1
|
Tayyib NA, Ramaiah P, Alshahrani SH, Margiana R, Almalki SG, Kareem AK, Zabibah RS, Shbeer AM, Ali SHJ, Mustafa YF. Soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) is associated with obesity rates: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional study. BMC Endocr Disord 2023; 23:275. [PMID: 38102636 PMCID: PMC10722718 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-023-01520-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have highlighted the possible positive effects of soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) against obesity. However, due to their inconsistent results, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to quantitatively evaluate and critically review the results of studies evaluating the relationship between sRAGE with obesity among adult population. METHODS In the systematic search, the eligibility criteria were as follows: studies conducted with a cross-sectional design, included apparently healthy adults, adults with obesity, or obesity-related disorders, aged over 18 years, and evaluated the association between general or central obesity indices with sRAGE. RESULTS Our systematic search in electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Embase up to 26 October, 2023 yielded a total of 21,612 articles. After removing duplicates, screening the titles and abstracts, and reading the full texts, 13 manuscripts were included in the final meta-analysis. According to our results, those at the highest category of circulating sRAGE concentration with median values of 934.92 pg/ml of sRAGE, had 1.9 kg/m2 lower body mass index (BMI) (WMD: -1.927; CI: -2.868, -0.986; P < 0.001) compared with those at the lowest category of sRAGE concentration with median values of 481.88 pg/ml. Also, being at the highest sRAGE category with the median values of 1302.3 pg/ml sRAGE, was accompanied with near 6 cm lower waist circumference (WC) (WMD: -5.602; CI: -8.820, -2.383; P < 0.001 with 86.4% heterogeneity of I2) compared with those at the lowest category of sRAGE concentration with median values of 500.525 pg/ml. Individuals with obesity had significantly lower circulating sRAGE concentrations (WMD: -135.105; CI: -256.491, -13.72; P = 0.029; with 79.5% heterogeneity of I2). According to the subgrouping and meta-regression results, country and baseline BMI were possible heterogeneity sources. According to Begg's and Egger's tests and funnel plots results, there was no publication bias. CONCLUSION According to our results, higher circulating sRAGE concentrations was associated with lower BMI and WC among apparently healthy adults. Further randomized clinical trials are warranted for possible identification of causal associations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nahla A Tayyib
- Vice Deanship, Postgraduate Research and Scientific Studies, Faculty of Nursing, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Ria Margiana
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Master's Programme Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Andrology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Sami G Almalki
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah, 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - A K Kareem
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Iraq
| | - Rahman S Zabibah
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Medical Technology, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Abdullah M Shbeer
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Hayif Jasim Ali
- Department of medical laboratory, College of Health and Medical Technololgy, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Iraq
| | - Yasser Fakri Mustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul, 41001, Iraq
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dozio E, Maffioli E, Vianello E, Nonnis S, Grassi Scalvini F, Spatola L, Roccabianca P, Tedeschi G, Corsi Romanelli MM. A Wide-Proteome Analysis to Identify Molecular Pathways Involved in Kidney Response to High-Fat Diet in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073809. [PMID: 35409168 PMCID: PMC8999052 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiopathogenesis of obesity-related chronic kidney disease (CKD) is still scarcely understood. To this aim, we assessed the effect of high-fat diet (HF) on molecular pathways leading to organ damage, steatosis, and fibrosis. Six-week-old male C57BL/6N mice were fed HF diet or normal chow for 20 weeks. Kidneys were collected for genomic, proteomic, histological studies, and lipid quantification. The main findings were as follows: (1) HF diet activated specific pathways leading to fibrosis and increased fatty acid metabolism; (2) HF diet promoted a metabolic shift of lipid metabolism from peroxisomes to mitochondria; (3) no signs of lipid accumulation and/or fibrosis were observed, histologically; (4) the early signs of kidney damage seemed to be related to changes in membrane protein expression; (5) the proto-oncogene MYC was one of the upstream transcriptional regulators of changes occurring in protein expression. These results demonstrated the potential usefulness of specific selected molecules as early markers of renal injury in HF, while histomorphological changes become visible later in obesity-related CDK. The integration of these information with data from biological fluids could help the identification of biomarkers useful for the early detection and prevention of tissue damage in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Dozio
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (E.D.); (M.M.C.R.)
| | - Elisa Maffioli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (E.M.); (S.N.); (F.G.S.); (P.R.); (G.T.)
| | - Elena Vianello
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (E.D.); (M.M.C.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-50315342
| | - Simona Nonnis
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (E.M.); (S.N.); (F.G.S.); (P.R.); (G.T.)
- CRC “Innovation for Well-Being and Environment” (I-WE), Università degli Studi di Milano, 29133 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Grassi Scalvini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (E.M.); (S.N.); (F.G.S.); (P.R.); (G.T.)
| | - Leonardo Spatola
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplantation, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, 20162 Milan, Italy;
| | - Paola Roccabianca
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (E.M.); (S.N.); (F.G.S.); (P.R.); (G.T.)
| | - Gabriella Tedeschi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (E.M.); (S.N.); (F.G.S.); (P.R.); (G.T.)
- CRC “Innovation for Well-Being and Environment” (I-WE), Università degli Studi di Milano, 29133 Milan, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Marco Corsi Romanelli
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (E.D.); (M.M.C.R.)
- Service of Laboratory Medicine1-Clinical Pathology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, 20097 San Donato Milanese, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dozio E, Massaccesi L, Corsi Romanelli MM. Glycation and Glycosylation in Cardiovascular Remodeling: Focus on Advanced Glycation End Products and O-Linked Glycosylations as Glucose-Related Pathogenetic Factors and Disease Markers. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10204792. [PMID: 34682915 PMCID: PMC8539574 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10204792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycation and glycosylation are non-enzymatic and enzymatic reactions, respectively, of glucose, glucose metabolites, and other reducing sugars with different substrates, such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Increased availability of glucose is a recognized risk factor for the onset and progression of diabetes-mellitus-associated disorders, among which cardiovascular diseases have a great impact on patient mortality. Both advanced glycation end products, the result of non-enzymatic glycation of substrates, and O-linked-N-Acetylglucosaminylation, a glycosylation reaction that is controlled by O-N-AcetylGlucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA), have been shown to play a role in cardiovascular remodeling. In this review, we aim (1) to summarize the most recent data regarding the role of glycation and O-linked-N-Acetylglucosaminylation as glucose-related pathogenetic factors and disease markers in cardiovascular remodeling, and (2) to discuss potential common mechanisms linking these pathways to the dysregulation and/or loss of function of different biomolecules involved in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Dozio
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (L.M.); (M.M.C.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-50-315-342
| | - Luca Massaccesi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (L.M.); (M.M.C.R.)
| | - Massimiliano Marco Corsi Romanelli
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (L.M.); (M.M.C.R.)
- Service of Laboratory Medicine1-Clinical Pathology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Advanced Glycation End Products: New Clinical and Molecular Perspectives. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18147236. [PMID: 34299683 PMCID: PMC8306599 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18147236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is considered one of the most massive epidemics of the twenty-first century due to its high mortality rates caused mainly due to its complications; therefore, the early identification of such complications becomes a race against time to establish a prompt diagnosis. The research of complications of DM over the years has allowed the development of numerous alternatives for diagnosis. Among these emerge the quantification of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) given their increased levels due to chronic hyperglycemia, while also being related to the induction of different stress-associated cellular responses and proinflammatory mechanisms involved in the progression of chronic complications of DM. Additionally, the investigation for more valuable and safe techniques has led to developing a newer, noninvasive, and effective tool, termed skin fluorescence (SAF). Hence, this study aimed to establish an update about the molecular mechanisms induced by AGEs during the evolution of chronic complications of DM and describe the newer measurement techniques available, highlighting SAF as a possible tool to measure the risk of developing DM chronic complications.
Collapse
|
5
|
Dozio E, Vettoretti S, Lungarella G, Messa P, Corsi Romanelli MM. Sarcopenia in Chronic Kidney Disease: Focus on Advanced Glycation End Products as Mediators and Markers of Oxidative Stress. Biomedicines 2021; 9:405. [PMID: 33918767 PMCID: PMC8068965 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is common in chronic kidney disease (CKD), and it is independently associated with morbidity and mortality. Advanced glycation end products (AGE) are mainly known as aging products. In CKD, AGE accumulate due to increased production and reduced kidney excretion. The imbalance between oxidant/antioxidant capacities in CKD patients is one of the main factors leading to AGE synthesis. AGE can, in turn, promote CKD progression and CKD-related complications by increasing reactive oxygen species generation, inducing inflammation, and promoting fibrosis. All these derangements can further increase AGE and uremic toxin accumulation and promote loss of muscle mass and function. Since the link between AGE and sarcopenia in CKD is far from being fully understood, we revised hereby the data supporting the potential contribution of AGE as mediators of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of sarcopenia. Understanding how AGE and oxidative stress impact the onset of sarcopenia in CKD may help to identify new potential markers of disease progression and/or therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Dozio
- Department of Biomedical Science for Health, Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Simone Vettoretti
- Unit of Nephrology, Dialysis and Kidney Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy; (S.V.); (P.M.)
| | - Giuseppe Lungarella
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, Università di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Piergiorgio Messa
- Unit of Nephrology, Dialysis and Kidney Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy; (S.V.); (P.M.)
- Department of Clinical Science and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Massimiliano M. Corsi Romanelli
- Department of Biomedical Science for Health, Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy;
- Service of Laboratory Medicine1-Clinical Pathology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Advanced Glycation End Products (AGE) and Soluble Forms of AGE Receptor: Emerging Role as Mortality Risk Factors in CKD. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8120638. [PMID: 33371369 PMCID: PMC7767383 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8120638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced glycation end-products (AGE) can promote chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression and CKD-related morbidities. The soluble receptor for AGE (sRAGE) is a potential biomarker of inflammation and oxidative stress. Here, we explored the role of AGE, glycated albumin, sRAGE and its different forms, cRAGE and esRAGE, as prognostic factors for mortality in 111 advanced CKD patients. The median follow-up time was 39 months. AGE were quantified by fluorescence, sRAGE and its forms by ELISA. Malnutrition was screened by the Malnutrition Inflammation Score (MIS). The Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to assess the association of variables with all-cause mortality. Mean levels of sRAGE, esRAGE and cRAGE were 2318 ± 1224, 649 ± 454 and 1669 ± 901 pg/mL. The mean value of cRAGE/esRAGE was 2.82 ± 0.96. AGE were 3026 ± 766 AU and MIS 6.0 ± 4.7. eGFR correlated negatively with AGE, sRAGE, esRAGE and cRAGE, but not with cRAGE/esRAGE. Twenty-eight patients died. No difference was observed between diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Starting dialysis was not associated with enhanced risk of death. AGE, esRAGE and cRAGE/esRAGE were independently associated with all-cause mortality. AGE, esRAGE and cRAGE/esRAGE may help to stratify overall mortality risk. Implementing the clinical evaluation of CKD patients by quantifying these biomarkers can help to improve patient outcomes.
Collapse
|
7
|
Bramhall M, Rich K, Chakraborty A, Logunova L, Han N, Wilson J, McLaughlin J, Brass A, Cruickshank SM. Differential Expression of Soluble Receptor for Advanced Glycation End-products in Mice Susceptible or Resistant to Chronic Colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2020; 26:360-368. [PMID: 31840738 PMCID: PMC7012299 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izz311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying the factors that contribute to chronicity in inflamed colitic tissue is not trivial. However, in mouse models of colitis, we can investigate at preclinical timepoints. We sought to validate murine Trichuris muris infection as a model for identification of factors that promote development of chronic colitis. METHODS We compared preclinical changes in mice with a resolving immune response to T. muris (resistant) vs mice that fail to expel the worms and develop chronic colitis (susceptible). Findings were then validated in healthy controls and patients with suspected or confirmed IBD. RESULTS The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) was highly dysregulated between resistant and susceptible mice before the onset of any pathological signs. Increased soluble RAGE (sRAGE) in the serum and feces of resistant mice correlated with reduced colitis scores. Mouse model findings were validated in a preliminary clinical study: fecal sRAGE was differentially expressed in patients with active IBD compared with IBD in remission, patients with IBD excluded, or healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS Preclinical changes in mouse models can identify early pathways in the development of chronic inflammation that human studies cannot. We identified the decoy receptor sRAGE as a potential mechanism for protection against chronic inflammation in colitis in mice and humans. We propose that the RAGE pathway is clinically relevant in the onset of chronic colitis and that further study of sRAGE in IBD may provide a novel diagnostic and therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bramhall
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Kevin Rich
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ajanta Chakraborty
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Larisa Logunova
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Namshik Han
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Milner Therapeutics Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - John McLaughlin
- Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Andy Brass
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sheena M Cruickshank
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dozio E, Vianello E, Sitzia C, Ambrogi F, Benedini S, Gorini S, Rampoldi B, Rigolini R, Tacchini L, Corsi Romanelli MM. Circulating Irisin and esRAGE as Early Biomarkers of Decline of Metabolic Health. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9020454. [PMID: 32041319 PMCID: PMC7074501 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A decline in metabolic health may take place before observing any alteration in the levels of the traditional metabolic markers. New indicators of metabolic derangement are therefore compelling. Irisin is a myokine with important metabolic functions. The role of irisin as a metabolic biomarker in humans has not been fully established yet. We quantified plasma irisin and esRAGE in 106 apparently healthy individuals and we performed a cluster analysis to evaluate their associations with metabolic profile. Plasma levels of various traditional markers of metabolic risk (i.e., glucose and lipid levels) were all within the ranges of normality. We identified two clusters of individuals. Compared to cluster 2, individuals in cluster 1 had higher irisin levels, a metabolic profile shifted toward the limits of the reference ranges and lower esRAGE levels. The traditional metabolic blood tests seem not to be enough to identify a metabolic decline early. Irisin increase and esRAGE decrease may reflect a metabolic derangement at the beginning of its development. The role of these molecules as early biomarkers of decline of metabolic health seems an interesting topic to be further explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Dozio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy; (E.V.); (S.B.); (L.T.); (M.M.C.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39–02-5031–5342
| | - Elena Vianello
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy; (E.V.); (S.B.); (L.T.); (M.M.C.R.)
| | - Clementina Sitzia
- Residency Program in Clinical Pathology and Clinical Biochemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Federico Ambrogi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Laboratory of Medical Statistics, Biometry and Epidemiology “G.A. Maccaro”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Vanzetti 5, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Stefano Benedini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy; (E.V.); (S.B.); (L.T.); (M.M.C.R.)
| | - Silvia Gorini
- Instrumentation Laboratory—A Werfen Company, R&D Department, Viale Monza 338, 20128 Milan, Italy;
| | - Benedetta Rampoldi
- Service of Laboratory Medicine1-Clinical Pathology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Piazza E. Malan, San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy; (B.R.); (R.R.)
| | - Roberta Rigolini
- Service of Laboratory Medicine1-Clinical Pathology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Piazza E. Malan, San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy; (B.R.); (R.R.)
| | - Lorenza Tacchini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy; (E.V.); (S.B.); (L.T.); (M.M.C.R.)
| | - Massimiliano Marco Corsi Romanelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy; (E.V.); (S.B.); (L.T.); (M.M.C.R.)
- Service of Laboratory Medicine1-Clinical Pathology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Piazza E. Malan, San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy; (B.R.); (R.R.)
| |
Collapse
|