CEMP-1 Levels in Periodontal Wound Fluid during the Early Phase of Healing: Prospective Clinical Trial

Wound fluid sampling methods for proteomic studies: A scoping review

Understanding why some wounds are hard to heal is important for improving care and developing more effective treatments. The method of sample collection used is an integral step in the research process and thus may affect the results obtained. The primary objective of this study was to summarise and map the methods currently used to sample wound fluid for protein profiling and analysis. Eligible studies were those that used a sampling method to collect wound fluid from any human wound for analysis of proteins. A search for eligible studies was performed using MEDLINE, Embase and CINAHL Plus in May 2020. All references were screened for eligibility by one reviewer, followed by discussion and consensus with a second reviewer. Quantitative data were mapped and visualised using appropriate software and summarised via a narrative summary. After screening, 280 studies were included in this review. The most commonly used group of wound fluid collection methods were vacuum, drainage or use of other external devices, with surgical wounds being the most common sample source. Other frequently used collection methods were extraction from absorbent materials, collection beneath an occlusive dressing and direct collection of wound fluid. This scoping review highlights the variety of methods used for wound fluid collection. Many studies had small sample sizes and short sample collection periods; these weaknesses have hampered the discovery and validation of novel biomarkers. Future research should aim to assess the reproducibility and feasibility of sampling and analytical methods for use in larger longitudinal studies.

Regeneration of rat periodontium by cementum protein 1-derived peptide

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Cementum protein 1 (CEMP1) has the capacity to promote differentiation of periodontal ligament (PDL) cells toward a cementoblastic phenotype in vitro and bone regeneration in vivo. In this study, we tested the capabilities of a synthetic cementum protein 1-derived peptide, MGTSSTDSQQAGHRRCSTSN (CEMP1-p1), to promote regeneration of periodontal structures in a periodontal fenestration defect in rats.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Fenestration defects were created using an extra-oral approach in the buccal aspect of the mandibular first molar roots. Eighteen male Wistar rats were divided into three groups. Two controls (defects non-treated or defects treated with a gelatin matrix scaffold [GMS] only) and the experimental group treated with 5 µg/dose of CEMP1-p1 embedded in GMS. After 28 days, the animals were sacrificed, and the mandibles processed for histopathological examination. Expression of cementum proteins, cementum attachment protein (CAP), CEMP1, integrin binding sialoprotein (IBSP), and osteocalcin (OCN), was assessed using immunofluorescence. The formation of new cementum, bone, and PDL fibers were compared between control and experimental groups.

RESULTS

The histological analysis revealed that the control group without any treatment new cementum or oriented PDL fibers were not observed. However, the presence of newly bone was detected. In the control group treated with GMS, new cementum formation was not detectable, the PDL fibers were oriented parallel to the longitudinal root axis, and new bone formation was observed. The experimental group showed deposit of acellular extrinsic fiber cementum (AEFC) in a lamellae-like feature with inserted Sharpey's fibers, formation of cellular mixed stratified cementum (CMSC) with the presence of cementocytes, and newly formed bone close to the cementum-enamel junction. Cementoblast cells adjacent to new cementum expressed CAP, CEMP1, IBSP, and OCN.

CONCLUSION

These studies show that CEMP1-p1 promotes the formation of AEFC, CMSC, new PDL with Sharpey's fibers inserted in cementum and bone, thus providing strong evidence that the synthetic peptide CEMP1-p1 promotes periodontal regeneration in a rat fenestration model.

sCD14 Level in Saliva of Children and Adolescents with and without Dental Caries, a Hurdle Model

Objective: Soluble CD14 (sCD14) plays an important role in the innate immune response of the oral cavity. The investigation of this biomarker for detection of carious lesions is an even more actual procedure due to its non-invasiveness and the ease of withdrawal. The purpose of the present observational case-control study was to evaluate whether the quantification of sCD14 in children and adolescent’s saliva can discriminate healthy subjects from those suffering from tooth decay. Materials and Methods: 164 subjects (6 to 17 years) were selected and divided into 2 groups: those with at least 1 decayed tooth were assigned to group Decayed (n = 82) and those free from dental caries to group Healthy (n = 82). The amount of salivary soluble CD14 was quantified. Results: Mean salivary soluble CD14 was 28.3 ± 10.8 μg/mL in the Healthy group and 22 ± 9.6 μg/mL in the Decayed group. A hurdle model was applied to the data to estimate both the probability of having carious lesions and their number in relation to sCD14 levels. sCD14 was strongly associated (p < 0.01) with an inverse relation to both the probability of having caries and their number (falling rate of 5% per unit CD14 μg/mL). Conclusions: This data confirms the relationship between sCD14 and the presence of dental caries. However, there is no clear cut off level between healthy and unhealthy subjects, so it is currently not possible to use sCD14 as a biomarker to determine the risk of decays.

Nanoceutical Adjuvants as Wound Healing Material: Precepts and Prospects

Dermal wound healing describes the progressive repair and recalcitrant mechanism of 12 damaged skin, and eventually, reformatting and reshaping the skin. Many probiotics, nutritional supplements, metal nanoparticles, composites, skin constructs, polymers, and so forth have been associated with the improved healing process of wounds. The exact mechanism of material-cellular interaction is a point of immense importance, particularly in pathological conditions such as diabetes. Bioengineered alternative agents will likely continue to dominate the outpatient and perioperative management of chronic, recalcitrant wounds as new products continue to cut costs and improve the wound healing process. This review article provides an update on the various remedies with confirmed wound healing activities of metal-based nanoceutical adjuvanted agents and also other nano-based counterparts from previous experiments conducted by various researchers.