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Chaffin JD, Westrick JA, Furr E, Birbeck JA, Reitz LA, Stanislawczyk K, Li W, Weber PK, Bridgeman TB, Davis TW, Mayali X. Quantification of microcystin production and biodegradation rates in the western basin of Lake Erie. LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY 2022; 67:1470-1483. [PMID: 36248197 PMCID: PMC9543754 DOI: 10.1002/lno.12096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial biomass forecasts currently cannot predict the concentrations of microcystin, one of the most ubiquitous cyanotoxins that threaten human and wildlife health globally. Mechanistic insights into how microcystin production and biodegradation by heterotrophic bacteria change spatially and throughout the bloom season can aid in toxin concentration forecasts. We quantified microcystin production and biodegradation during two growth seasons in two western Lake Erie sites with different physicochemical properties commonly plagued by summer Microcystis blooms. Microcystin production rates were greater with elevated nutrients than under ambient conditions and were highest nearshore during the initial phases of the bloom, and production rates were lower in later bloom phases. We examined biodegradation rates of the most common and toxic microcystin by adding extracellular stable isotope-labeled microcystin-LR (1 μg L-1), which remained stable in the abiotic treatment (without bacteria) with minimal adsorption onto sediment, but strongly decreased in all unaltered biotic treatments, suggesting biodegradation. Greatest biodegradation rates (highest of -8.76 d-1, equivalent to the removal of 99.98% in 18 h) were observed during peak bloom conditions, while lower rates were observed with lower cyanobacteria biomass. Cell-specific nitrogen incorporation from microcystin-LR by nanoscale imaging mass spectrometry showed that a small percentage of the heterotrophic bacterial community actively degraded microcystin-LR. Microcystin production and biodegradation rates, combined with the microcystin incorporation by single cells, suggest that microcystin predictive models could be improved by incorporating toxin production and biodegradation rates, which are influenced by cyanobacterial bloom stage (early vs. late bloom), nutrient availability, and bacterial community composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin D. Chaffin
- F.T. Stone Laboratory and Ohio Sea GrantThe Ohio State UniversityPut‐In‐BayOhioUSA
| | - Judy A. Westrick
- Lumigen Instrument CenterWayne State UniversityDetroitMichiganUSA
| | - Elliot Furr
- Department of Biological SciencesBowling Green State UniversityBowling GreenOhioUSA
| | | | - Laura A. Reitz
- Department of Biological SciencesBowling Green State UniversityBowling GreenOhioUSA
- Present address:
Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Keara Stanislawczyk
- F.T. Stone Laboratory and Ohio Sea GrantThe Ohio State UniversityPut‐In‐BayOhioUSA
| | - Wei Li
- Physical and Life Sciences DirectorateLawrence Livermore National LaboratoryLivermoreCaliforniaUSA
| | - Peter K. Weber
- Physical and Life Sciences DirectorateLawrence Livermore National LaboratoryLivermoreCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Timothy W. Davis
- Department of Biological SciencesBowling Green State UniversityBowling GreenOhioUSA
| | - Xavier Mayali
- Physical and Life Sciences DirectorateLawrence Livermore National LaboratoryLivermoreCaliforniaUSA
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2
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Laszakovits JR, Kerr A, MacKay AA. Permanganate Oxidation of Organic Contaminants and Model Compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:4728-4748. [PMID: 35356836 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Permanganate oxidation is an attractive environmental remediation strategy due to its low cost, ease of use, and wide range in reactivity. Here, permanganate reactivity trends are investigated for model organic compounds and organic contaminants. Second-order permanganate reaction rate constants were compiled for 215 compounds from 82 references (journal articles, conference proceedings, master's theses, and dissertations). Additionally, we validated some phenol rate constants and contribute a few additional phenol rate constants. Commonalities between contaminant oxidation products are also discussed, and we tentatively identify several model compound oxidation products. Aromatic rings, alcohols, and ether groups had low reaction rate constants with permanganate. Alkene reaction sites had the highest reaction rate constants, followed by phenols, anilines, and benzylic carbon-hydrogen bonds. Generally, permanganate reactivity follows electrophilic substitution trends at the reaction site where electron donating groups increase the rate of reaction, while electron withdrawing groups decrease the rate of reaction. Solution conditions, specifically, buffer type and concentration, may impact the rate of reaction, which could be due to either an ionic strength effect or the buffer ions acting as ligands. The impact of these solution conditions, unfortunately, precludes the development of a quantitative structure-activity relationship for permanganate reaction rate constants with the currently available data. We note that critical experimental details are often missing in the literature, which posed a challenge when comparing rate constants between studies. Future research directions on permanganate oxidation should seek to improve our understanding of buffer effects and to identify oxidation products for model compounds so that extrapolations can be made to more complex contaminant structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana R Laszakovits
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Adaline Kerr
- Department of Organismal Biology and Ecology, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80903, United States
| | - Allison A MacKay
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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Oxidation to Control Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins in Drinking Water Treatment Plants: Challenges at the Laboratory and Full-Scale Plants. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14040537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The impact of oxidation on mitigation of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in drinking water treatment sludge was investigated at the laboratory and treatment plant scales. Two common oxidants, KMnO4 (5 and 10 mg/L) and H2O2 (10 and 20 mg/L) were applied under controlled steady-state conditions. Non-oxidized and oxidized sludge was left to stagnate in the dark for 7 to 38 days. Controlled laboratory trials show that KMnO4 and H2O2 decreased cell counts up to 62% and 77%, respectively. The maximum total MC level reduction achieved after oxidation was 41% and 98% using 20 mg/L H2O2 and 10 mg/L KMnO4, respectively. Stagnation caused cell growth up to 2.6-fold in 8 out of 22 oxidized samples. Microcystin (MC) producer orders as Chroococcales and Synechococcales were persistent while Nostocales was sensitive to combined oxidation and stagnation stresses. In parallel, two on-site shock oxidation treatments were performed in the DWTP’s sludge holding tank using 10 mg/L KMnO4. On-site shock oxidation decreased taxonomic cell counts by up to 43% within 24 h. Stagnation preceded by on-site shock oxidation could increase total cell counts by up to 55% as compared to oxidation alone. The increase of cell counts and mcyD gene copy numbers during stagnation revealed the impact of oxidation/stagnation on cyanobacterial cell growth. These findings show the limitations of sludge oxidation as a strategy to manage cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in sludge and suggest that alternative approaches to prevent the accumulation and mitigation of cyanobacteria in sludge should be considered.
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Liu J, Yang Y, Zhu Q, Wang Z, Hu G, Shi H, Zhou X. ELISA-Based Method for Variant-Independent Detection of Total Microcystins and Nodularins via a Multi-immunogen Approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:12984-12993. [PMID: 34551520 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Required routine monitoring of microcystins (MCs) and nodularins (NODs) in water samples, as posed by U.S. EPA Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule 4, demands cost-effective, reliable, and sensitive detection methods. To target as many MC and NOD variants as possible, we developed an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with group-specific monoclonal antibodies for variant-independent detection of total MCs and NODs. In this ELISA method, the mice monoclonal antibodies presenting both high affinities and broad-spectrum recognition capabilities against MCs and NODs were self-produced by designing MC hapten-based multi-immunogens to minimize specificity for the particular variant. Their high affinities and variant-independent binding capabilities against MCs and NODs were validated by both wet lab and in silico methods. The developed ELISA method achieved a limit of detection of below 0.3 μg/L for 13 MC/NOD variants, well with the reported best cross-reactivities of 60-127% relative to MC-LR. As a case study, this ELISA method was used to map the variations of intracellular and extracellular total MCs/NODs in the Luoma Lake drinking water source, China, in July, 2020. Its capability to measure total MCs/NODs with high sensitivity and high throughput in a simple and affordable way would truly be a disruptive technology capable of changing our understanding of bloom/toxin dynamics and having obvious implications for monitoring efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchuan Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yihan Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qian Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhanhui Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guanjiu Hu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Analysis for Organic Pollutants in Surface Water, Jiangsu Environmental Monitoring Center, Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Hanchang Shi
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhou
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Wang S, Jiao Y, Rao Z. Selective removal of common cyanotoxins: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:28865-28875. [PMID: 33842999 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13798-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of cyanobacterial blooms can have adverse effects on water bodies and may produce cyanotoxins. Several physical and chemical methods have been applied to remove cyanotoxins, but they have been significantly challenged due to extensive energy footprint and over-used chemicals, which limits practical application on a large scale. Selective removal has been regarded as the most promising approach recently for the elimination of prevalent and major bloom-forming cyanotoxins (e.g., microcystins and cylindrospermopsin) as natural organic matters and radical scavengers are ineluctably present in real scenarios. This paper reviews current advancements in research on selective oxidation and adsorption of cyanotoxins. Its goal is to provide comprehensive information on the treatment mechanism and the process feasibility involved in the cyanotoxin removal from real-world waters. Moreover, perspectives of cyanotoxin control and in situ selective elimination approaches are also reviewed. It is expected that the information gathered and discussed in this review can provide a useful and novel reference and direction for future pilot-scale applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulian Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation for Rivers-Lakes and Algal Utilization, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China
| | - Yiying Jiao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation for Rivers-Lakes and Algal Utilization, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China
| | - Zhi Rao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation for Rivers-Lakes and Algal Utilization, School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China.
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Acuña-Alonso C, Álvarez X, Lorenzo O, Cancela Á, Valero E, Sánchez Á. Assessment of water quality in eutrophized water bodies through the application of indexes and toxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 728:138775. [PMID: 32339839 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
It is essential to have tools that can be used to diagnose water resources. For this reason, this study sets out on the one hand to assess water quality in three reservoirs in Spain (Salas, A Baxe and Conchas) with Cyano-Habs problems through the application of water quality indexes: The National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index (NFSWQI), the General Quality Index (GQI), the Trophic State Index (TSI), and the Trophic Contamination Index (ICOTRO). On the other hand, it seeks to learn how parameters such as nitrogen and phosphorus influence the presence of cyanotoxin, specifically Microcystis aeruginosa. To that end, samples from the three reservoirs are cultured and physical-chemical parameters and the toxicity of the water are measured. The results show that Salas reservoir has the worst water quality rating (GQI is bad and NFSWQI medium), while As Conchas and A Baxe obtain very good figures for NFSWQI. This contrasts with the data obtained via the TSI of moderately eutrophic conditions for all three reservoirs, and hypereutrophic levels for As Conchas and A Baxe downstream. On the other hand, the toxicity analysis shows levels of 1.12 ± 0.06 μg/l microcystin-LR (MC-LR) for As Conchas, 0.64 ± 0.04 μg/l MC-LR for Salas, and 1.24 ± 0.05 μg/l MC-LR for A Baxe, of which 20% corresponds to free MC-LR. This study finds that nitrogen is the parameter that most favors the production of MC-LR. We conclude that the eutrophication indexes are more reliable when studying the presence of cyanobacteria. Furthermore, nitrogen and phosphorous are the most significant parameters in this regard. They are taken into account in the quality indices (GQI, NFSWI), but they are not sufficiently representative. It is recommended as a future line of research that water quality indices be adapted or designed to incorporate eutrophication levels and even water toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Acuña-Alonso
- Department of Natural Resources Engineering and the Environment, School of Forestry Engineering, University of Vigo, Campus A Xunqueira s/n., 36005, Pontevedra, Spain.
| | - Xana Álvarez
- Department of Natural Resources Engineering and the Environment, School of Forestry Engineering, University of Vigo, Campus A Xunqueira s/n., 36005, Pontevedra, Spain.
| | - Olalla Lorenzo
- School of Forestry Engineering, University of Vigo, Campus A Xunqueira s/n, 36005, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Ángeles Cancela
- Chemical Engineering Department, School of Forestry Engineering, University of Vigo, Campus Campus A Xunqueira s/n., 36005, Pontevedra, Spain.
| | - Enrique Valero
- Department of Natural Resources Engineering and the Environment, School of Forestry Engineering, University of Vigo, Campus A Xunqueira s/n., 36005, Pontevedra, Spain.
| | - Ángel Sánchez
- Chemical Engineering Department, Industrial Engineering College, University of Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende s/n, 36310 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain.
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The Sealing Step in Aluminum Anodizing: A Focus on Sustainable Strategies for Enhancing Both Energy Efficiency and Corrosion Resistance. COATINGS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings10030226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Increasing demands for environmental accountability and energy efficiency in industrial practice necessitates significant modification(s) of existing technologies and development of new ones to meet the stringent sustainability demands of the future. Generally, development of required new technologies and appropriate modifications of existing ones need to be premised on in-depth appreciation of existing technologies, their limitations, and desired ideal products or processes. In the light of these, published literature mostly in the past 30 years on the sealing process; the second highest energy consuming step in aluminum anodization and a step with significant environmental impacts has been critical reviewed in this systematic review. Emphasis have been placed on the need to reduce both the energy input in the anodization process and environmental implications. The implications of the nano-porous structure of the anodic oxide on mass transport and chemical reactivity of relevant species during the sealing process is highlighted with a focus on exploiting these peculiarities, in improving the quality of sealed products. In addition, perspective is provided on plausible approaches and important factors to be considered in developing sealing procedures that can minimize the energy input and environmental impact of the sealing step, and ensure a more sustainable aluminum anodization process/industry.
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Birbeck JA, Peraino NJ, O’Neill GM, Coady J, Westrick JA. Dhb Microcystins Discovered in USA Using an Online Concentration LC-MS/MS Platform. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E653. [PMID: 31717642 PMCID: PMC6891738 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on current structural and statistical calculations, thousands of microcystins (MCs) can exist; yet, to date, only 246 MCs were identified and only 12 commercial MC standards are available. Standard mass spectrometry workflows for known and unknown MCs need to be developed and validated for basic and applied harmful algal bloom research to advance. Our investigation focuses on samples taken in the spring of 2018 from an impoundment fed by Oser and Bischoff Reservoirs, Indiana, United States of America (USA). The dominant cyanobacterium found during sampling was Planktothrix agardhii. The goal of our study was to identify and quantify the MCs in the impoundment sample using chemical derivatization and mass spectrometry. Modifying these techniques to use online concentration liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), two untargeted MCs have been identified, [d-Asp3, Dhb7]-MC-LR and [Dhb7]-MC-YR. [Dhb7]-MC-YR is not yet reported in the literature to date, and this was the first reported incidence of Dhb MCs in the United States. Furthermore, it was discovered that the commercially available [d-Asp3]-MC-RR standard was [d-Asp3, Dhb7]-MC-RR. This study highlights a workflow utilizing online concentration LC-MS/MS, high-resolution MS (HRMS), and chemical derivatization to identify isobaric MCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Judy A. Westrick
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (J.A.B.); (N.J.P.); (G.M.O.); (J.C.)
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