Integrated Metabolomics and Network Pharmacology Study on Immunoregulation Mechanisms of Panax ginseng through Macrophages

Forecast and verification of the active compounds and latent targets of Guyuan decoction in treating frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome based on network pharmacology

BACKGROUND

Our study majorly utilizes network pharmacology combined with molecular docking to explore the latent active components and associated pivotal targets of Guyuan Decoction (GYD) in the treatment of frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome (FRNS).

METHODS

All active components and latent targets of GYD were retrieved from TCMSP database. The target genes for FRNS in our research were obtained from the GeneCards database. The drug-compounds-disease-targets (D-C-D-T) network was established using Cytoscape 3.7.1. STRING database was applied to observe the protein interaction. Pathway enrichment analyses (GO and KEGG) were conducted in R software. Moreover, molecular docking was employed to further validate the binding activity. MPC-5 cells were treated with adriamycin to mimic FRNS in vitro and to determine the effects of luteolin on modeled cells.

RESULTS

A total of 181 active components and 186 target genes of GYD were identified. Meanwhile, 518 targets related to FRNS were also revealed. Based on the intersection using a Venn diagram, 51 common latent targets were recognized to be associated with active ingredients and FRNS. Additionally, we identified the biological processes and signaling pathways involved in the action of these targets. Molecular docking analyses illustrated that AKT1 and CASP3 interacted with luteolin, wogonin, and kaempferol, respectively. Moreover, luteolin treatment enhanced the viability but inhibited the apoptosis of adriamycin-treated MPC-5 cells via regulating AKT1 and CASP3.

CONCLUSION

Our study forecasts the active compounds, latent targets, and molecular mechanisms of GYD in FRNS, which helps us to understand the action mechanism of GYD in FRNS comprehensive treatment.

Network pharmacology: a bright guiding light on the way to explore the personalized precise medication of traditional Chinese medicine

Network pharmacology can ascertain the therapeutic mechanism of drugs for treating diseases at the level of biological targets and pathways. The effective mechanism study of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) characterized by multi-component, multi-targeted, and integrative efficacy, perfectly corresponds to the application of network pharmacology. Currently, network pharmacology has been widely utilized to clarify the mechanism of the physiological activity of TCM. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the application of network pharmacology in TCM to reveal its potential of verifying the phenotype and underlying causes of diseases, realizing the personalized and accurate application of TCM. We searched the literature using "TCM network pharmacology" and "network pharmacology" as keywords from Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, as well as Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure in the last decade. The origins, development, and application of network pharmacology are closely correlated with the study of TCM which has been applied in China for thousands of years. Network pharmacology and TCM have the same core idea and promote each other. A well-defined research strategy for network pharmacology has been utilized in several aspects of TCM research, including the elucidation of the biological basis of diseases and syndromes, the prediction of TCM targets, the screening of TCM active compounds, and the decipherment of mechanisms of TCM in treating diseases. However, several factors limit its application, such as the selection of databases and algorithms, the unstable quality of the research results, and the lack of standardization. This review aims to provide references and ideas for the research of TCM and to encourage the personalized and precise use of Chinese medicine.

Identification of anti-inflammatory components in Panax ginseng of Sijunzi Decoction based on spectrum-effect relationship

Objective

This study aimed to identify the main medicinal active components of Panax ginseng (P. ginseng) in the compatibility environment of clinical application. For this purpose, the anti-inflammatory ingredients of P. ginseng were investigated based on its therapeutic effect in Sijunzi Decoction (SJD) which is a widely used traditional Chinese formula.

Methods

The fingerprints of 10 batches of SJD consisting of different sources of P. ginseng were established by UPLC technique to investigate the chemical components. At the same time, the anti-inflammatory effects of these components were evaluated by dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis mouse model. Grey relational analysis was applied to explore the correlation degree between fingerprints and anti-inflammatory effects in SJD. Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 murine macrophages were established to evaluate the anti-inflammatory action of the screened effective substances of P. ginseng.

Results

According to grey relational analysis, notoginsenoside R₁, ginsenoside Rg₂ and ginsenoside Rb₃ of P. ginseng were the major anti-inflammatory contributions in SJD. They had been proven to be closely associated with the anti-inflammatory process of SJD and displayed a close effect compared with SJD by LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 murine macrophages.

Conclusion

Our work provides a general strategy for exploring the pharmacological ingredients of P. ginseng in traditional Chinese formulas which is beneficial for establishing the quality standards of traditional herbs in traditional Chinese medicine prescription based on their clinical therapeutic effect.

Network Pharmacology/Metabolomics-Based Validation of AMPK and PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway as a Central Role of Shengqi Fuzheng Injection Regulation of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Cancer-Related Fatigue

Chinese herbal medicines have multiple targets and properties, and their use in multidisciplinary cancer therapies has consequently received increasing attention. Here, we have investigated the possible active ingredients associated with cancer-related fatigue (CRF) in the Shengqi Fuzheng Injection (SFI). In vitro cell models were used to measure the regulation effects of SFI on CRF. Metabolomic analysis was used to identify the potential genes and pathways in C2C12 mouse myoblasts treated with SFI, and the interaction of compounds and CRF targets was predicted using network pharmacology and molecular docking analyses. The putative pathways were further verified using immuno-blotting assays. The results showed that SFI significantly inhibited muscle cell apoptosis and increased the mitochondrial membrane potential of muscle cells. The network pharmacology analysis results identified 36 candidate compounds, and 244 potential targets were yielded by SFI, and they shared 10 key targets associated with cancer-related fatigue. According to the enrichment analysis and experimental validation, SFI might ameliorate muscle cell mitochondrial function by activating AMPK and inhibiting the PI3K/Akt signaling pathways, and the expression changes of mitochondrial metabolic enzymes MnSOD and apoptosis-associated proteins Bax and Bcl-2 were also triggered. The functions and mechanisms of SFI in anticancer-related fatigue were found here to be at least partly due to the targeting of the AMPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways, and this has highlighted new potential applications for network pharmacology when researching Chinese Medicines.

A metabolic investigation of arterialized venous flaps in rabbits using mass spectrometry-based metabolomics

An arterialized venous flap (AVF) is an ideal choice of flap to repair wounds. However, the survival of these flaps remains the source of some concern. This study used metabolomic analysis to investigate the mechanisms underlying survival in AVF flaps in order to guide the clinical application of these flaps. Thirty-six male Japanese rabbits were randomly divided into a sham group and an AVF group. They were used for histology and hemodynamic investigations. Three days after surgery, tissue samples were analyzed by mass spectroscopy-based metabolomics. The results of the study revealed a reduction in blood flow, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and necrosis of flaps in the AVF group. In addition, notable changes were evident in the levels of several metabolites in the AVF group, including lactic acid, acetoacetic acid, inositol phosphate, arachidonic acid, and other metabolites. Our results indicate that the AVF group experienced changes in several biological pathways, including energy metabolism, cell membrane stability, and inflammatory response. There is a significant metabolic difference between AVFs and physiological flaps. The dysregulation in certain metabolites may be related to the specific hemodynamics and insufficient energy metabolism of the AVFs.

Comprehensive Investigation of the Differences of the Roots of Wild and Cultivated Mirabilis himalaica (Edgew) Heim Based on Macroscopic and Microscopic Identification Using HPLC Fingerprint

Mirabilishimalaica (Edgew) Heim (MH) is an important Tibetan medicine with demonstrated medicinal efficacy and promising developmental value. A previous study of MH was limited to vague morphological and microscopic descriptions, restricting its clinical application and further development as a medicine. The goal of this study was to comprehensively characterize wild and cultivated products of MH using macroscopic and microscopic identification using HPLC fingerprint. The results revealed that the cultivated and wild MH exhibited differences in macroscopic and microscopic characteristics and chemical components. This analysis can facilitate the establishment of a more comprehensive quality evaluation method for MH. These results provide the basis for clinical applications and the improvement of quality standards of MH as a step towards modernization of Tibetan medicine.

1H-NMR Metabolomics Analysis of the Effect of Rubusoside on Serum Metabolites of Golden Hamsters on a High-Fat Diet

Rubusoside is a natural sweetener and the active component of Rubus suavissimus. The preventive and therapeutic effect of rubusoside on high-fat diet-induced (HFD) serum metabolite changes in golden hamsters was analyzed by ¹H-NMR metabolomics to explore the underlying mechanism of lipid metabolism regulation. ¹H-NMR serum metabolomics analyses revealed a disturbed amino acid-, sugar-, fat-, and energy metabolism in HFD animals. Animals supplemented with rubusoside can partly reverse the metabolism disorders induced by high-fat diet and exerted good anti-hypertriglyceridemia effect by intervening in some major metabolic pathways, involving amino acid metabolism, synthesis of ketone bodies, as well as choline and 4-hydroxyphenylacetate metabolism. This study indicates that rubusoside can interfere with and normalize high-fat diet-induced metabolic changes in serum and could provide a theoretical basis to establish rubusoside as a potentially therapeutic tool able to revert or prevent lipid metabolism disorders.

Metabolomics of the Protective Effect of Ampelopsis grossedentata and Its Major Active Compound Dihydromyricetin on the Liver of High-Fat Diet Hamster

The flavonoid dihydromyricetin (DMY) is the main component of Ampelopsis grossedentata (Hand-Mazz) W. T. Wang (AG), a daily beverage and folk medicine used in Southern China to treat jaundice hepatitis, cold fever, and sore throat. Recently, DMY and AG were shown to have a beneficial effect on lipid metabolism disorder. However, the mechanisms of how DMY and AG protect the liver during lipid metabolism disorder remain unclear. In this study, we first analyzed the chemical compounds of AG by HPLC-DAD-ESI-IT-TOF-MSⁿ. Of the 31 compounds detected, 29 were identified based on previous results. Then, the effects of DMY and AG on high-fat diet hamster livers were studied and the metabolite levels and metabolic pathway activity of the liver were explored by ¹H NMR metabolomics. Compared to the high-fat diet group, supplementation of AG and DMY attenuated the high-fat-induced increase in body weight, liver lipid deposition, serum triglycerides and total cholesterol levels, and normalized endogenous metabolite concentrations. PCA and PLS-DA score plots demonstrated that while the metabolic profiles of hamsters fed a high-fat diet supplemented with DMY or AG were both far from those of hamsters fed a normal diet or a high-fat diet alone, they were similar to each other. Our data suggest that the underlying mechanism of the protective effect of DMY and AG might be related to an attenuation of the deleterious effect of high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia on multiple metabolic pathways including amino acid metabolism, ketone body metabolism, energy metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and enhanced fatty acid oxidation.