcriptome-based spliced alignment methods face challenges with short read mapping yielding low quality alignments. De-novo assembly-based methods yield longer contigs from short reads that can be more sensitive for genomic rearrangements, but face performance and scalability challenges. Consequently, there exists a need for a method to efficiently and accurately detect fusions in targeted PCR-based NGS chemistries. We describe SeekFusion, a highly accurate and computationally efficient pipeline enabling identification of gene fusions from PCR-based NGS chemistries. Utilizing biological samples processed with the QIAseq RNAscan assay and in-silico simulated data we demonstrate that SeekFusion gene fusion detection accuracy outperforms popular existing methods such as STAR-Fusion, TOPHAT-Fusion and JAFFA-hybrid. We also present results from 4,484 patient samples tested for neurological tumors and sarcoma, encompassing details on some novel fusions identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Garrett Jenkinson
- Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Asha Nair
- Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Neiladri Saha
- Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Tejaswi Koganti
- Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Jesse Voss
- Division of Laboratory Genetics and Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Christopher Zysk
- Applied Genomics Division, Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA, United States
| | | | - Christian A Ross
- Information Technology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Caterina Giannini
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Aditya Raghunathan
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Benjamin R Kipp
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Robert Jenkins
- Division of Laboratory Genetics and Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Cris Ida
- Division of Laboratory Genetics and Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Kevin C Halling
- Division of Laboratory Genetics and Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Patrick R Blackburn
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Surendra Dasari
- Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Gavin R Oliver
- Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Eric W Klee
- Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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Haryuni RD, Tanaka T, Takahashi JI, Onuma I, Zhou Y, Yokoyama S, Sakurai H. Temozolomide Induces Endocytosis of EGFRvIII via p38-Mediated Non-canonical Phosphorylation in Glioblastoma Cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:1681-1687. [PMID: 34719645 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The ligand-induced internalization of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is generally considered to attenuate downstream signaling via its endosomal degradation. However, the endocytosis of an oncogenic EGFR variant III (EGFRvIII) is impaired, which leads to persistent signaling from the cell surface, thereby promoting the proliferation and survival of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells. Cellular stress triggers the non-canonical endocytosis-recycling of EGFR by p38-mediated phosphorylation. In the present study, we used temozolomide (TMZ), the standard chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of GBM patients, to examine whether EGFRvIII is controlled by a non-canonical mechanism. TMZ triggered the endocytic trafficking of serine phosphorylated EGFRvIII. Moreover, phosphorylation and endocytosis were abrogated by the selective p38 inhibitor SB203580, but not gefitinib, indicating that EGFRvIII is recruited to p38-mediated non-canonical endocytosis. The combination of TMZ and SB203580 also showed potential inhibitory effects on the proliferation and motility of glioblastoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratna Dini Haryuni
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama.,Center for Radioisotope and Radiopharmaceutical Technology, National Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia
| | - Tomohiro Tanaka
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
| | - Jun-Ichiro Takahashi
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
| | - Iimi Onuma
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
| | - Satoru Yokoyama
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
| | - Hiroaki Sakurai
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
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Kamynina M, Tskhovrebova S, Fares J, Timashev P, Laevskaya A, Ulasov I. Oncolytic Virus-Induced Autophagy in Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143482. [PMID: 34298694 PMCID: PMC8304501 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive brain tumor with an incidence rate of nearly 3.19/100,000. Current therapeutic options fall short in improving the survival of patients with GBM. Various genetic and microenvironmental factors contribute to GBM progression and resistance to therapy. The development of gene therapies using self-replicating oncolytic viruses can advance GBM treatment. Due to GBM heterogeneity, oncolytic viruses have been genetically modified to improve the antiglioma effect in vitro and in vivo. Oncolytic viruses can activate autophagy signaling in GBM upon tumoral infection. Autophagy can be cytoprotective, whereby the GBM cells catabolize damaged organelles to accommodate to virus-induced stress, or cytotoxic, whereby it leads to the destruction of GBM cells. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that control oncolytic virus-induced autophagic signaling in GBM can fuel further development of novel and more effective genetic vectors. Abstract Autophagy is a catabolic process that allows cells to scavenge damaged organelles and produces energy to maintain cellular homeostasis. It is also an effective defense method for cells, which allows them to identify an internalized pathogen and destroy it through the fusion of the autophagosome and lysosomes. Recent reports have demonstrated that various chemotherapeutic agents and viral gene therapeutic vehicles provide therapeutic advantages for patients with glioblastoma as monotherapy or in combination with standards of care. Despite nonstop efforts to develop effective antiglioma therapeutics, tumor-induced autophagy in some studies manifests tumor resistance and glioma progression. Here, we explore the functional link between autophagy regulation mediated by oncolytic viruses and discuss how intracellular interactions control autophagic signaling in glioblastoma. Autophagy induced by oncolytic viruses plays a dual role in cell death and survival. On the one hand, autophagy stimulation has mostly led to an increase in cytotoxicity mediated by the oncolytic virus, but, on the other hand, autophagy is also activated as a cell defense mechanism against intracellular pathogens and modulates antiviral activity through the induction of ER stress and unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling. Despite the fact that the moment of switch between autophagic prosurvival and prodeath modes remains to be known, in the context of oncolytic virotherapy, cytotoxic autophagy is a crucial mechanism of cancer cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Kamynina
- Group of Experimental Biotherapy and Diagnostic, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.K.); (S.T.); (A.L.)
| | - Salome Tskhovrebova
- Group of Experimental Biotherapy and Diagnostic, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.K.); (S.T.); (A.L.)
| | - Jawad Fares
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA;
| | - Peter Timashev
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Department of Polymers and Composites, N. N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia Laevskaya
- Group of Experimental Biotherapy and Diagnostic, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.K.); (S.T.); (A.L.)
| | - Ilya Ulasov
- Group of Experimental Biotherapy and Diagnostic, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.K.); (S.T.); (A.L.)
- Correspondence:
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Quintarelli C, Camera A, Ciccone R, Alessi I, Del Bufalo F, Carai A, Del Baldo G, Mastronuzzi A, De Angelis B. Innovative and Promising Strategies to Enhance Effectiveness of Immunotherapy for CNS Tumors: Where Are We? Front Immunol 2021; 12:634031. [PMID: 34163465 PMCID: PMC8216238 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.634031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there are several immunotherapy approaches for the treatment of Central Nervous System (CNS) tumors under evaluation, currently none of these approaches have received approval from the regulatory agencies. CNS tumors, especially glioblastomas, are tumors characterized by highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, limiting the possibility of effectively eliciting an immune response. Moreover, the peculiar anatomic location of these tumors poses relevant challenges in terms of safety, since uncontrolled hyper inflammation could lead to cerebral edema and cranial hypertension. The most promising strategies of immunotherapy in neuro-oncology consist of the use of autologous T cells redirected against tumor cells through chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) constructs or genetically modified T-cell receptors. Trials based on native or genetically engineered oncolytic viruses and on vaccination with tumor-associated antigen peptides are also under evaluation. Despite some sporadic complete remissions achieved in clinical trials, the outcome of patients with CNS tumors treated with different immunotherapeutic approaches remains poor. Based on the lessons learned from these unsatisfactory experiences, novel immune-therapy approaches aimed at overcoming the profound immunosuppressive microenvironment of these diseases are bringing new hope to reach the cure for CNS tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Quintarelli
- Department Onco-Hematology, Cell and Gene Therapy, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy.,Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Camera
- Department Onco-Hematology, Cell and Gene Therapy, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Roselia Ciccone
- Department Onco-Hematology, Cell and Gene Therapy, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Iside Alessi
- Department Onco-Hematology, Cell and Gene Therapy, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Del Bufalo
- Department Onco-Hematology, Cell and Gene Therapy, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Carai
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Sciences, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Giada Del Baldo
- Department Onco-Hematology, Cell and Gene Therapy, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Mastronuzzi
- Department Onco-Hematology, Cell and Gene Therapy, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Biagio De Angelis
- Department Onco-Hematology, Cell and Gene Therapy, IRCCS, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
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36
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Maggs L, Cattaneo G, Dal AE, Moghaddam AS, Ferrone S. CAR T Cell-Based Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Glioblastoma. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:662064. [PMID: 34113233 PMCID: PMC8185049 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.662064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive malignant primary brain tumor in adults. Current treatment options typically consist of surgery followed by chemotherapy or more frequently radiotherapy, however, median patient survival remains at just over 1 year. Therefore, the need for novel curative therapies for GBM is vital. Characterization of GBM cells has contributed to identify several molecules as targets for immunotherapy-based treatments such as EGFR/EGFRvIII, IL13Rα2, B7-H3, and CSPG4. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes collected from a patient can be genetically modified to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) specific for an identified tumor antigen (TA). These CAR T cells can then be re-administered to the patient to identify and eliminate cancer cells. The impressive clinical responses to TA-specific CAR T cell-based therapies in patients with hematological malignancies have generated a lot of interest in the application of this strategy with solid tumors including GBM. Several clinical trials are evaluating TA-specific CAR T cells to treat GBM. Unfortunately, the efficacy of CAR T cells against solid tumors has been limited due to several factors. These include the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, inadequate trafficking and infiltration of CAR T cells and their lack of persistence and activity. In particular, GBM has specific limitations to overcome including acquired resistance to therapy, limited diffusion across the blood brain barrier and risks of central nervous system toxicity. Here we review current CAR T cell-based approaches for the treatment of GBM and summarize the mechanisms being explored in pre-clinical, as well as clinical studies to improve their anti-tumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Maggs
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | | | | | - Soldano Ferrone
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Wagener-Ryczek S, Pappesch R. Targeted RNA-sequencing for the evaluation of gene fusions in lung tumors: current status and future prospects. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2021; 21:531-534. [PMID: 33887162 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2021.1920399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Wagener-Ryczek
- Institute for Pathology and Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Roberto Pappesch
- Institute for Pathology and Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO), University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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38
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EGFRvIII tumorigenicity requires PDGFRA co-signaling and reveals therapeutic vulnerabilities in glioblastoma. Oncogene 2021; 40:2682-2696. [PMID: 33707748 PMCID: PMC9159289 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01721-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Focal amplification of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its ligand-independent, constitutively active EGFRvIII mutant form are prominent oncogenic drivers in glioblastoma (GBM). The EGFRvIII gene rearrangement is considered to be an initiating event in the etiology of GBM, however, the mechanistic details of how EGFRvIII drives cellular transformation and tumor maintenance remain unclear. Here, we report that EGFRvIII demonstrates a reliance on PDGFRA co-stimulatory signaling during the tumorigenic process in a genetically engineered autochthonous GBM model. This dependency exposes liabilities that were leveraged using kinase inhibitors treatments in EGFRvIII-expressing GBM patient-derived xenografts (PDXs), where simultaneous pharmacological inhibition of EGFRvIII and PDGFRA kinase activities is necessary for anti-tumor efficacy. Our work establishes that EGFRvIII-positive tumors have unexplored vulnerabilities to targeted agents concomitant to the EGFR kinase inhibitor repertoire.
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Stem cell-based therapy treating glioblastoma multiforme. Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Ther 2021; 14:1-15. [PMID: 32971031 DOI: 10.1016/j.hemonc.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) is one of the most malignant types of central nervous system tumours, classified as grade IV by the World Health Organization. Despite the therapeutic advances, the prognosis is ominous, with a median survival of about 12-15 months post diagnosis. Although therapeutic options available can increase the survival, they are ineffective in treating patients with GB. Impairing factors such as the blood-brain barrier, cancer stem cells, and infiltration into brain parenchyma lead to failure of current therapies. Therefore, clinicians need novel/alternative effective strategies to treat GB. Due to their ability to preserve healthy tissues and to provide an effective and long-lasting response, stem cells (SCs) with tropism for tumour cells have attracted considerable attention in the scientific community. As is the case here, SCs can be used to target brain tumour cancer cells, especially high-grade malignant gliomas like GB, by overcoming the resistance and exerting benefits for patients affected with such lethal disease. Herein, we will discuss the research knowledge regarding SC-based therapy for the treatment of GB, focalising our attention on SCs and SC-released extracellular vesicles modified to express/load different antitumour payloads, as well as on SCs exploited as a diagnostic tool. Advantages and unresolved issues of anticancer SC-based therapy will also be considered.
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40
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Chen P, Hsu WH, Han J, Xia Y, DePinho RA. Cancer Stemness Meets Immunity: From Mechanism to Therapy. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108597. [PMID: 33406434 PMCID: PMC7839836 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are self-renewing cells that facilitate tumor initiation, promote metastasis, and enhance cancer therapy resistance. Transcriptomic analyses across many cancer types have revealed a prominent association between stemness and immune signatures, potentially implying a biological interaction between such hallmark features of cancer. Emerging experimental evidence has substantiated the influence of CSCs on immune cells, including tumor-associated macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and T cells, in the tumor microenvironment and, reciprocally, the importance of such immune cells in sustaining CSC stemness and its survival niche. This review covers the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the symbiotic interactions between CSCs and immune cells and how such heterotypic signaling maintains a tumor-promoting ecosystem and informs therapeutic strategies intercepting this co-dependency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiwen Chen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wen-Hao Hsu
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jincheng Han
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yan Xia
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ronald A DePinho
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Soteriou C, Kalli AC, Connell SD, Tyler AII, Thorne JL. Advances in understanding and in multi-disciplinary methodology used to assess lipid regulation of signalling cascades from the cancer cell plasma membrane. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 81:101080. [PMID: 33359620 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The lipid bilayer is a functional component of cells, forming a stable platform for the initiation of key biological processes, including cell signalling. There are distinct changes in the lipid composition of cell membranes during oncogenic transformation resulting in aberrant activation and inactivation of signalling transduction pathways. Studying the role of the cell membrane in cell signalling is challenging, since techniques are often limited to by timescale, resolution, sensitivity, and averaging. To overcome these limitations, combining 'computational', 'wet-lab' and 'semi-dry' approaches offers the best opportunity to resolving complex biological processes involved in membrane organisation. In this review, we highlight analytical tools that have been applied for the study of cell signalling initiation from the cancer cell membranes through computational microscopy, biological assays, and membrane biophysics. The cancer therapeutic potential of extracellular membrane-modulating agents, such as cholesterol-reducing agents is also discussed, as is the need for future collaborative inter-disciplinary research for studying the role of the cell membrane and its components in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Soteriou
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS29JT, UK; Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK; Molecular and Nanoscale Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - A C Kalli
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - S D Connell
- Molecular and Nanoscale Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - A I I Tyler
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS29JT, UK
| | - J L Thorne
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS29JT, UK.
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Paranthaman S, Goravinahalli Shivananjegowda M, Mahadev M, Moin A, Hagalavadi Nanjappa S, Nanjaiyah ND, Chidambaram SB, Gowda DV. Nanodelivery Systems Targeting Epidermal Growth Factor Receptors for Glioma Management. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12121198. [PMID: 33321953 PMCID: PMC7763629 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12121198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A paradigm shift in treating the most aggressive and malignant form of glioma is continuously evolving; however, these strategies do not provide a better life and survival index. Currently, neurosurgical debulking, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy are the treatment options available for glioma, but these are non-specific in action. Patients invariably develop resistance to these therapies, leading to recurrence and death. Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs) are among the most common cell surface proteins in glioma and play a significant role in malignant progression; thus, these are currently being explored as therapeutic targets. RTKs belong to the family of cell surface receptors that are activated by ligands which in turn activates two major downstream signaling pathways via Rapidly Accelerating Sarcoma/mitogen activated protein kinase/extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (Ras/MAPK/ERK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/a serine/threonine protein kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR). These pathways are critically involved in regulating cell proliferation, invasion, metabolism, autophagy, and apoptosis. Dysregulation in these pathways results in uncontrolled glioma cell proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, and cancer progression. Thus, RTK pathways are considered a potential target in glioma management. This review summarizes the possible risk factors involved in the growth of glioblastoma (GBM). The role of RTKs inhibitors (TKIs) and the intracellular signaling pathways involved, small molecules under clinical trials, and the updates were discussed. We have also compiled information on the outcomes from the various endothelial growth factor receptor (EGFR)-TKIs-based nanoformulations from the preclinical and clinical points of view. Aided by an extensive literature search, we propose the challenges and potential opportunities for future research on EGFR-TKIs-based nanodelivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathishbabu Paranthaman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru 570015, India; (S.P.); (M.G.S.); (M.M.)
| | | | - Manohar Mahadev
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru 570015, India; (S.P.); (M.G.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Afrasim Moin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Hail University, Hail PO BOX 2440, Saudi Arabia;
| | | | | | - Saravana Babu Chidambaram
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru 570015, India;
| | - Devegowda Vishakante Gowda
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru 570015, India; (S.P.); (M.G.S.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +91-9663162455
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Accordino G, Lettieri S, Bortolotto C, Benvenuti S, Gallotti A, Gattoni E, Agustoni F, Pozzi E, Rinaldi P, Primiceri C, Morbini P, Lancia A, Stella GM. From Interconnection between Genes and Microenvironment to Novel Immunotherapeutic Approaches in Upper Gastro-Intestinal Cancers-A Multidisciplinary Perspective. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082105. [PMID: 32751137 PMCID: PMC7465773 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the progress during the last decade, patients with advanced gastric and esophageal cancers still have poor prognosis. Finding optimal therapeutic strategies represents an unmet need in this field. Several prognostic and predictive factors have been evaluated and may guide clinicians in choosing a tailored treatment. Data from large studies investigating the role of immunotherapy in gastrointestinal cancers are promising but further investigations are necessary to better select those patients who can mostly benefit from these novel therapies. This review will focus on the treatment of metastatic esophageal and gastric cancer. We will review the standard of care and the role of novel therapies such as immunotherapies and CAR-T. Moreover, we will focus on the analysis of potential predictive biomarkers such as Modify as: Microsatellite Instability (MSI) and PD-L1, which may lead to treatment personalization and improved treatment outcomes. A multidisciplinary point of view is mandatory to generate an integrated approach to properly exploit these novel antiproliferative agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Accordino
- Department of Medical Sciences and Infective Diseases, Unit of Respiratory Diseases, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo Foundation and University of Pavia Medical School, 27000 Pavia, Italy; (G.A.); (S.L.)
| | - Sara Lettieri
- Department of Medical Sciences and Infective Diseases, Unit of Respiratory Diseases, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo Foundation and University of Pavia Medical School, 27000 Pavia, Italy; (G.A.); (S.L.)
| | - Chandra Bortolotto
- Department of Intensive Medicine, Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation and University of Pavia Medical School, 27000 Pavia, Italy; (C.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Silvia Benvenuti
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, Fondazione del Piemonte per l’Oncologia (FPO)-IRCCS-Str. Prov.le 142, km. 3,95, 10060 Candiolo (TO), Italy;
| | - Anna Gallotti
- Department of Intensive Medicine, Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation and University of Pavia Medical School, 27000 Pavia, Italy; (C.B.); (A.G.)
| | - Elisabetta Gattoni
- Department of Oncology, Azienda Sanitaria Locale (ASL) AL, 27000 Casale Monferrato (AL), Italy;
| | - Francesco Agustoni
- Department of Medical Sciences and Infective Diseases, Unit of Oncology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation and University of Pavia Medical School, 27000 Pavia, Italy; (F.A.); (E.P.)
| | - Emma Pozzi
- Department of Medical Sciences and Infective Diseases, Unit of Oncology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation and University of Pavia Medical School, 27000 Pavia, Italy; (F.A.); (E.P.)
| | - Pietro Rinaldi
- Department of Intensive Medicine, Unit of Thoracic Surgery, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation and University of Pavia Medical School, 27000 Pavia, Italy; (P.R.); (C.P.)
| | - Cristiano Primiceri
- Department of Intensive Medicine, Unit of Thoracic Surgery, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation and University of Pavia Medical School, 27000 Pavia, Italy; (P.R.); (C.P.)
| | - Patrizia Morbini
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine, Unit of Pathology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation and University of Pavia Medical School, 27000 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Andrea Lancia
- Department of Medical Sciences and Infective Diseases, Unit of Radiation Therapy, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation and University of Pavia Medical School, 27000 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Giulia Maria Stella
- Department of Medical Sciences and Infective Diseases, Unit of Respiratory Diseases, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo Foundation and University of Pavia Medical School, 27000 Pavia, Italy; (G.A.); (S.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0382503369; Fax: +39-0382502719
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