Systematic Meta-analysis Revealed an Association of PGC-1α rs8192678 Polymorphism in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Role of the PPARGC1A Gene and Its rs8192678 Polymorphism on Sport Performance, Aerobic Capacity, Muscle Adaptation and Metabolic Diseases: A Narrative Review

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

The PPARGC1A gene, encoding the PGC-1α protein, is a critical regulator of energy metabolism, influencing mitochondrial biogenesis, fatty acid oxidation, and carbohydrate metabolism. This narrative review aims to evaluate the role of the PPARGC1A gene, with a specific focus on the c.1444G

METHODS

A comprehensive literature search was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Web of Science, following PRISMA guidelines. Studies investigating the rs8192678 polymorphism in athletes, its relationship with physical performance, and its broader metabolic effects were included. Data were synthesized qualitatively, and heterogeneity among findings was assessed. The rs8192678 polymorphism influences sports performance differently.

RESULTS

the G allele is associated with enhanced mitochondrial efficiency, higher aerobic capacity, and a greater proportion of fatigue-resistant type I muscle fibers, benefiting endurance sports like cycling and triathlon. Conversely, the A allele correlates with reduced mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative capacity, potentially impairing endurance but showing possible utility in strength-based sports. Furthermore, the A allele is linked to increased risks of metabolic conditions, including type 2 diabetes and obesity. Discrepancies in results highlight the influence of genetic, environmental, and training interactions.

CONCLUSIONS

the PPARGC1A rs8192678 polymorphism plays a significant role in athletic performance and metabolic regulation. While the G allele confers advantages in endurance sports, the A allele presents mixed implications for strength and metabolic health. These findings support the potential for genetic profiling in personalized training and health interventions but emphasize the need for further research to clarify genotype-environment interactions.

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Key Words

• PGC-1α protein
• PPARGC1A gene
• metabolic diseases
• muscle adaptation
• sport performance

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MESH Headings

• Humans
• Adaptation, Physiological/genetics
• Athletic Performance/physiology
• Energy Metabolism/genetics
• Metabolic Diseases/genetics
• Metabolic Diseases/metabolism
• Muscle, Skeletal/physiology
• Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha/genetics
• Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha/metabolism
• Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide

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Affiliation(s)

David Varillas-Delgado Exercise and Sport Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Pozuelo, Spain; SPORTNOMICS S.L., 28922 Madrid, Spain

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In-silico identification and functional characterization of common genes associated with type 2 diabetes and hypertension

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and hypertension are global public health concerns and major metabolic disorders in humans. Experimental evidence indicates considerable hereditary influences on the etiology of T2D and hypertension, but the molecular basis of these diseases is still limited. Thus, the current study analyzed 185 (132 T2D and 53 hypertension) GWAS catalog datasets and identified 83 common genes linked to T2D and hypertension pathogenesis. These genes were further examined using various bioinformatics approaches to elucidate their molecular mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of T2D and hypertension. Gene ontology (GO) analysis revealed the biological, cellular, and molecular functions of these genes, which were also linked to different T2D and hypertension pathways. Specifically, seven genes were found to be crucial for T2D, and nine were directly associated with hypertension. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis identified 28 candidate genes and seven hub genes through 11 topological methods. Among 231 miRNAs, seven were significant in interacting with the hub genes, and nine transcription factors (TFs) out of 36 were linked to these hub genes. Additionally, two of the seven hub genes were downregulated by 43 FDA-approved drugs. These findings elucidate the molecular processes underlying T2D and hypertension, suggesting that targeting these genes could lead to future drug development and therapeutic strategies to treat T2D and hypertension.

The rs17782313 polymorphism near MC4R gene confers a high risk of obesity and hyperglycemia, while PGC1α rs8192678 polymorphism is weakly correlated with glucometabolic disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background

The relationships of the rs17782313 polymorphism near melanocortin 4 receptor gene (MC4R) and the rs8192678 polymorphism in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha gene (PGC1α) with metabolic abnormalities have been explored in many populations around the world, but the findings were not all consistent and sometimes even a bit contradictory.

Methods

Electronic databases including Medline, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, CNKI and Google Scholar were checked for studies that met the inclusion criteria. Data were carefully extracted from eligible studies. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) were calculated by using a random-effects model to examine the differences in the indexes of obesity, glucometabolic disorder and dyslipidemia between the genotypes of the rs17782313 and rs8192678 polymorphisms. Cochran's Q-statistic test and Begg's test were employed to identify heterogeneity among studies and publication bias, respectively.

Results

Fifty studies (58,716 subjects) and 51 studies (18,660 subjects) were respectively included in the pooled meta-analyses for the rs17782313 and rs8192678 polymorphisms. The C-allele carriers of the rs17782313 polymorphism had a higher average level of body mass index (SMD = 0.21 kg/m2, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 0.12 to 0.29 kg/m2, p < 0.001), waist circumference (SMD = 0.14 cm, 95% CI = 0.06 to 0.23 cm, p < 0.001) and blood glucose (SMD = 0.09 mg/dL, 95% CI = 0.02 to 0.16 mg/dL, p = 0.01) than the TT homozygotes. Regarding the rs8192678 polymorphism, no significant associations with the indexes of obesity, glucometabolic disorder and dyslipidemia were detected. However, significant correlations between the rs8192678 polymorphism and multiple glucometabolic indexes were observed in subgroup analyses stratified by sex, age, ethnicity and health status.

Conclusion

The meta-analysis demonstrates that the C allele of the MC4R rs17782313 polymorphism confers a higher risk of obesity and hyperglycemia, and the PGC1α rs8192678 polymorphism is weakly correlated with glucometabolic disorder. These findings may partly explain the relationships between these variants and diabetes as well as cardiovascular disease.

Systematic review registration

https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier CRD42022373543.

Susceptibility Loci for Type 2 Diabetes in the Ethnically Endogamous Indian Sindhi Population: A Pooled Blood Genome-Wide Association Study

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a complex metabolic derangement that has a strong genetic basis. There is substantial population-specificity in the association of genetic variants with T2D. The Indian urban Sindhi population is at a high risk of T2D. The genetic basis of T2D in this population is unknown. We interrogated 28 pooled whole blood genomes of 1402 participants from the Diabetes In Sindhi Families In Nagpur (DISFIN) study using Illumina's Global Screening Array. From a total of 608,550 biallelic variants, 140 were significantly associated with T2D after adjusting for comorbidities, batch effects, pooling error, kinship status and pooling variation in a random effects multivariable logistic regression framework. Of the 102 well-characterized genes that these variants mapped onto, 70 genes have been previously reported to be associated with T2D to varying degrees with known functional relevance. Excluding open reading frames, intergenic non-coding elements and pseudogenes, our study identified 22 novel candidate genes in the Sindhi population studied. Our study thus points to the potential, interesting candidate genes associated with T2D in an ethnically endogamous population. These candidate genes need to be fully investigated in future studies.

Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator-1 Alpha: A Double-Edged Sword in Prostate Cancer

Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α/PPARGC1A) is a pivotal transcriptional coactivator involved in the regulation of mitochondrial metabolism, including biogenesis and oxidative metabolism. PGC-1α is finely regulated by AMP-activated protein kinases (AMPKs), the role of which in tumors remains controversial to date. In recent years, a growing amount of research on PGC-1α and tumor metabolism has emphasized its importance in a variety of tumors, including prostate cancer (PCA). Compelling evidence has shown that PGC-1α may play dual roles in promoting and inhibiting tumor development under certain conditions. Therefore, a better understanding of the critical role of PGC-1α in PCA pathogenesis will provide new insights into targeting PGC-1α for the treatment of this disease. In this review, we highlight the procancer and anticancer effects of PGC-1α in PCA and aim to provide a theoretical basis for targeting AMPK/PGC-1α to inhibit the development of PCA. In addition, our recent findings provide a candidate drug target and theoretical basis for targeting PGC-1α to regulate lipid metabolism in PCA.

Neurobiological Opportunities in Diabetic Polyneuropathy

This review highlights a selection of potential translational directions for the treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) currently irreversible and without approved interventions beyond pain management. The list does not include all diabetic targets that have been generated over several decades of research but focuses on newer work. The emphasis is firstly on approaches that support the viability and growth of peripheral neurons and their ability to withstand a barrage of diabetic alterations. We include a section describing Schwann cell targets and finally how mitochondrial damage has been a common element in discussing neuropathic damage. Most of the molecules and pathways described here have not yet reached clinical trials, but many trials have been negative to date. Nonetheless, these failures clear the pathway for new thoughts over reversing DPN.

Allostatic hypermetabolic response in PGC1α/β heterozygote mouse despite mitochondrial defects

Aging, obesity, and insulin resistance are associated with low levels of PGC1α and PGC1β coactivators and defective mitochondrial function. We studied mice deficient for PGC1α and PGC1β [double heterozygous (DH)] to investigate their combined pathogenic contribution. Contrary to our hypothesis, DH mice were leaner, had increased energy dissipation, a pro-thermogenic profile in BAT and WAT, and improved carbohydrate metabolism compared to wild types. WAT showed upregulation of mitochondriogenesis/oxphos machinery upon allelic compensation of PGC1α4 from the remaining allele. However, DH mice had decreased mitochondrial OXPHOS and biogenesis transcriptomes in mitochondria-rich organs. Despite being metabolically healthy, mitochondrial defects in DH mice impaired muscle fiber remodeling and caused qualitative changes in the hepatic lipidome. Our data evidence first the existence of organ-specific compensatory allostatic mechanisms are robust enough to drive an unexpected phenotype. Second, optimization of adipose tissue bioenergetics is sufficient to maintain a healthy metabolic phenotype despite a broad severe mitochondrial dysfunction in other relevant metabolic organs. Third, the decrease in PGC1s in adipose tissue of obese and diabetic patients is in contrast with the robustness of the compensatory upregulation in the adipose of the DH mice.

Associations among perfluorooctanesulfonic/perfluorooctanoic acid levels, nuclear receptor gene polymorphisms, and lipid levels in pregnant women in the Hokkaido study

The effect of interactions between perfluorooctanesulfonic (PFOS)/perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) levels and nuclear receptor genotypes on fatty acid (FA) levels, including those of triglycerides, is not clear understood. Therefore, in the present study, we aimed to analyse the association of PFOS/PFOA levels and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in nuclear receptors with FA levels in pregnant women. We analysed 504 mothers in a birth cohort between 2002 and 2005 in Japan. Serum PFOS/PFOA and FA levels were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Maternal genotypes in PPARA (rs1800234; rs135561), PPARG (rs3856806), PPARGC1A (rs2970847; rs8192678), PPARD (rs1053049; rs2267668), CAR (rs2307424; rs2501873), LXRA (rs2279238) and LXRB (rs1405655; rs2303044; rs4802703) were analysed. When gene-environment interaction was considered, PFOS exposure (log₁₀ scale) decreased palmitic, palmitoleic, and oleic acid levels (log₁₀ scale), with the observed β in the range of - 0.452 to - 0.244; PPARGC1A (rs8192678) and PPARD (rs1053049; rs2267668) genotypes decreased triglyceride, palmitic, palmitoleic, and oleic acid levels, with the observed β in the range of - 0.266 to - 0.176. Interactions between PFOS exposure and SNPs were significant for palmitic acid (P_int = 0.004 to 0.017). In conclusion, the interactions between maternal PFOS levels and PPARGC1A or PPARD may modify maternal FA levels.

Maya gene variants related to the risk of type 2 diabetes in a family-based association study

Mexican Maya populations have a notably high prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) as a consequence of the interaction between environmental factors and a genetic component. To assess the impact of 24 single nucleotide variants (SNVs) located in 18 T2D risk genes, we conducted a family-based association evaluation in samples from Maya communities with a high incidence of the disease. A total of four hundred individuals were recruited from three Maya communities with a high T2D incidence. Family pedigrees (100) and 49 nuclear families were included. Genotyping was performed by allelic discrimination with TaqMan probes. This study also included the family-based association test (FBAT) statistic U to assess the genetic associations with T2D, and the multivariate statistical and haplotype analyses. A positive association with TD2 risk was found for WFS1 rs6446482 (p = 0.046, Z = 1.994) under an additive model, and SIRT1 rs7896005 (p = 0.038, Z = 2.073) under the dominant model. Multivariate model analysis, including T2D status, age, and body mass index (BMI), displayed significant covariance in PPARGC-1α rs8192678; SIRT1 rs7896005; TCF7L2 rs7903146 and rs122243326; UCP3 rs3781907; and HHEX rs1111875 with a P < 0.05. This study revealed an association of SIRT1 and WFS1 with T2D risk.