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Khasanah U, Nurrahmah QI, Amalia T, Putri ZN, Imrokatul Mufidah, Napik R, Lyrawati D, Pratita Ihsan BR, Febrianti ME. Oral acute toxicity study and in vivo antimalarial activity of Strychnos lucida R. Br. tablet. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 330:118200. [PMID: 38621467 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Malaria eradication has been a major goal of the Indonesian government since 2020. Medicinal plants, such as Strychnos lucida R. Br., are empirically used to treat malaria through traditional preparation methods. However, the safety and efficacy of these plants have not yet been confirmed. Therefore, further investigations are necessary to confirm the safety and efficacy of S. lucida as an antimalarial agent. AIMS OF THE STUDY To quantify the concentration of brucine in the S. lucida extract, determine the acute oral toxicity of the standardized extract, and evaluate the in vivo antimalarial potency of S. lucida tablet (SLT). MATERIALS AND METHODS Acute oral toxicity of S.lucida extract was determined using the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development 420 procedure, and the analytical method for brucine quantification was validated using high-performance liquid chromatography. In addition, antimalarial activity was determined using the Peter's four-day suppressive method. RESULTS Acute toxicity analysis revealed S. lucida as a low-toxicity compound with a cut-off median lethal dose of 2000-5000 mg/kg body weight [BW], which was supported by the hematological and biochemical profiles of the kidneys, liver, and pancreas (p > 0.05). Extract standardization revealed that S. lucida contained 3.91 ± 0.074% w/w brucine, adhering to the limit specified in the Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopeia. Antimalarial test revealed that SLT inhibited the growth of Plasmodium berghei by 27.74-45.27%. Moreover, SLT improved the hemoglobin and hematocrit levels. White blood cell and lymphocyte counts were lower in the SLT-treated group than in the K (+) group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Histopathological and biochemical evaluations revealed that S. lucida extract was safe at a dose of 2000 mg/kg BW with low toxicity. SLT inhibited Plasmodium growth and improved the hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red blood cell profiles. Additionally, SLT reduced the lymphocyte and WBC counts and increased the monocyte and thrombocyte counts as part of the immune system response against Plasmodium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uswatun Khasanah
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, Indonesia.
| | - Queen Intan Nurrahmah
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, Indonesia.
| | - Thia Amalia
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, Indonesia.
| | - Zada Nabila Putri
- Undergraduate Study Program of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, Indonesia.
| | - Imrokatul Mufidah
- Undergraduate Study Program of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, Indonesia.
| | - Roisatun Napik
- Undergraduate Study Program of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, Indonesia.
| | - Diana Lyrawati
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, Indonesia.
| | | | - Maya Eka Febrianti
- Undergraduate Study Program of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, East Java, Indonesia.
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López-Guzmán C, García AM, Ramirez JD, Aliaga TT, Fernández-Moya A, Kemmerling U, Vásquez AM. Plasmodium falciparum alters the trophoblastic barrier and stroma villi organization of human placental villi explants. Malar J 2024; 23:130. [PMID: 38693572 PMCID: PMC11064279 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-04960-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The sequestration of Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes in the placenta, and the resulting inflammatory response affects maternal and child health. Despite existing information, little is known about the direct impact of P. falciparum on the placental barrier formed by trophoblast and villous stroma. This study aimed to assess placental tissue damage caused by P. falciparum in human placental explants (HPEs). METHODS HPEs from chorionic villi obtained of human term placentas (n = 9) from normal pregnancies were exposed to P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes (IE) for 24 h. HPEs were embedded in paraffin blocks and used to study tissue damage through histopathological and histochemical analysis and apoptosis using TUNEL staining. Culture supernatants were collected to measure cytokine and angiogenic factors and to determine LDH activity as a marker of cytotoxicity. A subset of archived human term placenta paraffin-embedded blocks from pregnant women with malaria were used to confirm ex vivo findings. RESULTS Plasmodium falciparum-IE significantly damages the trophoblast layer and the villous stroma of the chorionic villi. The increased LDH activity and pathological findings such as syncytial knots, fibrin deposits, infarction, trophoblast detachment, and collagen disorganization supported these findings. The specific damage to the trophoblast and the thickening of the subjacent basal lamina were more pronounced in the ex vivo infection. In contrast, apoptosis was higher in the in vivo infection. This disparity could be attributed to the duration of exposure to the infection, which significantly varied between individuals naturally exposed over time and the 24-h exposure in the ex vivo HPE model. CONCLUSION Exposure to P. falciparum-IE induces a detachment of the syncytiotrophoblast, disorganization of the stroma villi, and an increase in apoptosis, alterations that may be associated with adverse results such as intrauterine growth restriction and low birth weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina López-Guzmán
- Grupo Malaria, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 62 #52-59 Torre 1, Laboratorio 610, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Ana María García
- Grupo Malaria, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 62 #52-59 Torre 1, Laboratorio 610, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan Diego Ramirez
- Grupo Malaria, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 62 #52-59 Torre 1, Laboratorio 610, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Trinidad Torres Aliaga
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro Fernández-Moya
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ulrike Kemmerling
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ana María Vásquez
- Grupo Malaria, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 62 #52-59 Torre 1, Laboratorio 610, Medellín, Colombia.
- Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 67 # 53-108, Bloque 5, Oficina 5-135, Medellín, Colombia.
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Bashi A, Lekpor C, Hood JL, Thompson WE, Stiles JK, Driss A. Modulation of Heme-Induced Inflammation Using MicroRNA-Loaded Liposomes: Implications for Hemolytic Disorders Such as Malaria and Sickle Cell Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16934. [PMID: 38069257 PMCID: PMC10707194 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemolytic disorders, like malaria and sickle cell disease (SCD), are responsible for significant mortality and morbidity rates globally, specifically in the Americas and Africa. In both malaria and SCD, red blood cell hemolysis leads to the release of a cytotoxic heme that triggers the expression of unique inflammatory profiles, which mediate the tissue damage and pathogenesis of both diseases. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), such as miR-451a and let-7i-5p, contribute to a reduction in the pro-inflammatory responses induced by circulating free hemes. MiR-451a targets both IL-6R (pro-inflammatory) and 14-3-3ζ (anti-inflammatory), and when this miRNA is present, IL-6R is reduced and 14-3-3ζ is increased. Let-7i-5p targets and reduces TLR4, which results in anti-inflammatory signaling. These gene targets regulate inflammation via NFκB regulation and increase anti-inflammatory signaling. Additionally, they indirectly regulate the expression of key heme scavengers, such as heme-oxygenase 1 (HO-1) (coded by the HMOX1 gene) and hemopexin, to decrease circulating cytotoxic heme concentration. MiRNAs can be transported within extracellular vesicles (EVs), such as exosomes, offering insights into the mechanisms of mitigating heme-induced inflammation. We tested the hypothesis that miR-451a- or let-7i-5p-loaded artificial EVs (liposomes) will reduce heme-induced inflammation in brain vascular endothelial cells (HBEC-5i, ATCC: CRL-3245) and macrophages (THP-1, ATCC: TIB-202) in vitro. We completed arginase and nitric oxide assays to determine anti- and pro-inflammatory macrophage presence, respectively. We also assessed the gene expression of IL-6R, TLR4, 14-3-3ζ, and NFκB by RT-qPCR for both cell lines. Our findings revealed that the exposure of HBEC-5i and THP-1 to liposomes loaded with miR-451a or let-7i-5p led to a reduced mRNA expression of IL-6R, TLR4, 14-3-3ζ, and NFκB when treated with a heme. It also resulted in the increased expression of HMOX1 and hemopexin. Finally, macrophages exhibited a tendency toward adopting an anti-inflammatory differentiation phenotype. These findings suggest that miRNA-loaded liposomes can modulate heme-induced inflammation and can be used to target specific cellular pathways, mediating inflammation common to hematological conditions, like malaria and SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaijah Bashi
- Department of Physiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA; (A.B.); (W.E.T.)
| | - Cecilia Lekpor
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA; (C.L.); (J.K.S.)
| | - Joshua L. Hood
- Brown Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
- Hepatobiology and Toxicology COBRE, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville , Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Winston E. Thompson
- Department of Physiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA; (A.B.); (W.E.T.)
| | - Jonathan K. Stiles
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA; (C.L.); (J.K.S.)
| | - Adel Driss
- Department of Physiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA; (A.B.); (W.E.T.)
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Cordeiro MCC, Tomé FD, Arruda FS, da Fonseca SG, Nagib PRA, Celes MRN. Curcumin as a Stabilizer of Macrophage Polarization during Plasmodium Infection. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2505. [PMID: 37896265 PMCID: PMC10610200 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a parasitic infection responsible for high morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. During the disease, phagocytosis of infected red blood cells by the macrophages induces the production of reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS), culminating in parasite death. Curcumin (CUR) is a bioactive compound that has been demonstrated to reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines produced by macrophages but to reduce parasitemia in infected mice. Hence, the main purpose of this study is to investigate whether curcumin may interfere with macrophage function and polarization after Plasmodium berghei infection in vitro. In our findings, non-polarized macrophage (M0), classically activated (M1), and alternatively activated (M2) phenotypes showed significantly increased phagocytosis of infected red blood cells (iRBCs) when compared to phagocytosis of uninfected red blood cells (RBCs) 3 h after infection. After 24 h, M1 macrophages exposed to RBCs + CUR showed greater elimination capacity when compared to macrophages exposed to iRBCs + CUR, suggesting the interference of curcumin with the microbicidal activity. Additionally, curcumin increased the phagocytic activity of macrophages when used in non-inflammatory conditions (M0) and reduced the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and arginase activities in all macrophage phenotypes infected (M0, M1, and M2), suggesting interference in arginine availability by curcumin and balance promotion in macrophage polarization in neutral phenotype (M0). These results support the view of curcumin treatment in malaria as an adjuvant, promoting a balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory responses for a better clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Clara C. Cordeiro
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74605-050, GO, Brazil; (M.C.C.C.); (F.D.T.); (F.S.A.); (S.G.d.F.)
| | - Fernanda D. Tomé
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74605-050, GO, Brazil; (M.C.C.C.); (F.D.T.); (F.S.A.); (S.G.d.F.)
| | - Felipe S. Arruda
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74605-050, GO, Brazil; (M.C.C.C.); (F.D.T.); (F.S.A.); (S.G.d.F.)
| | - Simone Gonçalves da Fonseca
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74605-050, GO, Brazil; (M.C.C.C.); (F.D.T.); (F.S.A.); (S.G.d.F.)
| | - Patrícia R. A. Nagib
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Biological Science Institute, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, MG, Brazil;
| | - Mara R. N. Celes
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74605-050, GO, Brazil; (M.C.C.C.); (F.D.T.); (F.S.A.); (S.G.d.F.)
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Zafar I, Taniguchi T, Baghdadi HB, Kondoh D, Rizk MA, Galon EM, Ji S, El-Sayed SAES, Do T, Li H, Amer MM, Zhuowei M, Yihong M, Zhou J, Inoue N, Xuan X. Babesia microti alleviates disease manifestations caused by Plasmodium berghei ANKA in murine co-infection model of complicated malaria. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1226088. [PMID: 37492527 PMCID: PMC10364126 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1226088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains one of the most significant health issues worldwide, accounting for 2.6% of the total global disease burden, and efforts to eliminate this threat continue. The key focus is to develop an efficient and long-term immunity to this disease via vaccination or therapeutic approach, and innovative strategies would enable us to achieve this target. Previously, using a mouse co-infection disease model, cross-protection was illustrated between Babesia microti and Plasmodium chabaudi. Hence, this study was planned to elucidate the impact of acute B. microti Peabody mjr and Plasmodium berghei ANKA co-infection on the consequence of complicated malaria in the C57BL/6J mouse model of malaria. Furthermore, immune response and pathological features were analyzed, and the course of the disease was compared among experimental groups. Our study established that acute B. microti infection activated immunity which was otherwise suppressed by P. berghei. The immunosuppressive tissue microenvironment was counteracted as evidenced by the enhanced immune cell population in co-infected mice, in contrast to P. berghei-infected control mice. Parasite sequestration in the brain, liver, lung, and spleen of co-infected mice was significantly decreased and tissue injury was ameliorated. Meanwhile, the serum levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-12p70 were reduced while the secretion of IL-10 was promoted in co-infected mice. Eventually, co-infected mice showed an extended rate of survival. Hereby, the principal cytokines associated with the severity of malaria by P. berghei infection were TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-12p70. Moreover, it was evident from our flow cytometry results that innate immunity is crucial and macrophages are at the frontline of immunity against P. berghei infection. Our study recommended further investigations to shed light on the effects of babesiosis in suppressing malaria with the goal of developing Babesia-based therapy against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqra Zafar
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
- Livestock and Dairy Development Department, Veterinary Research Institute, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Tomoyo Taniguchi
- Department of Immunology and Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara Cho, Japan
| | - Hanadi B. Baghdadi
- Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
- Basic and Applied Scientific Research Center (BASRC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Daisuke Kondoh
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Mohamed Abdo Rizk
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Eloiza May Galon
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Cavite State University, Indang, Cavite, Philippines
| | - Shengwei Ji
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Shimaa Abd El-Salam El-Sayed
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Thom Do
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Hang Li
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Moaz M. Amer
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Ma Zhuowei
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Ma Yihong
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Jinlin Zhou
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Noboru Inoue
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Xuenan Xuan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
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Malaria-derived exosomes exacerbate liver injury during blood stage of Plasmodium berghei infection. Acta Trop 2023; 239:106815. [PMID: 36608749 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Liver injury is a common clinical feature of Plasmodium spp. infection and contributes to multi-organ failure of severe malaria. Malaria-derived exosomes (MD-Exos) have recently engaged as key mediators in parasite-host interactions, modulating the subsequent pathogenic process. However, the role of MD-Exos in malaria-related liver injury and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Herein, exosomes from C57BL/6 mice infected with or without P. berghei ANKA serum (namely inf-Exos or un-Exos) were isolated and characterized by transmission electron microscopy, western blotting, and nanoparticle tracking analysis. The miRNAs profiling between inf-Exos and un-Exos were generated using RNA-seq and qPCR. The functions of inf-Exos on liver injury were investigated after two types of exosomes injected into mice intravenously (i.v.), by examining histopathological and apoptotic changes, macrophage polarization, and pro-inflammatory response. The infected red blood cells-stimulated mouse Raw264.7 macrophage cells targeted by inf-Exos or un-Exos were cultured for further study and verification the potential mechanisms. We found that both inf-Exos and un-Exos displayed a typical cup-shaped structure with a diameter of 60-200 nm, and had a positive expression of exosomal markers (e.g., CD9, CD63, and CD81). Compared with infected control mice, the treatment of inf-Exos but not un-Exos dramatically enhanced peripheral blood parasitemia and ECM incidence, exacerbated liver histopathological damage, elevated numbers of liver apoptotic cells, CD68+and CD86+ macrophages. The CD68+-TREM-1+ macrophages in liver tissues and the mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) were increased by inf-Exos treatment in vivo. Meanwhile, the treatment of inf-Exos resulted in a substantial increase of the mRNA levels of CD86, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, but led to a remarkable decrease of Bcl-6 and SOCS-1 in Raw264.7 cells stimulated with iRBC in vitro. Notably, compared to un-Exos, five types of miRNAs (including miR-10a-5p, miR-10b-5p, miR-155-5p, miR-205-5p, and miR-21a-5p), that were previously reported to target Bcl-6 or SOCS-1, present higher abundance on inf-Exos, as demonstrated by RNA-seq and qPCR. Collectively, our data suggest that inf-Exos exacerbate malaria-induced liver pathology via triggering excessive pro-inflammatory response and promoting macrophage M1 polarization. Our findings will provide new insights into the roles of inf-Exos in malaria parasite-host interaction and pathogenesis of liver injury.
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Pathogenesis of Anemia in Canine Babesiosis: Possible Contribution of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines and Chemokines-A Review. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020166. [PMID: 36839438 PMCID: PMC9962459 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine babesiosis is a tick-borne protozoan disease caused by intraerythrocytic parasites of the genus Babesia. The infection may lead to anemia in infected dogs. However, anemia is not directly caused by the pathogen. The parasite's developmental stages only have a marginal role in contributing to a decreased red blood cell (RBC) count. The main cause of anemia in affected dogs is the immune response to the infection. This response includes antibody production, erythrophagocytosis, oxidative damage of RBCs, complement activation, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Moreover, both infected and uninfected erythrocytes are retained in the spleen and sequestered in micro-vessels. All these actions are driven by pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, especially IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8. Additionally, imbalance between the actions of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines plays a role in patho-mechanisms leading to anemia in canine babesiosis. This article is a review of the studies on the pathogenesis of anemia in canine babesiosis and related diseases, such as bovine or murine babesiosis and human or murine malaria, and the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the mechanisms leading to anemia in infected dogs.
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Storm J, Camarda G, Haley MJ, Brough D, Couper KN, Craig AG. Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocyte co-culture with the monocyte cell line THP-1 does not trigger production of soluble factors reducing brain microvascular barrier function. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285323. [PMID: 37141324 PMCID: PMC10159134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Monocytes contribute to the pro-inflammatory immune response during the blood stage of a Plasmodium falciparum infection, but their precise role in malaria pathology is not clear. Besides phagocytosis, monocytes are activated by products from P. falciparum infected erythrocytes (IE) and one of the activation pathways is potentially the NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, a multi-protein complex that leads to the production of interleukin (IL)-1β. In cerebral malaria cases, monocytes accumulate at IE sequestration sites in the brain microvascular and the locally produced IL-1β, or other secreted molecules, could contribute to leakage of the blood-brain barrier. To study the activation of monocytes by IE within the brain microvasculature in an in vitro model, we co-cultured IT4var14 IE and the monocyte cell line THP-1 for 24 hours and determined whether generated soluble molecules affect barrier function of human brain microvascular endothelial cells, measured by real time trans-endothelial electrical resistance. The medium produced after co-culture did not affect endothelial barrier function and similarly no effect was measured after inducing oxidative stress by adding xanthine oxidase to the co-culture. While IL-1β does decrease barrier function, barely any IL-1β was produced in the co- cultures, indicative of a lack of or incomplete THP-1 activation by IE in this co-culture model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Storm
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Grazia Camarda
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Haley
- Division of Immunology, Immunity to Infection and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - David Brough
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin N Couper
- Division of Immunology, Immunity to Infection and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Alister G Craig
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Gomes ARQ, Cunha N, Varela ELP, Brígido HPC, Vale VV, Dolabela MF, de Carvalho EP, Percário S. Oxidative Stress in Malaria: Potential Benefits of Antioxidant Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115949. [PMID: 35682626 PMCID: PMC9180384 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is an infectious disease and a serious public health problem in the world, with 3.3 billion people in endemic areas in 100 countries and about 200 million new cases each year, resulting in almost 1 million deaths in 2018. Although studies look for strategies to eradicate malaria, it is necessary to know more about its pathophysiology to understand the underlying mechanisms involved, particularly the redox balance, to guarantee success in combating this disease. In this review, we addressed the involvement of oxidative stress in malaria and the potential benefits of antioxidant supplementation as an adjuvant antimalarial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Rafael Quadros Gomes
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutica Innovation, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (A.R.Q.G.); (H.P.C.B.); (V.V.V.); (M.F.D.)
- Oxidative Stress Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (N.C.); (E.L.P.V.); (E.P.d.C.)
| | - Natasha Cunha
- Oxidative Stress Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (N.C.); (E.L.P.V.); (E.P.d.C.)
| | - Everton Luiz Pompeu Varela
- Oxidative Stress Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (N.C.); (E.L.P.V.); (E.P.d.C.)
- Post-graduate Program in Biodiversity and Biotechnology (BIONORTE), Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Heliton Patrick Cordovil Brígido
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutica Innovation, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (A.R.Q.G.); (H.P.C.B.); (V.V.V.); (M.F.D.)
| | - Valdicley Vieira Vale
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutica Innovation, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (A.R.Q.G.); (H.P.C.B.); (V.V.V.); (M.F.D.)
| | - Maria Fâni Dolabela
- Post-Graduate Program in Pharmaceutica Innovation, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (A.R.Q.G.); (H.P.C.B.); (V.V.V.); (M.F.D.)
- Post-graduate Program in Biodiversity and Biotechnology (BIONORTE), Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Eliete Pereira de Carvalho
- Oxidative Stress Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (N.C.); (E.L.P.V.); (E.P.d.C.)
- Post-graduate Program in Biodiversity and Biotechnology (BIONORTE), Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Sandro Percário
- Oxidative Stress Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (N.C.); (E.L.P.V.); (E.P.d.C.)
- Post-graduate Program in Biodiversity and Biotechnology (BIONORTE), Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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10
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Shen Y, Li Y, Zhu Q, Wang J, Huang Y, Liang J, Wu X, Zhao Y. The immunomodulatory effect of microglia on ECM neuroinflammation via the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway. CNS Neurosci Ther 2022; 28:46-63. [PMID: 34766463 PMCID: PMC8673706 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) model in C57BL/6 mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) has revealed microglia are involved in the ECM immune microenvironment. However, the regulation of microglia in the ECM immune response is not clear, and there is no safe and efficient treatment clinically for the protection of the nerve cells. AIMS To elucidate the negative regulation mechanism in the ECM brain mediated by microglia. Furthermore, to investigate protective effect of the appropriate enhancement of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in the brain against ECM through the intrathecal injection of the adenovirus expressing PDL1-IgG1Fc fusion protein. RESULTS The PD-1/PD-L1 pathway was induced in the ECM brain and showed an upregulation in the microglia. Deep single-cell analysis of immune niches in the ECM brainstem indicated that the microglia showed obvious heterogeneity and activation characteristics. Intrathecal injection of recombinant adenovirus expressing PD-L1 repressed the neuroinflammation and alleviated ECM symptoms. In addition, the synergistic effect of artemisinin and intracranial immunosuppression mediated by PD-L1 was more efficacious than either treatment alone. CONCLUSION The appropriate enhancement of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in the early stage of ECM has an obvious protective effect on the maintenance of immune microenvironment homeostasis in the brain. Regulating microglia and the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway could be considered as a promising approach for protection against human cerebral malaria in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Shen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and ParasitologyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi’anChina
| | - Yinghui Li
- Department of Medical Microbiology and ParasitologyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi’anChina
| | - Qinghao Zhu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and ParasitologyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi’anChina
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and ParasitologyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi’anChina
| | - Yuxiao Huang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and ParasitologyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi’anChina
| | - Jiao Liang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and ParasitologyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi’anChina
| | - Xingan Wu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and ParasitologyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi’anChina
| | - Ya Zhao
- Department of Medical Microbiology and ParasitologyFourth Military Medical UniversityXi’anChina
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11
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Rojas-Pirela M, Medina L, Rojas MV, Liempi AI, Castillo C, Pérez-Pérez E, Guerrero-Muñoz J, Araneda S, Kemmerling U. Congenital Transmission of Apicomplexan Parasites: A Review. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:751648. [PMID: 34659187 PMCID: PMC8519608 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.751648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Apicomplexans are a group of pathogenic protists that cause various diseases in humans and animals that cause economic losses worldwide. These unicellular eukaryotes are characterized by having a complex life cycle and the ability to evade the immune system of their host organism. Infections caused by some of these parasites affect millions of pregnant women worldwide, leading to various adverse maternal and fetal/placental effects. Unfortunately, the exact pathogenesis of congenital apicomplexan diseases is far from being understood, including the mechanisms of how they cross the placental barrier. In this review, we highlight important aspects of the diseases caused by species of Plasmodium, Babesia, Toxoplasma, and Neospora, their infection during pregnancy, emphasizing the possible role played by the placenta in the host-pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura Rojas-Pirela
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.,Facultad de Farmacia y Bioanálisis, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Lisvaneth Medina
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maria Verónica Rojas
- Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Ana Isabel Liempi
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian Castillo
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Núcleo de Investigación Aplicada en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de Las Américas, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Jesús Guerrero-Muñoz
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastian Araneda
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Salud y Odontología, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ulrike Kemmerling
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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12
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Lipopolysaccharide Preconditioning Augments Phagocytosis of Malaria-Parasitized Red Blood Cells by Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages in the Liver, Thereby Increasing the Murine Survival after Plasmodium yoelii Infection. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0024921. [PMID: 34424755 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00249-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains a grave concern for humans, as effective medical countermeasures for Plasmodium infection have yet to be developed. Phagocytic clearance of parasitized red blood cells (pRBCs) by macrophages is an important front-line innate host defense against Plasmodium infection. We previously showed that repeated injections of low-dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS) prior to bacterial infection, called LPS preconditioning, strongly augmented phagocytic/bactericidal activity in murine macrophages. However, whether LPS preconditioning prevents murine Plasmodium infection is unclear. We investigated the protective effects of LPS preconditioning against lethal murine Plasmodium infection, focusing on CD11bhigh F4/80low liver macrophages, which are increased by LPS preconditioning. Mice were subjected to LPS preconditioning by intraperitoneal injections of low-dose LPS for 3 consecutive days, and 24 h later, they were intravenously infected with pRBCs of Plasmodium yoelii 17XL. LPS preconditioning markedly increased the murine survival and reduced parasitemia, while it did not reduce tumor necrosis factor (TNF) secretions, only delaying the peak of plasma gamma interferon (IFN-γ) after Plasmodium infection in mice. An in vitro phagocytic clearance assay of pRBCs showed that the CD11bhigh F4/80low liver macrophages, but not spleen macrophages, in the LPS-preconditioned mice had significantly augmented phagocytic activity against pRBCs. The adoptive transfer of CD11bhigh F4/80low liver macrophages from LPS-preconditioned mice to control mice significantly improved survival after Plasmodium infection. We conclude that LPS preconditioning stimulated CD11bhigh F4/80low liver macrophages to augment the phagocytic clearance of pRBCs, which may play a central role in resistance against Plasmodium infection.
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13
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Al Fayez N, Böttger R, Rouhollahi E, Cullis PR, Witzigmann D, Li SD. Improved Liver Delivery of Primaquine by Phospholipid-Free Small Unilamellar Vesicles with Reduced Hemolytic Toxicity. Mol Pharm 2021; 19:1778-1785. [PMID: 34546758 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Hemolytic toxicity caused by primaquine (PQ) is a high-risk condition that hampers the wide use of PQ to treat liver-stage malaria. This study demonstrated that phospholipid-free small unilamellar vesicles (PFSUVs) composed of Tween80 and cholesterol could encapsulate and deliver PQ to the hepatocytes with reduced exposure to the red blood cells (RBCs). Nonionic surfactant (Tween80) and cholesterol-forming SUVs with a mean diameter of 50 nm were fabricated for delivering PQ. Drug release/retention, drug uptake by RBCs, pharmacokinetics, and liver uptake of PFSUVs-PQ were evaluated in in vitro and in vivo models in comparison to free drugs. Additionally, the stress effect on RBCs induced by free PQ and PFSUVs-PQ was evaluated by examining RBC morphology. PFSUVs provided >95% encapsulation efficiency for PQ at a drug-to-lipid ratio of 1:20 (w/w) and stably retained the drug in the presence of serum. When incubated with RBCs, PQ uptake in the PFSUVs group was reduced by 4- to 8-folds compared to free PQ. As a result, free PQ induced significant RBC morphology changes, while PFSUVs-PQ showed no such adverse effect. Intravenously (i.v.) delivered PFSUVs-PQ produced a comparable plasma profile as free PQ, given i.v. and orally, while the liver uptake was increased by 4.8 and 1.6-folds, respectively, in mice. Within the liver, PFSUVs selectively targeted the hepatocytes, with no significant blood or liver toxicity in mice. PFSUVs effectively targeted PQ to the liver and reduced RBC uptake compared to free PQ, leading to reduced RBC toxicity. PFSUVs exhibited potential in improving the efficacy of PQ for treating liver-stage malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nojoud Al Fayez
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Roland Böttger
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Elham Rouhollahi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Pieter R Cullis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada.,NanoMedicines Innovation Network (NMIN), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Dominik Witzigmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada.,NanoMedicines Innovation Network (NMIN), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Shyh-Dar Li
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada.,NanoMedicines Innovation Network (NMIN), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
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14
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Placental Macrophages Demonstrate Sex-Specific Response to Intrauterine Inflammation and May Serve as a Marker of Perinatal Neuroinflammation. J Reprod Immunol 2021; 147:103360. [PMID: 34390899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2021.103360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Preterm birth (PTB) is considered to be one of the most frequent causes of neonatal death. Prompt and effective measures to predict adverse fetal outcome following PTB are urgently needed. Placenta macrophages are a critical immune cell population during pregnancy, phenotypically divided into M1 and M2 subsets. An established mouse model of intrauterine inflammation (IUI) was applied. Placenta (labyrinth) and corresponding fetal brain were harvested within 24 hours post injection (hpi). Flow cytometry, Western blot, real-time qPCR, and regular histology were utilized to examine the cytokines, macrophage polarization, and sex-specificity. Placental exposure to LPS led to significantly reduced labyrinth thickness compared to PBS-exposed controls as early as 3 hpi, accompanied by apoptosis and necrosis. Pro-inflammatory M1 markers, Il-1β, and iNOS, and anti-inflammatory M2 marker Il-10 increased significantly in placentas exposed to IUI. Analysis of flow cytometry revealed that fetal macrophages (Hofbauer cell, HBCs) were mostly M1-like and that maternal inter-labyrinth macrophages (MIM) were M2-like in their features in IUI. Male fetuses displayed significantly decreased M2-like features in HBCs at 3 and 6 hpi, while female fetuses showed significant increase in M2-like features in MIM at 3 and 6 hpi. Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between the frequency of HBCs and corresponding microglial marker expression at 3 and 6 hpi. Placental macrophages demonstrated sex-specific features in response to IUI. Specifically, HBCs may be a potential biomarker for fetal brain injury at preterm birth.
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15
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PET Imaging of Translocator Protein as a Marker of Malaria-Associated Lung Inflammation. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0002421. [PMID: 34251290 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00024-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose. Malaria-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (MA-ARDS) is a severe complication of malaria despite effective anti-malarial treatment. Currently, non-invasive imaging procedures such as chest X-rays are used to assess oedema in established MA-ARDS but earlier detection methods are needed to reduce morbidity and mortality. The early stages of MA-ARDS are characterized by the infiltration of leukocytes, in particular monocyte/macrophages, thus monitoring of immune infiltrates may provide a useful indicator of early pathology. Procedures. Plasmodium berghei ANKA-infected C57BL/6 mice, a rodent malaria model of MA-ARDS, were longitudinally imaged using the TSPO imaging agent [18F]FEPPA as a marker of macrophage accumulation during the development of pathology and response to combined artesunate and chloroquine diphosphate therapy (ART+CQ). [18F]FEPPA uptake was compared to blood parasitemia levels and pulmonary immune cell infiltrates using flow cytometry. Results. Infected animals showed rapid increases lung retention of [18F]FEPPA, correlating well with increases in blood parasitemia and pulmonary accumulation of interstitial inflammatory macrophages and MHC II+ alveolar macrophages. Treatment with ART+CQ therapy abrogated this increase in parasitemia and significantly reduced both lung uptake of [18F]FEPPA and macrophage infiltrates. Conclusions. Retention of [18F]FEPPA in the lungs is well correlated with changes in blood parasitemia and lung associated macrophages during disease progression and in response to ART+CQ therapy. With further development TSPO biomarkers may have the potential to be able to accurately assess early onset of MA-ARDS.
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16
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Blum L, Ulshöfer T, Henke M, Krieg R, Berneburg I, Geisslinger G, Becker K, Parnham MJ, Schiffmann S. The immunomodulatory potential of the arylmethylaminosteroid sc1o. J Mol Med (Berl) 2020; 99:261-272. [PMID: 33330947 PMCID: PMC7819914 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-02024-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Developing resistance mechanisms of pathogens against established and frequently used drugs are a growing global health problem. Besides the development of novel drug candidates per se, new approaches to counteract resistance mechanisms are needed. Drug candidates that not only target the pathogens directly but also modify the host immune system might boost anti-parasitic defence and facilitate clearance of pathogens. In this study, we investigated whether the novel anti-parasitic steroid compound 1o (sc1o), effective against the parasites Plasmodium falciparum and Schistosoma mansoni, might exhibit immunomodulatory properties. Our results reveal that 50 μM sc1o amplified the inflammatory potential of M1 macrophages and shifted M2 macrophages in a pro-inflammatory direction. Since M1 macrophages used predominantly glycolysis as an energy source, it is noteworthy that sc1o increased glycolysis and decreased oxidative phosphorylation in M2 macrophages. The effect of sc1o on the differentiation and activation of dendritic cells was ambiguous, since both pro- and anti-inflammatory markers were regulated. In conclusion, sc1o has several immunomodulatory effects that could possibly assist the immune system by counteracting the anti-inflammatory immune escape strategy of the parasite P. falciparum or by increasing pro-inflammatory mechanisms against pathogens, albeit at a higher concentration than that required for the anti-parasitic effect. KEY MESSAGES: • The anti-parasitic steroid compound 1o (sc1o) can modulate human immune cells. • Sc1o amplified the potential of M1 macrophages. • Sc1o shifts M2 macrophages to a M1 phenotype. • Dendritic cell differentiation and activation was ambiguously modulated. • Administration of sc1o could possibly assist the anti-parasitic defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Blum
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (TMP), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Thomas Ulshöfer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (TMP), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marina Henke
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (TMP), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Reimar Krieg
- Department of Anatomy II, University Hospital Jena, Teichgraben 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Isabell Berneburg
- Department of Anatomy II, University Hospital Jena, Teichgraben 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (TMP), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Katja Becker
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus-Liebig-University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Michael J Parnham
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (TMP), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Susanne Schiffmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (TMP), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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17
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Quanquin NM, Barres LG, Aliyari SR, Day NT, Gerami H, Fisher SJ, Kakuru A, Kamya MR, Havlir DV, Feeney M, Dorsey G, Cheng G, Gaw SL. Gravidity-dependent associations between interferon response and birth weight in placental malaria. Malar J 2020; 19:280. [PMID: 32758231 PMCID: PMC7409479 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03351-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal malarial infection leads to poor perinatal outcomes, including low birth weight from preterm delivery and/or fetal growth restriction, particularly in primigravidas. In placental malaria, Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells cause an inflammatory response that can interfere with maternal-fetal exchange, leading to poor growth. The type I interferon (IFN-I) pathway plays an immunomodulatory role in viral and bacterial infections, usually by suppressing inflammatory responses. However, its role in placental malaria is unknown. This study examines the cytokine responses in placental tissue from subsets of malaria-infected and uninfected women, and attempts to correlate them with particular birth outcomes. METHODS 40 whole placental biopsy samples were obtained from pregnant women at least 16 years of age recruited to a larger prospective chemoprevention trial against malaria. These were patients at Tororo District Hospital in Uganda, an area of high malaria endemicity where approximately 40% of women have evidence of malaria infection at delivery. They were regularly followed at a local clinic and monitored for fever, with blood smears performed then and at time of delivery to diagnose malaria infection. Placenta biopsies were taken for histological diagnosis of placental malaria, as well as quantitative PCR analysis of genes in the IFN-I pathway (IFN-β, IL-10 and MX-1). Parameters such as infant birth weight and gestational age were also recorded. RESULTS Histological analysis revealed placental malaria in 18 samples, while 22 were found to be uninfected. RT-PCR analysis showed a four-fold increase in IFN-β and IL-10 expression in multigravidas with placental malaria when compared to gravidity-matched, uninfected controls. This effect was not observed in primigravidas. Interestingly, linear regression analysis showed a positive association between IFN-β levels and higher birth weights (β = 101.2 g per log2-fold increase in IFN-β expression, p = 0.042). This association was strongest in primigravidas with placental malaria (β = 339.0, p = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate differential regulation of the IFN-I pathway in placental malaria according to gravidity, with the greatest anti-inflammatory response seen in multigravidas. The association between IFN-β levels and higher birth weight also suggests a protective role for IFN-I against fetal growth restriction in placental malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M Quanquin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Lauren G Barres
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine At UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Saba R Aliyari
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Nathan T Day
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave. HSE16, Box 0556, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Hoda Gerami
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Susan J Fisher
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave. HSE16, Box 0556, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Abel Kakuru
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Moses R Kamya
- Infectious Diseases Research Collaboration, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Diane V Havlir
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Margaret Feeney
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Grant Dorsey
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Genhong Cheng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Stephanie L Gaw
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA. .,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine At UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA. .,Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave. HSE16, Box 0556, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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