MAPK Pathway Inhibitors Attenuated Hydrogen Peroxide Induced Damage in Neural Cells

Oxidative stress in the brain-lung crosstalk: cellular and molecular perspectives

Oxidative stress is caused by an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the body's ability to counteract their harmful effects, playing a key role in the pathogenesis of brain and lung-related diseases. This review comprehensively examines the intricate mechanisms by which oxidative stress influences cellular and molecular pathways, contributing to neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, and respiratory disorders. Emphasizing the detrimental effects on both brain and lung health, we discuss innovative diagnostic biomarkers, such as 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and the potential of antioxidant therapies. For these topics, we provide insights into future research directions in the field of oxidative stress treatment, including the development of personalized treatment approaches, the discovery and validation of novel biomarkers, and the development of new drug delivery systems. This review not only provides a new perspective on understanding the role of oxidative stress in brain and lung-related diseases but also offers new insights for future clinical treatments.

Reactive oxygen species in biological systems: Pathways, associated diseases, and potential inhibitors-A review

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced under normal physiological conditions and may have beneficial and harmful effects on biological systems. ROS are involved in many physiological processes such as differentiation, proliferation, necrosis, autophagy, and apoptosis by acting as signaling molecules or regulators of transcription factors. In this case, maintaining proper cellular ROS levels is known as redox homeostasis. Oxidative stress occurs because of the imbalance between the production of ROS and antioxidant defenses. Sources of ROS include the mitochondria, auto-oxidation of glucose, and enzymatic pathways such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reduced (NAD[P]H) oxidase. The possible ROS pathways are NF-κB, MAPKs, PI3K-Akt, and the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway. This review covers the literature pertaining to the possible ROS pathways and strategies to inhibit them. Additionally, this review summarizes the literature related to finding ROS inhibitors.

Current trends and future perspectives of stroke management through integrating health care team and nanodrug delivery strategy

Stroke is accounted as the second-most mortality and adult disability factor in worldwide, while causes the bleeding promptly and lifetime consequences. The employed functional recovery after stroke is highly variable, allowing to deliver proper interventions to the right stroke patient at a specific time. Accordingly, the multidisciplinary nursing team, and the administrated drugs are major key-building-blocks to enhance stroke treatment efficiency. Regarding the healthcare team, adequate continuum of care have been declared as an integral part of the treatment process from the pre-hospital, in-hospital, to acute post-discharge phases. As a curative perspective, drugs administration is also vital in surviving at the early step and reducing the probability of disabilities in later. In this regard, nanotechnology-based medicinal strategy is exorbitantly burgeoning. In this review, we have highlighted the effectiveness of current clinical care considered by nursing teams to treat stroke. Also, the advancement of drugs through synthesis of miniaturized nanodrug formations relating stroke treatment is remarked. Finally, the remained challenges toward standardizing the healthcare team and minimizing the nanodrugs downsides are discussed. The findings ensure that future works on normalizing the healthcare nursing teams integrated with artificial intelligence technology, as well as advancing the operative nanodrugs can provide value-based stroke cares.

A new lysosome-targeted fluorescent probe for hydrogen peroxide based on a benzothiazole derivative

As an important member of reactive oxygen species, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) plays a key role in oxidative stress and cell signaling. Abnormal levels of H2O2 in lysosomes can induce damage or even loss of lysosomal function, leading to certain diseases. Therefore, real-time monitoring of H2O2 in lysosomes is very important. In this work, we designed and synthesized a novel lysosome-targeted fluorescent probe for H2O2-specific detection based on a benzothiazole derivative. A morpholine group was used as a lysosome-targeted unit and a boric acid ester was chosen as the reaction site. In the absence of H2O2, the probe exhibited very weak fluorescence. In the presence of H2O2, the probe showed an increased fluorescence emission. The fluorescence intensity of the probe for H2O2 displayed a good linear relationship in the concentration range of H2O2 from 8.0 × 10-7 to 2.0 × 10-4 mol·L-1. The detection limit was estimated to be 4.6 × 10-7 mol·L-1 for H2O2. The probe possessed high selectivity, good sensitivity and short response time for the detection of H2O2. Moreover, the probe had almost no cytotoxicity and had been successfully applied to confocal imaging of H2O2 in lysosomes of A549 cells. These results illustrated that the developed fluorescent probe in this study could provide a good tool for the determination of H2O2 in lysosomes.

Olanzapine Ameliorates Ischemic Stroke-like Pathology in Gerbils and H2O2-Induced Neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y Cells via Inhibiting the MAPK Signaling Pathway

Olanzapine (OLNZ) is used to treat psychotic disorders. To look into the neurological basis of this phenomenon, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of OLNZ in gerbils and SH-SY5Y cells. Gerbils were subjected to transient global cerebral ischemia (TGCI) by blocking both common carotid arteries, and OLNZ (10 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally. Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) was used to induce oxidative-stress-mediated damage in the SH-SY5Y cells. The results indicated that OLNZ administration markedly reduced neuron damage and glial cell triggering within CA1 zone of the hippocampus. We used RNA sequencing to assess the numbers of up-and downregulated genes involved in TGCI. We found that OLNZ treatment downregulated the expression of complement-component-related genes and the expression of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in the hippocampus. In cells, OLNZ co-treatment significantly improved cell viability and reduced lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Expression of antioxidant superoxide dismutase-1,2 enzymes (SOD-1, SOD-2) was also intensely upregulated by OLNZ, while the expression of MAPKs and NF-κB were reduced. Co-incubation with OLNZ also regulated apoptosis-related proteins Bax/Bcl-2 expression. Finally, the results demonstrated that treatment with OLNZ showed neuroprotective effects and that the MAPK pathway could involve in the protective effects.

Analysis of Mitochondrial Function in Cell Membranes as Indicator of Tissue Vulnerability to Drugs in Humans

Drug side effects are one of the main reasons for treatment withdrawal during clinical trials. Reactive oxygen species formation is involved in many of the drug side effects, mainly by interacting with the components of the cellular respiration. Thus, the early detection of these effects in the drug discovery process is a key aspect for the optimization of pharmacological research. To this end, the superoxide formation of a series of drugs and compounds with antidepressant, antipsychotic, anticholinergic, narcotic, and analgesic properties was evaluated in isolated bovine heart membranes and on cell membrane microarrays from a collection of human tissues, together with specific inhibitors of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Fluphenazine and PB28 promoted similar effects to those of rotenone, but with lower potency, indicating a direct action on mitochondrial complex I. Moreover, nefazodone, a drug withdrawn from the market due to its mitochondrial hepatotoxic effects, evoked the highest superoxide formation in human liver cell membranes, suggesting the potential of this technology to anticipate adverse effects in preclinical phases.

From psychiatry to neurology: Psychedelics as prospective therapeutics for neurodegenerative disorders

The studies of psychedelics, especially psychedelic tryptamines like psilocybin, are rapidly gaining interest in neuroscience research. Much of this interest stems from recent clinical studies demonstrating that they have a unique ability to improve the debilitating symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD) long-term after only a single treatment. Indeed, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has recently designated two Phase III clinical trials studying the ability of psilocybin to treat forms of MDD with "Breakthrough Therapy" status. If successful, the use of psychedelics to treat psychiatric diseases like depression would be revolutionary. As more evidence appears in the scientific literature to support their use in psychiatry to treat MDD on and substance use disorders (SUD), recent studies with rodents revealed that their therapeutic effects might extend beyond treating MDD and SUD. For example, psychedelics may have efficacy in the treatment and prevention of brain injury and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's Disease. Preclinical work has highlighted psychedelics' ability to induce neuroplasticity and synaptogenesis, and neural progenitor cell proliferation. Psychedelics may also act as immunomodulators by reducing levels of proinflammatory biomarkers, including IL-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Their exact molecular mechanisms, and induction of cellular interactions, especially between neural and glial cells, leading to therapeutic efficacy, remain to be determined. In this review, we discuss recent findings and information on how psychedelics may act therapeutically on cells within the central nervous system (CNS) during brain injuries and neurodegenerative diseases.

Growth Factors, Reactive Oxygen Species, and Metformin-Promoters of the Wound Healing Process in Burns?

Burns can be caused by various factors and have an increased risk of infection that can seriously delay the wound healing process. Chronic wounds caused by burns represent a major health problem. Wound healing is a complex process, orchestrated by cytokines, growth factors, prostaglandins, free radicals, clotting factors, and nitric oxide. Growth factors released during this process are involved in cell growth, proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Reactive oxygen species are released in acute and chronic burn injuries and play key roles in healing and regeneration. The main aim of this review is to present the roles of growth factors, reactive oxygen species, and metformin in the healing process of burn injuries.

Potential Correlation Between Depression-like Behavior and the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway in the Rat Hippocampus Following Spinal Cord Injury

BACKGROUND

Depression induced by spinal cord injury (SCI) has been demonstrated in clinical and experimental studies; it significantly impacts patients' lives and may be associated with changes in the hippocampus. However, the biological mechanisms underlying depression after SCI are unknown. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway participates in potential mechanisms of depression; it is unknown whether this pathway plays a role in SCI-induced depression.

METHODS

We applied an animal model of depression induced by SCI, established using an aneurysm clip, to determine whether MAPK activation in the hippocampus is associated with depression-like behavior.

RESULTS

SCI led to depression-like behavior, such as anhedonia in the sucrose preference test, decreased number of crossings in the open field test, decreased body weight, and decreased immobility time in the forced swim test. Western blot analysis further showed that SCI significantly increased the levels of phosphorylated p38 MAPK and cleaved caspase-3 in the hippocampus and inhibited the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1/2. In addition, there were significant negative correlations between depression-like behavior and phosphorylated extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2 and positive correlations between depression-like behavior and phosphorylated p38 MAPK and cleaved caspase-3.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggest that the MAPK pathway in the rat hippocampus may be involved in the pathophysiology of depression induced by SCI.

Ethanol Extract of Maclura tricuspidata Fruit Protects SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells against H2O2-Induced Oxidative Damage via Inhibiting MAPK and NF-κB Signaling

Free radical generation and oxidative stress push forward an immense influence on the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Maclura tricuspidata fruit (MT) contains many biologically active substances, including compounds with antioxidant properties. The current study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of MT fruit on hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. SH-SY5Y cells were pretreated with MT, and cell damage was induced by H₂O₂. First, the chemical composition and free radical scavenging properties of MT were analyzed. MT attenuated oxidative stress-induced damage in cells based on the assessment of cell viability. The H₂O₂-induced toxicity caused by ROS production and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release was ameliorated by MT pretreatment. MT also promoted an increase in the expression of genes encoding the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). MT pretreatment was associated with an increase in the expression of neuronal genes downregulated by H₂O₂. Mechanistically, MT dramatically suppressed H₂O₂-induced Bcl-2 downregulation, Bax upregulation, apoptotic factor caspase-3 activation, Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) (JNK, ERK, and p38), and Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation, thereby preventing H₂O₂-induced neurotoxicity. These results indicate that MT has protective effects against H₂O₂-induced oxidative damage in SH-SY5Y cells and can be used to prevent and protect against neurodegeneration.

U0126 pretreatment inhibits cisplatin-induced apoptosis and autophagy in HEI-OC1 cells and cochlear hair cells

Deafness is the most common sensory disorder in the world. Ototoxic drugs are common inducing factors of sensorineural hearing loss, and cochlear hair cell (HC) damage is the main concern of the present studies. Cisplatin is a widely used, highly effective antitumor drug, but some patients have experienced irreversible hearing loss as a result of its application. This hearing loss is closely related to HC apoptosis and autophagy. U0126 is a specific inhibitor of the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) signaling pathway and has neuroprotective effects. For example, the neuroprotective effect of U0126 on ischemic stroke has been widely recognized. In neural cells, U0126 can prevent death due to excess glutamate, dopamine, or zinc ions. However, no studies of U0126 and ototoxic drug-induced injury have been reported to date. In the present study, we found that U0126 pretreatment significantly reduced the apoptosis and autophagy of HCs in auditory House Ear Institute-Organ of Corti 1 (HEI-OC1) cells and cochlear HCs. In addition, U0126 reduced the cisplatin-induced production of reactive oxygen species as well as the cisplatin-induced decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential. These findings suggest that U0126 may be a potential therapeutic candidate for the prevention of cisplatin-induced ototoxicity.

Chronic exposure of hydrogen peroxide alters redox state, apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) appears to be ubiquitous in natural water. Higher level of H₂O₂ can cause physiological stress, immunosuppression and even death in aquatic animals, but the physiological and molecular mechanisms of H₂O₂ toxicity are not well studied. Thus, the aim of the present study was to exposure potential toxic mechanisms of H₂O₂ via assessing the effects on redox state, apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in common carp. The fish were subjected to four concentrations of H₂O₂ (0, 0.25, 0.5 and 1 mM) for 14 days. And then, the tissues including blood, liver, muscle, gills, intestines, heart, kidney and spleen were collected to measure biochemical parameter and gene expression. The results showed that H₂O₂ exposure suppressed the majority antioxidative parameters in serum, liver, muscle and intestines, but enhanced T-SOD, CAT and T-AOC levels in gills. In all tested tissues, the MDA content was significantly promoted by H₂O₂ exposure. The oxidative stress-related genes including nrf2, gstα, sod, cat and/or gpx1 were upregulated in liver, gills, muscle, intestines, and/or kidney, but downregulated in heart after H₂O₂ exposure. Moreover, the ho-1 mRNA level was inhibited by H₂O₂ exposure in all tissues except intestines and spleen. After 14 days of exposure, H₂O₂ induced ER stress and initiated IRE1 and PERK pathways, which activated downstream genes, including chop, grp78 and/or xbp1s, to regulate UPR in liver, gills, muscle and/or heart. Meanwhile, H₂O₂ exposure activated MAPK pathway to regulate mitochondria-related genes including bcl-2, bax and cytc, which further triggered cas-8, cas-9 and cas-3, and accelerated apoptosis in liver, gills, muscle and heart. Importantly, in different tissues, the genes associated with oxidative stress, ER stress and apoptosis showed a different influence, and more significant influence was observed in the muscle, gills and liver. Overall results suggested that long-term H₂O₂ exposure induced oxidative stress, ER stress and apoptosis in the majority of tested tissues of common carp. The Nrf2, IRE1, PERK and MAPK pathways played important roles in H₂O₂-induced toxicity in fish. These data enriched the toxicity mechanism of H₂O₂ in fish, which might contribute to the risk assessment of H₂O₂ in aquatic environment.

Phosphoglycerate Mutase 1 Prevents Neuronal Death from Ischemic Damage by Reducing Neuroinflammation in the Rabbit Spinal Cord

Phosphoglycerate mutase 1 (PGAM1) is a glycolytic enzyme that increases glycolytic flux in the brain. In the present study, we examined the effects of PGAM1 in conditions of oxidative stress and ischemic damage in motor neuron-like (NSC34) cells and the rabbit spinal cord. A Tat-PGAM1 fusion protein was prepared to allow easy crossing of the blood-brain barrier, and Control-PGAM1 was synthesized without the Tat peptide protein transduction domain. Intracellular delivery of Tat-PGAM1, not Control-PGAM1, was achieved in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Immunofluorescent staining confirmed the intracellular expression of Tat-PGAM1 in NSC34 cells. Tat-PGAM1, but not Control-PGAM1, significantly alleviated H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress, neuronal death, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and apoptosis-inducing factor expression in NSC34 cells. After ischemia induction in the spinal cord, Tat-PGAM1 treatment significantly improved ischemia-induced neurological impairments and ameliorated neuronal cell death in the ventral horn of the spinal cord 72 h after ischemia. Tat-PGAM1 treatment significantly mitigated the ischemia-induced increase in malondialdehyde and 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α production in the spinal cord. In addition, Tat-PGAM1, but not Control-PGAM1, significantly decreased microglial activation and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α induced by ischemia in the ventral horn of the spinal cord. These results suggest that Tat-PGAM1 can be used as a therapeutic agent to reduce spinal cord ischemia-induced neuronal damage by lowering the oxidative stress, microglial activation, and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α.