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Li S, Lin X, Duan L. Harnessing the power of natural alkaloids: the emergent role in epilepsy therapy. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1418555. [PMID: 38962319 PMCID: PMC11220463 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1418555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The quest for effective epilepsy treatments has spotlighted natural alkaloids due to their broad neuropharmacological effects. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the antiseizure properties of various natural compounds, with an emphasis on their mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic benefits. Our findings reveal that bioactive substances such as indole, quinoline, terpenoid, and pyridine alkaloids confer medicinal benefits by modulating synaptic interactions, restoring neuronal balance, and mitigating neuroinflammation-key factors in managing epileptic seizures. Notably, these compounds enhance GABAergic neurotransmission, diminish excitatory glutamatergic activities, particularly at NMDA receptors, and suppress proinflammatory pathways. A significant focus is placed on the strategic use of nanoparticle delivery systems to improve the solubility, stability, and bioavailability of these alkaloids, which helps overcome the challenges associated with crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The review concludes with a prospective outlook on integrating these bioactive substances into epilepsy treatment regimes, advocating for extensive research to confirm their efficacy and safety. Advancing the bioavailability of alkaloids and rigorously assessing their toxicological profiles are essential to fully leverage the therapeutic potential of these compounds in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Trial Center, West China School of Nursing, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinyu Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lijuan Duan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Trial Center, West China School of Nursing, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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2
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Youssef JR, Boraie NA, Ismail FA, Bakr BA, Allam EA, El-Moslemany RM. Brain targeted lactoferrin coated lipid nanocapsules for the combined effects of apocynin and lavender essential oil in PTZ induced seizures. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2024:10.1007/s13346-024-01610-0. [PMID: 38819768 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-024-01610-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Apocynin (APO) is a plant derived antioxidant exerting specific NADPH oxidase inhibitory action substantiating its neuroprotective effects in various CNS disorders, including epilepsy. Due to rapid elimination and poor bioavailability, treatment with APO is challenging. Correspondingly, novel APO-loaded lipid nanocapsules (APO-LNC) were formulated and coated with lactoferrin (LF-APO-LNC) to improve br ain targetability and prolong residence time. Lavender oil (LAV) was incorporated into LNC as a bioactive ingredient to act synergistically with APO in alleviating pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced seizures. The optimized LF-APO-LAV/LNC showed a particle size 59.7 ± 4.5 nm with narrow distribution and 6.07 ± 1.6mV zeta potential) with high entrapment efficiency 92 ± 2.4% and sustained release (35% in 72 h). Following subcutaneous administration, LF-APO-LAV/LNC brought about ⁓twofold increase in plasma AUC and MRT compared to APO. A Log BB value of 0.2 ± 0.14 at 90 min reflects increased brain accumulation. In a PTZ-induced seizures rat model, LF-APO-LAV/LNC showed a Modified Racine score of 0.67 ± 0.47 with a significant increase in seizures latency and decrease in duration. Moreover, oxidant/antioxidant capacity and inflammatory markers levels in brain tissue were significantly improved. Histopathological and immunohistochemical assessment of brain tissue sections further supported these findings. The results suggest APO/LAV combination in LF-coated LNC as a promising approach to counteract seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie R Youssef
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, 1 Khartoum Square, Azarita, Messalla Post Office, P.O. Box 21521, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Nabila A Boraie
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, 1 Khartoum Square, Azarita, Messalla Post Office, P.O. Box 21521, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Fatma A Ismail
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, 1 Khartoum Square, Azarita, Messalla Post Office, P.O. Box 21521, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Basant A Bakr
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21523, Egypt
| | - Eman A Allam
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21131, Egypt
| | - Riham M El-Moslemany
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, 1 Khartoum Square, Azarita, Messalla Post Office, P.O. Box 21521, Alexandria, Egypt
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3
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Thalappil MA, Singh P, Carcereri de Prati A, Sahoo SK, Mariotto S, Butturini E. Essential oils and their nanoformulations for breast cancer therapy. Phytother Res 2024; 38:556-591. [PMID: 37919622 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Breast Cancer (BC) is the most prevalent type of cancer in the world. Current treatments include surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy but often are associated with high toxicity to normal tissues, chemoresistance, and relapse. Thus, developing novel therapies which could combat these limitations is essential for effective treatment. In this context, phytochemicals are increasingly getting popular due to their safety profile, ability to efficiently target tumors, and circumvent limitations of existing treatments. Essential Oils (EOs) are mixtures of various phytochemicals which have shown potential anticancer activity in preclinical BC models. However, their clinical translation is limited by factors such as high volatility, low stability, and poor solubility. Nanotechnology has facilitated their encapsulation in a variety of nanostructures and proven to overcome these limitations. In this review, we have efficiently summarized the current knowledge on the anticancer effect of EOs and constituents in both in in vitro and in in vivo BC models. Further, we also provide a descriptive account on the potential of nanotechnology in enhancing the anti-BC activity of EOs and their constituents. The papers discussed in this review were selected using the keywords "antiproliferative Essential Oils in breast cancer," "anticancer activity of Essential Oil in breast cancer," and "cytotoxicity of Essential Oils in breast cancer" performed in PubMed and ScienceDirect databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Ashiq Thalappil
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biological Chemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Priya Singh
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Alessandra Carcereri de Prati
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biological Chemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Sofia Mariotto
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biological Chemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Elena Butturini
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biological Chemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Khan SU, Hamza B, Mir RH, Fatima K, Malik F. Lavender Plant: Farming and Health Benefits. Curr Mol Med 2024; 24:702-711. [PMID: 37202896 DOI: 10.2174/1566524023666230518114027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Natural remedies from a range of sources, including plants, animals, microorganisms, and marine life, have made a significant contribution to the treatment of many ailments. Lavender is a Mediterranean shrub from the Lamiaceae family. Lavender flowers (Lavandula flores) include active ingredients (3%), anthocyanins, sugars, phytosterols, minerals, and tannins and are majorly used for herbal applications. Lavender essential oil's descriptive and analytical composition varies depending on genotype, growing region, climatic circumstances, propagation, and morphological characteristics. There are around 300 chemical components in essential oil. Linalool, terpinen-4-ol, linalyl acetate, ocimene, acetate lavandulol, and cineole are the most prominent constituents. Lavender oil has antibacterial and antioxidant properties. The lavender extract helps to prevent dementia and may slow cancer cell growth, while lavender oil is used to treat skin problems. This review will cover the recent medical, economic and regional advancements in levander propagation and how the Council of Scientific & Industrial Research Indian Institute of Integrative (CSIR IIIM) aroma mission is actively acting as a bridge between farmers and their economic improvement by attracting them to the field of medicinal plant cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Ullah Khan
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanat Nagar Srinagar, 190005, Jammu and Kashmir, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Baseerat Hamza
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanat Nagar Srinagar, 190005, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Reyaz Hassan Mir
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Kaneez Fatima
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanat Nagar Srinagar, 190005, Jammu and Kashmir, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Fayaz Malik
- Cancer Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanat Nagar Srinagar, 190005, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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Amidu SB, Boamah VE, Ekuadzi E, Mante PK. Gut-Brain-axis: effect of basil oil on the gut microbiota and its contribution to the anticonvulsant properties. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:393. [PMID: 37924049 PMCID: PMC10623859 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04211-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epilepsy is a chronic neurological condition that disrupts the normal functioning of the brain and it is characterized by seizures. Research suggests the involvement of the Gut-Brain axis in epilepsy. This study seeks to determine the role of the gut microbiota in the anticonvulsant effect of basil oil (BO) using antibiotic-depleted and altered germ-free mice against naïve mice in Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced seizure model. There is an ever growing interest in improvement of treatment outcomes in epilepsy and also in the development of newer therapeutic options, especially in the population of patients that do not attain seizure relief from available antiseizure medications (ASMs). According to research, gut microbiota can alter brain function and development. Increasing evidence suggests disrupting the delicate symbiotic balance existing between the gut and brain results in disease conditions. Also, the oil from Ocimum basilicum L., (BO) has been proven scientifically to significantly block clonic seizures induced by PTZ and picrotoxin in seizure models. METHODS The microbiota of mice were depleted or altered by administering cocktail antibiotics and individual antibiotics respectively. DNA was isolated from mouse stool, and then the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (16S rRNA) gene was quantitatively amplified using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Amplicons were sequenced to determine the phylogenetic make-up of the bacteria involved. Metabolic profiles of the serum and stool of mice were determined using Proton (1H) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. RESULTS Cocktail antibiotic pre-treatment significantly reversed the anticonvulsant effect of BO by increasing frequency and duration of seizures but did not affect latency to seizure. In mice pre-treated with single antibiotics, the anticonvulsant effect of BO was lost as latency to seizures, frequency and duration of seizures increased compared to mice that received only BO. Assessment of the phylogenetic make-up of the microbiota in antibiotic pre-treated mice showed a distorted composition of the microbiota compared to the control group. CONCLUSION Depletion of the microbiota significantly reversed the anticonvulsant actions of BO. The concentrations of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) was higher in stool than in the serum of the mice. Administration of BO probably does not influence the microbial composition within the mouse microbiota. The elevated ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes in microbiota-depleted groups might have contributed to the reversal of anticonvulsant actions of BO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumaiya Bandile Amidu
- Department of Pharmacology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Private Mail Bag, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Vivian Etsiapa Boamah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Private Mail Bag, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Edmund Ekuadzi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Private Mail Bag, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Priscilla Kolibea Mante
- Department of Pharmacology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Private Mail Bag, Kumasi, Ghana.
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Tao F, Cai Y, Deng C, Chen Z, Shen Y, Sun H. A narrative review on traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions and bioactive components in epilepsy treatment. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2023; 11:129. [PMID: 36819494 PMCID: PMC9929833 DOI: 10.21037/atm-22-3306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objective In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), natural drugs and their bioactive components have been widely used to treat epilepsy. Epilepsy is a chronic disease caused by abnormal discharge of brain neurons that leads to brain dysfunction and cognitive impairment. Several factors are involved in the mechanisms of epilepsy, and the current treatments do not seem promising. The potential efficacy of natural drugs with lower toxicity and less side effects have attracted increasing attention. Methods We used the terms, "TCM", "traditional Chinese medicine", "herbal", "epilepsy", "seizure", and the name of each prescription and bioactive components in the review to collect papers about application of TCM in epilepsy treatment from PubMed online database and Chinese database including Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang, and Weipu. Key Content and Findings We summarized some common TCM prescriptions and related active components used for the treatment of epilepsy. Six prescriptions (Chaihu Shugan decoction, Tianma Gouteng decoction, Kangxian capsules, Taohong Siwu decoction, Liujunzi decoction, Compound Danshen dropping pills) and nine main bioactive compounds (Saikosaponin A, Rhynchophylline, Tetramethylpyrazine, Gastrodin, Baicalin and baicalein, α-Asarone, Ginsenoside, Tanshinone, Paeoniflorin) were reviewed to provide a scientific basis for the development of potential antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Conclusions The pharmacological effects and molecular mechanisms of TCM in the treatment of epilepsy are complex, targeting several pathological aspects of epilepsy. However, the limitations of TCM, such as the lack of standardized treatments, have prevented its clinical application in epilepsy treatment. Thus, additional clinical trials are required to further evaluate the effectiveness and safety of TCM prescriptions and their bioactive components in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Tao
- Nantong University Informatization Center, Nantong University, Nantong, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yong Cai
- Department of Neurology, People’s Hospital of Binhai County, Yancheng, China
| | - Chunyan Deng
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Zehao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yuntian Shen
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Hualin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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Essential Oil from Coriandrum sativum: A review on Its Phytochemistry and Biological Activity. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020696. [PMID: 36677754 PMCID: PMC9864992 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Essential oils are hydrophobic liquids produced as secondary metabolites by specialized secretory tissues in the leaves, seeds, flowers, bark and wood of the plant, and they play an important ecological role in plants. Essential oils have been used in various traditional healing systems due to their pharmaceutical properties, and are reported to be a suitable replacement for chemical and synthetic drugs that come with adverse side effects. Thus, currently, various plant sources for essential oil production have been explored. Coriander essential oil, obtained from the leaf and seed oil of Coriandrum sativum, has been reported to have various biological activities. Apart from its application in food preservation, the oil has many pharmacological properties, including allelopathic properties. The present review discusses the phytochemical composition of the seed and leaf oil of coriander and the variation of the essential oil across various germplasms, accessions, at different growth stages and across various regions. Furthermore, the study explores various extraction and quantification methods for coriander essential oils. The study also provides detailed information on various pharmacological properties of essential oils, such as antimicrobial, anthelmintic, insecticidal, allelopathic, antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticonvulsive, antidepressant, and hepatoprotective properties, as well as playing a major role in maintaining good digestive health. Coriander essential oil is one of the most promising alternatives in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Bai D, Li X, Wang S, Zhang T, Wei Y, Wang Q, Dong W, Song J, Gao P, Li Y, Wang S, Dai L. Advances in extraction methods, chemical constituents, pharmacological activities, molecular targets and toxicology of volatile oil from Acorus calamus var. angustatus Besser. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1004529. [PMID: 36545308 PMCID: PMC9761896 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1004529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Acorus calamus var. angustatus Besser (ATT) is a traditional herb with a long medicinal history. The volatile oil of ATT (VOA) does possess many pharmacological activities. It can restore the vitality of the brain, nervous system and myocardial cells. It is used to treat various central system, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. It also showed antibacterial and antioxidant activity. Many studies have explored the benefits of VOA scientifically. This paper reviews the extraction methods, chemical components, pharmacological activities and toxicology of VOA. The molecular mechanism of VOA was elucidated. This paper will serve as a comprehensive resource for further carrying the VOA on improving its medicinal value and clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoming Bai
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China,School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China,School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Shengguang Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Tianyi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yumin Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China,School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Qingquan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China,School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Weichao Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China,School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Song
- Shandong Yuze Pharmaceutical Industry Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd, Dezhou, China
| | - Peng Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yanan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China,*Correspondence: Long Dai, ; Shaoping Wang, ; Yanan Li,
| | - Shaoping Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China,*Correspondence: Long Dai, ; Shaoping Wang, ; Yanan Li,
| | - Long Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China,*Correspondence: Long Dai, ; Shaoping Wang, ; Yanan Li,
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Liu WL, Wu BF, Shang JH, Wang XF, Zhao YL, Huang AX. Moringa oleifera seed ethanol extract and its active component kaempferol potentiate pentobarbital-induced sleeping behaviours in mice via a GABAergic mechanism. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2022; 60:810-824. [PMID: 35587996 PMCID: PMC9122383 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2022.2056207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae) (MO) is an important food plant that has high nutritional and medical value. However, there is limited information on whether its seeds can improve sleep. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the effects of MO seed ethanol extracts (EEMOS) on sleep activity improvement and examined the underlying mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male ICR mice were placed into six groups (n = 12) and treated as follows: Control (sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, 20 mL/kg), estazolam tablets (2 mg/kg), EEMOS (1, 2 g/kg) and kaempferol (1, 2 mg/kg). These samples were successively given intragastric for 14 d. Locomotor activity assay, pentobarbital-induced sleeping and pentetrazol-induced seizures tests were utilized to examine the sedative-hypnotic effects (SHE) of EEMOS. RESULTS Compared with the control group, the results revealed that EEMOS (2 g/kg) and KA (2 mg/kg) possessed good SHE and could significantly elevate the levels of γ-aminobutyric acid and reduce the levels of glutamic acid in the mouse hypothalamus (p < 0.05). Moreover, SHE was blocked by picrotoxin, flumazenil and bicuculline (p < 0.05). EEMOS (2 g/kg) and KA (2 mg/kg) significantly upregulated the protein expression levels of glutamic acid decarboxylase-65 (GAD65) and α1-subunit of GABAA receptors in the hypothalamus of mice (p < 0.05), not affecting glutamic acid decarboxylase-67 (GAD67) and γ2-subunit expression levels (p > 0.05). Additionally, they cause a significant increase in Cl- influx in human cerebellar granule cells at a concentration of 8 µg/mL (p < 0.05). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrated that EEMOS could improve sleep by regulating GABAA-ergic systems, and encourage further clinical trials to treat insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Liang Liu
- Yunnan Engineering Research Center of Fruit Wine, QuJing Normal University, QuJing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bai-Fen Wu
- Yunnan University of Business Management, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian-Hua Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xue-Feng Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yun-Li Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ai-Xiang Huang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Birhan YS. Medicinal plants utilized in the management of epilepsy in Ethiopia: ethnobotany, pharmacology and phytochemistry. Chin Med 2022; 17:129. [PMCID: PMC9675240 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-022-00686-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common central nervous system (CNS) disorder that affects 50 million people worldwide. Patients with status epilepticus (SE) suffer from devastating comorbidities and a high incidence of mortalities. Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are the mainstream treatment options for the symptomatic relief of epilepsy. The incidence of refractory epilepsy and the dose-dependent neurotoxicity of AEDs such as fatigue, cognitive impairment, dizziness, attention-deficit behavior, and other side effects are the major bottlenecks in epilepsy treatment. In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), epilepsy patients failed to adhere to the AEDs regimens and consider other options such as complementary and alternative medicines (CAMs) to relieve pain due to status epilepticus (SE). Plant-based CAMs are widely employed for the treatment of epilepsy across the globe including Ethiopia. The current review documented around 96 plant species (PS) that are often used for the treatment of epilepsy in Ethiopia. It also described the in vivo anticonvulsant activities and toxicity profiles of the antiepileptic medicinal plants (MPs). Moreover, the phytochemical constituents of MPs with profound anticonvulsant effects were also assessed. The result reiterated that a lot has to be done to show the association between herbal-based epilepsy treatment and in vivo pharmacological activities of MPs regarding their mechanism of action (MOA), toxicity profiles, and bioactive constituents so that they can advance into the clinics and serve as a treatment option for epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihenew Simegniew Birhan
- grid.449044.90000 0004 0480 6730Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Debre Markos University, P.O. Box 269, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
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11
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Choudhary N, Tewari D, Nabavi SF, Kashani HRK, Lorigooini Z, Filosa R, Khan FB, Masoudian N, Nabavi SM. Plant based food bioactives: A boon or bane for neurological disorders. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:3279-3325. [PMID: 36369694 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2131729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Neurological disorders are the foremost occurring diseases across the globe resulting in progressive dysfunction, loss of neuronal structure ultimately cell death. Therefore, attention has been drawn toward the natural resources for the search of neuroprotective agents. Plant-based food bioactives have emerged as potential neuroprotective agents for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. This comprehensive review primarily focuses on various plant food bioactive, mechanisms, therapeutic targets, in vitro and in vivo studies in the treatment of neurological disorders to explore whether they are boon or bane for neurological disorders. In addition, the clinical perspective of plant food bioactives in neurological disorders are also highlighted. Scientific evidences point toward the enormous therapeutic efficacy of plant food bioactives in the prevention or treatment of neurological disorders. Nevertheless, identification of food bioactive components accountable for the neuroprotective effects, mechanism, clinical trials, and consolidation of information flow are warranted. Plant food bioactives primarily act by mediating through various pathways including oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, apoptosis, excitotoxicity, specific proteins, mitochondrial dysfunction, and reversing neurodegeneration and can be used for the prevention and therapy of neurodegenerative disorders. In conclusion, the plant based food bioactives are boon for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Choudhary
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Adesh Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Adesh University, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Devesh Tewari
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi, India
| | - Seyed Fazel Nabavi
- Advanced Medical Pharma (AMP-Biotec), Biopharmaceutical Innovation Centre Via Cortenocera, 82030, San Salvatore Telesino, (BN), Italy
- Nutringredientes Research Center, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology (IFCE), Baturite, Ceara, Brazil
| | - Hamid Reza Khayat Kashani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Imam Hossein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Lorigooini
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Rosanna Filosa
- Advanced Medical Pharma (AMP-Biotec), Biopharmaceutical Innovation Centre Via Cortenocera, 82030, San Salvatore Telesino, (BN), Italy
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, 82100, Benevento, Italy
| | - Farheen Badrealam Khan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, The United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 15551 United Arab Emirates
| | - Nooshin Masoudian
- Advanced Medical Pharma (AMP-Biotec), Biopharmaceutical Innovation Centre Via Cortenocera, 82030, San Salvatore Telesino, (BN), Italy
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- Advanced Medical Pharma (AMP-Biotec), Biopharmaceutical Innovation Centre Via Cortenocera, 82030, San Salvatore Telesino, (BN), Italy
- Nutringredientes Research Center, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology (IFCE), Baturite, Ceara, Brazil
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12
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Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Anti-Tumor Mechanism of Eucalyptol Treatment on Neuroblastoma Cell Line SH-SY5Y. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:3854-3862. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03786-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractEucalyptol (1.8-cineole), an active component in traditional Chinese medicine Artemisia argyi for moxibustion. Previous studies have shown that eucalyptol has anti-tumor effects on leukemia and colon cancer. Nonetheless, the effect and mechanism of eucalyptol on neuroblastoma remains unclear. In the present study, we intended to reveal the effect and mechanism of eucalyptol treatment on the neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y through transcriptome analysis. In the group treated with eucalyptol, 566 brain genes were up-regulated, while 757 genes were down-regulated. GO function analysis showed that positive regulation of cell cycle was down-regulated in biological processes. Meanwhile, cancer-related pathways were identified in KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) enrichment analysis, including pathways in cancer, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, cAMP signaling pathway, TGF-beta signaling pathway, Hippo signaling pathway, p53 signaling pathway, and additional pathways. Furthermore, we found a key gene, such as MYC, by constructing a network of cancer related pathways with differentially expressed genes and transcription factor analysis. In conclusion, our research indicates that MYC might play a central role in the anit-tumor mechanisms of eucalyptol.
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13
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Retrospective study of cases of poisoning by Essential oils in Morocco. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Parvizi F, Mehrabi S, Naghizadeh A, Kamalinejad M, Goudarzi S, Farahmandfar M. Comparison of intranasal and intraperitoneal administration of Eugenia caryophyllata (clove) essential oil on spatial memory, anxiety-like behavior and locomotor activity in a pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus rat model. BMC Complement Med Ther 2022. [PMCID: PMC9426212 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-022-03711-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Epilepsy induces behavioral effects and histological changes in the hippocampus. Eugenol, the main component of clove essential oil, has modulatory effects on seizure. We aimed to investigate the effect of intraperitoneal (IP) and intranasal (IN) clove essential oil on cognitive and histological changes during the chronic phase of temporal lope epilepsy.
Methods
Male Wistar rats were divided into eight groups of seven including control, pilocarpine (PLC), clove oil (IP and IN), sesame oil (IP and IN), phenobarbital (positive control) and saline. Rats were injected with 350 mg/kg PLC to induce status epilepticus (SE). We evaluated the effects of 14 days IP (0.1 ml/kg) and IN (0.02 ml/kg) administration of clove essential oil on locomotor/explorative activity, anxiety-like behavior, spatial recognition memory, and hyperexcitability, as well as hippocampal cell survival in PLC-treated rats.
Results
Our findings indicated that clove oil could effectively ameliorate PLC-induced behavioral deficits, and also alleviate neuronal death in the cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) region of the hippocampus. Behavioral results as in the Y-maze, Open field and elevated plus maze featured significant differences between control and treated groups. Post-seizure behavioral battery (PBSS) results explicated that behavioral hyperexcitability were less in clove oil groups (both IN and IP) compared to PLC-treated rats. Moreover, results of this study demonstrated that IN administration of clove oil was more potent in alleviating behavioral impairment at a lower dosage than by IP route. The results of this study, also demonstrated that intranasal administration of clove oil could reduce duration of recurrent seizures.
Conclusion
In summary, clove oil treatment ameliorated histopathological and behavioral consequences of PLC-induced SE.
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15
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Medel-Matus JS, Orozco-Suárez S, Escalante RG. Factors not considered in the study of drug-resistant epilepsy: Psychiatric comorbidities, age, and gender. Epilepsia Open 2022. [PMID: 34967149 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12576.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In basic research and clinical practice, the control of seizures has been the most important goal, but it should not be the only one. There are factors that remain poorly understood in the study of refractory epilepsy such as the age and gender of patients and the presence of psychiatric comorbidities. It is known that in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE), the comorbidities contribute to the deterioration of the quality of life, increase the severity, and worsen the prognosis of epilepsy. Some studies have demonstrated that patients diagnosed with a co-occurrence of epilepsy and psychiatric disorders are more likely to present refractory seizures and the probability of seizure remission after pharmacotherapy is reduced. The evidence of this association suggests the presence of shared pathogenic mechanisms that may include endocrine disorders, neuroinflammatory processes, disturbances of neurotransmitters, and mechanisms triggered by stress. Additionally, significant demographic, clinical, and electrographic differences have been observed between women and men with epilepsy. Epilepsy affects the female gender in a greater proportion, although there are no studies that report whether refractoriness affects more females. The reasons behind these sex differences are unclear; however, it is likely that sex hormones and sex brain differences related to chromosomal genes play an important role. On the other hand, it has been shown in industrialized countries that prevalence of DRE is higher in the elderly when compared to youngsters. Conversely, this phenomenon is not observed in developing regions, where more cases are found in children and young adults. The correct identification and management of these factors is crucial in order to improve the quality of life of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Servando Medel-Matus
- Department of Pediatrics, Neurology Division, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sandra Orozco-Suárez
- Unit of Medical Research in Neurological Diseases, Specialty Hospital "Dr. Bernardo Sepúlveda", National Medical Center S.XXI, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ruby G Escalante
- Department of Pediatrics, Neurology Division, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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16
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Infortuna C, Gualano F, Freedberg D, Patel SP, Sheikh AM, Muscatello MRA, Bruno A, Mento C, Chusid E, Han Z, Thomas FP, Battaglia F. Motor Cortex Response to Pleasant Odor Perception and Imagery: The Differential Role of Personality Dimensions and Imagery Ability. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:943469. [PMID: 35903786 PMCID: PMC9314567 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.943469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroimaging studies have shown a complex pattern of brain activation during perception of a pleasant odor and during its olfactory imagery. To date, little is known regarding changes in motor cortex excitability during these tasks. Bergamot essential oil (BEO) is extensively used in perfumes and cosmetics for its pleasantness. Therefore, to further our understanding of the human sense of smell, this study aimed to investigate the effect of perception and imagery of a pleasant odor (BEO) on motor cortex using Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Materials and Methods We examined the primary motor cortex (M1) excitability during perception of a pleasant odor (BEO) or perception of odorless saline (experiment 1). Furthermore, we tested the effect of olfactory imagery (OI) of BEO on corticospinal excitability (experiment 2). The increase in motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitude was correlated with personality dimensions scores, pleasantness, vividness, and general imagery ability. Results The results indicate that the corticospinal excitability changed after both perception and imagery of a pleasant odor (BEO). The correlation analysis shows an association with neuroticism personality trait (experiment 1) and with general olfactory imagery ability (experiment 2). Conclusion Both perception of a pleasant odor and its olfactory imagery modulate motor cortex excitability. The enhanced brain activation is affected by specific individual characteristics. Overall, our findings provide physiological evidence for a complex interaction between the olfactory and motor systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmenrita Infortuna
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Policlinico Universitario “G. Martino”, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesca Gualano
- Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ, United States
- Department of Neurology, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ, United States
| | - David Freedberg
- Department of Art History and Archeology, Italian Academy for Advanced Studies, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sapan P. Patel
- Department of Art History and Archeology, Italian Academy for Advanced Studies, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Asad M. Sheikh
- Department of Pre-Clinical Sciences, New York College of Podiatric Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Maria Rosaria Anna Muscatello
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Policlinico Universitario “G. Martino”, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Bruno
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Policlinico Universitario “G. Martino”, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Carmela Mento
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Policlinico Universitario “G. Martino”, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Eileen Chusid
- Department of Pre-Clinical Sciences, New York College of Podiatric Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Zhiyong Han
- Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ, United States
| | - Florian P. Thomas
- Department of Neurology, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ, United States
| | - Fortunato Battaglia
- Department of Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ, United States
- Department of Neurology, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ, United States
- *Correspondence: Fortunato Battaglia,
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17
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Mathew T, John SK, Javali M, Vasireddy M, Nadig R, Sarma GRK. Substance use related cluster headache: A case series. Headache 2022; 62:908-910. [DOI: 10.1111/head.14364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mathew
- Department of Neurology St. John's Medical College Hospital Bengaluru India
| | | | - Mahendra Javali
- Department of Neurology Ramaiah Medical College Bengaluru India
| | | | - Raghunandan Nadig
- Department of Neurology St. John's Medical College Hospital Bengaluru India
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18
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Anticonvulsant Activity of trans-Anethole in Mice. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:9902905. [PMID: 35607305 PMCID: PMC9124115 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9902905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder affecting 1-2% of world population, and one-third of patients are refractory to pharmacological treatment. This fact has stimulated research for new antiepileptic drugs and natural products have been an important source. trans-Anethole (TAN) is a phenylpropanoid, component of some essential oils, extracted from plants, and its effects have been little studied. Therefore, this study is aimed at investigating the TAN effect in classic seizure models and evaluate the electroencephalographic (EEG) profile of animals treated with this substance. For this, Swiss male mice (Mus musculus) were used, and the lethal dose was evaluated and subsequently submitted to the test maximal electroshock (MES), the pentylenetetrazole- (PTZ) induced seizure test, and the EEG profile. Initially, the LD50 for TAN was estimated in 1000 mg/kg (i.p.) dose and there was no sign of acute toxicity or death. In the MES test, TAN 300, i.p. (12.00 ± 2.9 s) and 400 mg/kg, i.p. (9.00 ± 4.4 s) doses was able to decrease tonic seizures duration induced by electric discharge (0.5 mA, 150 pulses/s, for 0.5 s). In the PTZ test (75 mg/kg, i.p.), TAN 400 mg/kg, i.p. increased the latency to myoclonic jerks (80.0 (56.0-134.0)), the latency totonic-clonic seizures (900.0 (861.0-900.0) and decrease seizure duration (0.0 (0.0-10.0)). No deaths were found in this groups compared to vehicle. EEG analysis showed an amplitude decrease of waves (ratio of baseline) in TAN 300 (1.82 ± 0.23) and 400 mg/kg (1.06 ± 0.16) groups. In this way, TAN at 400 mg/kg was able to inhibit and/or attenuate seizures by increasing the time for the onset of spasms and convulsions, as reducing the duration of seizures. The EEG profile corroborate with this results showing a reduction in the amplitude of waves compared to the PTZ group. Thus, TAN showed an anticonvulsant effect in all experimental models performed, behavioral and electroencephalographic.
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19
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Hyssopus Essential Oil: An Update of Its Phytochemistry, Biological Activities, and Safety Profile. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:8442734. [PMID: 35069979 PMCID: PMC8776447 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8442734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The genus Hyssopus is widespread in central Asia, East Mediterranean, and Mongolian areas. It has six main species which are used as herbal remedies, such as Hyssopus officinalis which is used as a condiment and flavoring agent in food industry. The other five species are H. ambiguus, H. cuspidatus, H. latilabiatus, H. macranthus, and H. seravschanicus. Its species are used in the treatment of various ailments such as cold, cough, loss of appetite, fungal infection, and spasmodic condition. Its constituents especially essential oils are popularly used as an additive in beverages, foods, and cosmetics. The volatile constituents are used for aroma in the food industry, cosmetic industry, and household products. The important active constituents in its essential oils are β-pinene, pinocamphone, isopinocamphone, and other terpenoids. Hyssopus genus is also bundled with other secondary metabolites including flavonoids luteolin, quercetin, apigenin, and their glucosides, as well as phenolic compounds including ferulic, p-hydroxy-benzoic acid, protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic, and caffeic acid. Combinedly, the extracts of Hyssopus are reported to have potential antiviral and antifungal activities proven using in vitro studies, whereas in vivo investigations have reported the crucial role of Hyssopus extracts in plasma membrane relaxation, cytotoxic, and sedative effects. This plant is believed to be relatively safe at levels commonly used in foods; nevertheless, more studies are needed to determine the safety profile.
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20
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Balakrishnan R, Azam S, Kim IS, Choi DK. Neuroprotective Effects of Black Pepper and Its Bioactive Compounds in Age-Related Neurological Disorders. Aging Dis 2022; 14:750-777. [PMID: 37191428 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.1022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related neurological disorders (ANDs), including neurodegenerative diseases, are multifactorial disorders whose risk increases with age. The main pathological hallmarks of ANDs include behavioral changes, excessive oxidative stress, progressive functional declines, impaired mitochondrial function, protein misfolding, neuroinflammation, and neuronal cell death. Recently, efforts have been made to overcome ANDs because of their increased age-dependent prevalence. Black pepper, the fruit of Piper nigrum L. in the family Piperaceae, is an important food spice that has long been used in traditional medicine to treat various human diseases. Consumption of black pepper and black pepper-enriched products is associated with numerous health benefits due to its antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-obesity, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective properties. This review shows that black pepper's major bioactive neuroprotective compounds, such as piperine, effectively prevent AND symptoms and pathological conditions by modulating cell survival signaling and death. Relevant molecular mechanisms are also discussed. In addition, we highlight how recently developed novel nanodelivery systems are vital for improving the efficacy, solubility, bioavailability, and neuroprotective properties of black pepper (and thus piperine) in different experimental AND models, including clinical trials. This extensive review shows that black pepper and its active ingredients have therapeutic potential for ANDs.
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21
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Medel-Matus JS, Orozco-Suárez S, Escalante RG. Factors not considered in the study of drug-resistant epilepsy: Psychiatric comorbidities, age and gender. Epilepsia Open 2021; 7 Suppl 1:S81-S93. [PMID: 34967149 PMCID: PMC9340311 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In basic research and clinical practice, the control of seizures has been the most important goal but it should not be the only one. There are factors that remain poorly understood in the study of refractory epilepsy such as the age and gender of patients and the presence of psychiatric comorbidities. It is known that in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE), the comorbidities contribute to the deterioration of the quality of life, increase the severity, and worsen the prognosis of epilepsy. Some studies have demonstrated that patients diagnosed with a co-occurrence of epilepsy and psychiatric disorders are more likely to present refractory seizures and the probability of seizure remission after pharmacotherapy is reduced. The evidence of this association suggests the presence of shared pathogenic mechanisms that may include endocrine disorders, neuroinflammatory processes, disturbances of neurotransmitters and mechanisms triggered by stress. Additionally, significant demographic, clinical and electrographic differences have been observed between women and men with epilepsy. Epilepsy affects the female gender in a greater proportion, although there are no studies that report whether refractoriness affects more females. The reasons behind these sex differences are unclear; however, it is likely that sex hormones and sex brain differences related to chromosomal genes play an important role. On the other hand, it has been shown in industrialized countries that prevalence of DRE is higher in the elderly when compared to youngsters. Conversely, this phenomenon is not observed in developing regions, where more cases are found in children and young adults. The correct identification and management of these factors is crucial in order to improve the quality of life of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Servando Medel-Matus
- Department of Pediatrics, Neurology Division, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A
| | - Sandra Orozco-Suárez
- Unit of Medical Research in Neurological Diseases, Specialty Hospital "Dr, Bernardo Sepúlveda", National Medical Center S.XXI, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ruby G Escalante
- Department of Pediatrics, Neurology Division, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A
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22
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Chindo BA, Howes MJR, Abuhamdah S, Yakubu MI, Ayuba GI, Battison A, Chazot PL. New Insights Into the Anticonvulsant Effects of Essential Oil From Melissa officinalis L. (Lemon Balm). Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:760674. [PMID: 34721045 PMCID: PMC8551917 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.760674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Melissa officinalis L. is used in traditional European and Iranian folk medicines to treat a plethora of neurological diseases including epilepsy. We utilized the in vitro and in vivo models of epilepsy to probe the anticonvulsant potentials of essential oil from M. officinalis (MO) to gain insight into the scientific basis for its applications in traditional medicine for the management of convulsive disorders. MO was evaluated for effects on maximal electroshock (MES) and pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) -induced seizures in mice, on 4–aminopyridine (4-AP)-brain slice model of epilepsy and sustained repetitive firing of current clamped neurons; and its ameliorative effects were examined on seizure severity, anxiety, depression, cognitive dysfunction, oxidative stress and neuronal cell loss in PTZ-kindled rats. MO reversibly blocked spontaneous ictal-like discharges in the 4-AP-brain slice model of epilepsy and secondary spikes from sustained repetitive firing, suggesting anticonvulsant effects and voltage-gated sodium channel blockade. MO protected mice from PTZ– and MES–induced seizures and mortality, and ameliorated seizure severity, fear-avoidance, depressive-like behavior, cognitive deficits, oxidative stress and neuronal cell loss in PTZ–kindled rats. The findings warrant further study for the potential use of MO and/or its constituent(s) as adjunctive therapy for epileptic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben A Chindo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria
| | | | - Sawsan Abuhamdah
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom.,College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Musa I Yakubu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria
| | - Godwin I Ayuba
- Department of Anatomic Pathology and Forensic Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria
| | | | - Paul L Chazot
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
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23
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Bandi R, Lathiya R, Lingappa L, Konanki R. Herbal Medicine-Induced Seizures in Children: Single-Center Experience Over 18 Months. Indian Pediatr 2021. [PMID: 33452778 PMCID: PMC7840423 DOI: 10.1007/s13312-021-2099-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Bandi
- Department of Neurology, Rainbow Children's Hospital, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad 500 034, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Rini Lathiya
- Department of Genetics, Rainbow Children's Hospital, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad 500 034, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Lokesh Lingappa
- Department of Neurology, Rainbow Children's Hospital, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad 500 034, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Ramesh Konanki
- Department of Neurology, Rainbow Children's Hospital, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad 500 034, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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24
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Seyed MA, Ayesha S, Azmi N, Al-Rabae FM, Al-Alawy AI, Al-Zahrani OR, Hawsawi Y. The neuroprotective attribution of Ocimum basilicum: a review on the prevention and management of neurodegenerative disorders. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-021-00295-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Bioactive principles from various natural resources including medicinal herbs have always played a crucial role in healthcare settings and increasingly became key players in drug discovery and development for many biopharmaceutical applications. Additionally, natural products (NPs) have immense arrangement of distinctive chemical structures with diverse functional groups that motivated numerous investigators including synthetic chemists to discover new therapeutic entities. Numerous pre-clinical investigations involving the animal models have evident the usefulness of these NPs against various human diseases including neurodegenerative disorders (NDs).
Main text
Ocimum basilicum Linn (O. basilicum L.), also known as sweet basil, is well practiced in traditional healthcare systems and has been used to treat various human illnesses, which include malaria, skin disease, diarrhea, bronchitis, dysentery, arthritis, eye diseases, and insect bites and emphasize the significance of the ethno-botanical approach as a potential source of novel drug leads With the growing interest in advanced techniques, herbal medicine and medicinal plants explorations are still considered to be a novel resource for new pharmacotherapeutic discovery and development. O. basilicum L and its bioactive principles including apigenin, eugenol, myretenal, β-sitosterol, luteolin, rosmarinic acid, carnosic acid, essential oil (EO)-rich phenolic compounds, and others like anthocyanins and flavones could be of therapeutic values in NDs by exhibiting their neuro-protective efficacy on various signaling pathways. The present comprehensive review collected various related information using the following searching engines such as PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, etc. and focused mainly the English written documents. The search period comprised of last two decades until present.
Conclusion
Although these efficacious plant genera of prime importance and has potential medical and socioeconomic importance, yet the pivotal evidence for its neuroprotective potential in novel clinical trials remains lacking. However, with the available wealth of obtainable literature on this medicinal plant, which supports this review and concludes that O. basilicum L may function as a promising therapeutics for the treatment of NDs.
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Sharifi-Rad J, Quispe C, Herrera-Bravo J, Martorell M, Sharopov F, Tumer TB, Kurt B, Lankatillake C, Docea AO, Moreira AC, Dias DA, Mahomoodally MF, Lobine D, Cruz-Martins N, Kumar M, Calina D. A Pharmacological Perspective on Plant-derived Bioactive Molecules for Epilepsy. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:2205-2225. [PMID: 34120291 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03376-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a related chronic neurological condition of a predisposition for recurrent epileptic seizures, with various manifestations and causes. Although there are antiepileptic drugs, complementary natural therapies are widely used. The purpose of this systematic review was to analyze the antiepileptic/anticonvulsant pharmacological properties of plant-food derived bioactive molecules. In this regard, a systematic review of the PubMed database was made based on the inclusion criteria. Natural compounds/herbs with scientifically proven antiepileptic properties were selected. Experimental pharmacological studies in vitro and in vivo have shown that flavonoids, alkaloids and terpenoids may have anticonvulsant mechanisms similar to the new generation antiepileptic drugs. The relationships of structure-anticonvulsant effect, pharmacological models, seizure-inducing factors and response, effective dose were also analyzed and discussed. The results of in vitro and in vivo pharmacological studies analyzed in this systematic review support the clinical importance of plant-food-derived bioactive molecules for the complementary treatment of epilepsy. Thus, are opened new perspectives to develop new natural anticonvulsant drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Azuay, Cuenca, Ecuador.
| | - Cristina Quispe
- Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Avda. Arturo Prat 2120, Iquique, Chile
| | - Jesús Herrera-Bravo
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomas, Santiago, Chile.,Center of Molecular Biology and Pharmacogenetics, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, Universidad de La Frontera, 4811230, Temuco, Chile
| | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepcion, 4070386, Concepcion, Chile.,Universidad de Concepción, Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico, UDT, 4070386, Concepcion, Chile
| | - Farukh Sharopov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Avicenna Tajik State Medical University, Rudaki 139, Dushanbe, 734003, Tajikistan
| | - Tugba Boyunegmez Tumer
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Science, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, 17020, Turkey
| | - Begum Kurt
- Graduate Program of Biomolecular Sciences, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, 17020, Turkey
| | - Chintha Lankatillake
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Anca Oana Docea
- Department of Toxicology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349, Craiova, Romania
| | - Ana Catarina Moreira
- Pulmonology Department, Hospital Garcia de Orta, EPE Almada, 2801-951, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Daniel A Dias
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, PO Box 71, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia.
| | | | - Devina Lobine
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Mauritius, Réduit, 80837, Mauritius
| | - Natália Cruz-Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal. .,Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal. .,Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Chemical and Biochemical Processing Division, ICAR - Central Institute for Research on Cotton Echnology, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349, Craiova, Romania.
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Lunz K, Stappen I. Back to the Roots-An Overview of the Chemical Composition and Bioactivity of Selected Root-Essential Oils. Molecules 2021; 26:3155. [PMID: 34070487 PMCID: PMC8197530 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Since ancient times, plant roots have been widely used in traditional medicine for treating various ailments and diseases due to their beneficial effects. A large number of studies have demonstrated that-besides their aromatic properties-their biological activity can often be attributed to volatile constituents. This review provides a comprehensive overview of investigations into the chemical composition of essential oils and volatile components obtained from selected aromatic roots, including Angelica archangelica, Armoracia rusticana, Carlina sp., Chrysopogon zizanioides, Coleus forskohlii, Inula helenium, Sassafras albidum, Saussurea costus, and Valeriana officinalis. Additionally, their most important associated biological impacts are reported, such as anticarcinogenic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, pesticidal, and other miscellaneous properties. Various literature and electronic databases-including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Springer, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Wiley-were screened and data was obtained accordingly. The results indicate the promising properties of root-essential oils and their potential as a source for natural biologically active products for flavor, pharmaceutical, agricultural, and fragrance industries. However, more research is required to further establish the mechanism of action mediating these bioactivities as well as essential oil standardization because the chemical composition often strongly varies depending on external factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iris Stappen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
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Mathew T, K John S, Kamath V, Sarma GRK, J Parry G. Response to letter to the Editor. Epilepsy Res 2021; 180:106661. [PMID: 33994258 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2021.106661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mathew
- Department of Neurology, St. John's Medical College Hospital, Sarjapura Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560034, India.
| | - Saji K John
- Department of Neurology, St. John's Medical College Hospital, Sarjapura Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560034, India
| | - Vikram Kamath
- Department of Neurology, Apollo Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - G R K Sarma
- Department of Neurology, St. John's Medical College Hospital, Sarjapura Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560034, India
| | - Gareth J Parry
- Department of Neurology, St. John's Medical College Hospital, Sarjapura Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560034, India
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Chiriac AP, Rusu AG, Nita LE, Chiriac VM, Neamtu I, Sandu A. Polymeric Carriers Designed for Encapsulation of Essential Oils with Biological Activity. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13050631. [PMID: 33925127 PMCID: PMC8146382 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The article reviews the possibilities of encapsulating essential oils EOs, due to their multiple benefits, controlled release, and in order to protect them from environmental conditions. Thus, we present the natural polymers and the synthetic macromolecular chains that are commonly used as networks for embedding EOs, owing to their biodegradability and biocompatibility, interdependent encapsulation methods, and potential applicability of bioactive blend structures. The possibilities of using artificial intelligence to evaluate the bioactivity of EOs—in direct correlation with their chemical constitutions and structures, in order to avoid complex laboratory analyses, to save money and time, and to enhance the final consistency of the products—are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurica P. Chiriac
- Department of Natural Polymers, Bioactive and Biocompatible Materials, Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (A.G.R.); (L.E.N.); (I.N.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Alina G. Rusu
- Department of Natural Polymers, Bioactive and Biocompatible Materials, Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (A.G.R.); (L.E.N.); (I.N.); (A.S.)
| | - Loredana E. Nita
- Department of Natural Polymers, Bioactive and Biocompatible Materials, Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (A.G.R.); (L.E.N.); (I.N.); (A.S.)
| | - Vlad M. Chiriac
- Faculty of Electronics Telecommunications and Information Technology, Gh. Asachi Technical University, 700050 Iași, Romania;
| | - Iordana Neamtu
- Department of Natural Polymers, Bioactive and Biocompatible Materials, Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (A.G.R.); (L.E.N.); (I.N.); (A.S.)
| | - Alina Sandu
- Department of Natural Polymers, Bioactive and Biocompatible Materials, Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (A.G.R.); (L.E.N.); (I.N.); (A.S.)
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Mathew T, K John S, Kamath V, Kumar R S, Jadav R, Swamy S, Adoor G, Shaji A, Nadig R, Badachi S, D Souza D, Therambil M, Sarma GRK, J Parry G. Essential oil related seizures (EORS): A multi-center prospective study on essential oils and seizures in adults. Epilepsy Res 2021; 173:106626. [PMID: 33813360 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2021.106626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Essential oils (EOs) like eucalyptus and camphor have pro-convulsant properties. These EOs are present in many over- the- counter balms and oils. The effect of exposure to these EOs and occurrence of seizure is not systematically studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between essential oils and the first episode of seizure and breakthrough seizures in known epileptic patients. METHODS This was a multi-center prospective study, conducted in four hospitals over four years. Every person presenting with the first episode of seizure or breakthrough seizure was asked about exposure to EOs, mode of exposure, time to onset of a seizure in relationship to exposure, duration of seizure, type of seizure, and antiepileptic drug therapy. RESULTS During the four-year period there were 55 patients with essential oil-related seizure (EORS). 22(40 %) had essential oil-induced seizures (EOIS) and 33(60 %) had essential oil-provoked seizures (EOPS). The female: male ratio was 1:1.1, the age of the patients ranged from 8 months to 77 years. In the EOIS group, 95 % had generalized tonic-clonic seizures and 5% had focal impaired awareness seizures. In the EOPS group, 42.4 % had focal impaired awareness seizures, 27.3 % generalized tonic-clonic seizures, 15 % focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures, and 15 % focal aware motor seizures. EOs implicated were preparations containing eucalyptus and camphor. CONCLUSION Exposure to essential oils of eucalyptus and camphor is an under-recognized cause of the first and breakthrough seizure. Identifying the true causative factor will prevent unnecessary antiepileptic drug therapy and future recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mathew
- Department of Neurology, St. John's Medical College Hospital, Sarjapura Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560034, India.
| | - Saji K John
- Department of Neurology, St. John's Medical College Hospital, Sarjapura Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560034, India
| | - Vikram Kamath
- Department of Neurology, Apollo Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Shiva Kumar R
- Department of Neurology, Sakra World Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Rakesh Jadav
- Department of Neurology, Apollo Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Sreekanta Swamy
- Department of Neurology, Apollo Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Gurucharan Adoor
- Department of Neurology, Vydehi Institute of Medical Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Asha Shaji
- Department of Neurology, St. John's Medical College Hospital, Sarjapura Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560034, India
| | - Raghunandan Nadig
- Department of Neurology, St. John's Medical College Hospital, Sarjapura Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560034, India
| | - Sagar Badachi
- Department of Neurology, St. John's Medical College Hospital, Sarjapura Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560034, India
| | - Delon D Souza
- Department of Neurology, St. John's Medical College Hospital, Sarjapura Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560034, India
| | - Manjusha Therambil
- Department of Neurology, St. John's Medical College Hospital, Sarjapura Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560034, India
| | - G R K Sarma
- Department of Neurology, St. John's Medical College Hospital, Sarjapura Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560034, India
| | - Gareth J Parry
- Department of Neurology, St. John's Medical College Hospital, Sarjapura Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560034, India
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Sai Chandar D, Prashanthi M, Laxman Kumar C, Amith Kumar C. Eucalyptus Oil-Induced Seizures in Children: A Single-Center Prospective Study. Cureus 2021; 13:e14109. [PMID: 33927923 PMCID: PMC8075753 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.14109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Eucalyptus oil (EO) is known to have proconvulsant properties. EO is present in many over-the-counter preparations and used orally or topically to treat many ailments. In this study, we seek to describe clinical features, neuroimaging, and electroencephalographic findings and follow up outcome in children with eucalyptus oil-induced seizures (EOIS). Materials and methods This was a single-center prospective observational study, conducted at a tertiary care hospital from South India over a period of two years. Children (up to 18 years of age) with a first afebrile seizure or breakthrough seizures with preexisting epilepsy and with a recent exposure to EO were included. Data from all the children including demographic data, exposure to EO, mode of exposure, time to onset of seizures in relation to exposure, duration of seizure, type of seizure, investigations, and antiepileptic drug therapy were noted. All the patients were followed up for recurrence of seizures for six to nine months. Results During the study period of two years, a total of 17 children met the inclusion criteria, with a median (range) age of 3.75 years (23 - 150 months) and 10 (59%) were male. Only one patient had breakthrough seizures and all other 16 children had a first episode of seizure. All the children had generalized tonic-clonic seizures with median duration of three minutes (30 sec - 30 minutes). The median (range) interval between EO exposure and the onset of seizures was 20 minutes (10 - 120 minutes). All the children had taken EO drops orally mixed in either water or milk in different amounts. All the patients' brain neuroimaging was normal. All the patients had normal electroencephalography except for four children. Only five patients were treated with antiepileptic drugs for two weeks and one patient with preexisting epilepsy was continued on the same antiepileptic drug. None of the patients had a recurrence of seizures during the follow-up period of six to nine months. Conclusion EOIS is an underrecognized and rare entity of seizures in children. EOIS can occur as first seizures or as breakthrough seizures in preexisting epilepsy patients. Despite the previous case reports in the literature quoting the seizurogenic potential of EO, this awareness is lacking in both clinicians and parents. We also recommend clinicians inquire about exposure to EO while approaching a child with first afebrile seizures or breakthrough seizures, which can prevent unnecessary investigations and long-term antiepileptic drug therapy.
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He LY, Hu MB, Li RL, Zhao R, Fan LH, He L, Lu F, Ye X, Huang YL, Wu CJ. Natural Medicines for the Treatment of Epilepsy: Bioactive Components, Pharmacology and Mechanism. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:604040. [PMID: 33746751 PMCID: PMC7969896 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.604040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic disease that can cause temporary brain dysfunction as a result of sudden abnormal discharge of the brain neurons. The seizure mechanism of epilepsy is closely related to the neurotransmitter imbalance, synaptic recombination, and glial cell proliferation. In addition, epileptic seizures can lead to mitochondrial damage, oxidative stress, and the disorder of sugar degradation. Although the mechanism of epilepsy research has reached up to the genetic level, the presently available treatment and recovery records of epilepsy does not seem promising. Recently, natural medicines have attracted more researches owing to their low toxicity and side-effects as well as the excellent efficacy, especially in chronic diseases. In this study, the antiepileptic mechanism of the bioactive components of natural drugs was reviewed so as to provide a reference for the development of potential antiepileptic drugs. Based on the different treatment mechanisms of natural drugs considered in this review, it is possible to select drugs clinically. Improving the accuracy of medication and the cure rate is expected to compensate for the shortage of the conventional epilepsy treatment drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ying He
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Mei-Bian Hu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Food engineering, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, China
| | - Ruo-Lan Li
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Rong Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin-Hong Fan
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin He
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Feng Lu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xun Ye
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong-Liang Huang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chun-Jie Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Bandi R, Lathiya R, Lingappa L, Konanki R, Kimiya T, Shinjoh M, Miyata A, Takahashi T, Shah S, Kaul A, Shah R, Maddipoti S. Herbal Medicine-Induced Seizures in Children: Single-Center Experience Over 18 Months. Indian Pediatr 2021; 58:71-73. [PMID: 33452778 PMCID: PMC7840423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2024]
Abstract
Many common household herbal preparations may have seizurogenic ingredients. We report 15 children with seizures following exposure to such compounds: oral ingestion of liquid preparation in 13, and local application of balm and Eucalyptus oil ingestion in one each. All children, except one, had generalized seizures. This study highlights the need to address this history during evaluation of first seizure, and increase awareness of seizurogenic potential of such preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Bandi
- Department of Neurology, Rainbow Children’s Hospital, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, 500 034 India
| | - Rini Lathiya
- Department of Genetics, Rainbow Children’s Hospital, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, 500 034 India
| | - Lokesh Lingappa
- Department of Neurology, Rainbow Children’s Hospital, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, 500 034 India
| | - Ramesh Konanki
- Department of Neurology, Rainbow Children’s Hospital, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, 500 034 India
| | - Takahisa Kimiya
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Saiwai Pediatric Clinic, Tachikawa-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Shinjoh
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Miyata
- Saiwai Pediatric Clinic, Tachikawa-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takao Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sachin Shah
- Surya Mother and Child Superspecialty Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, 411 057 India
| | - Amita Kaul
- Surya Mother and Child Superspecialty Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, 411 057 India
| | - Rima Shah
- Surya Mother and Child Superspecialty Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, 411 057 India
| | - Sankeerth Maddipoti
- Surya Mother and Child Superspecialty Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, 411 057 India
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Seo S, Song Y, Gu SM, Min HK, Hong JT, Cha HJ, Yun J. D-limonene Inhibits Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Seizure via Adenosine A2A Receptor Modulation on GABAergic Neuronal Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239277. [PMID: 33291789 PMCID: PMC7730947 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by the recurrence of seizures. One-third of patients with epilepsy may not respond to antiseizure drugs. Purpose: We aimed to examine whether D-limonene, a cyclic monoterpene, exhibited any antiseizure activity in the pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced kindling mouse model and in vitro. Methods: PTZ kindling mouse model was established by administering PTZ (30 mg/kg) intraperitoneally to mice once every 48 h. We performed immunoblot blots, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis after the behavioral study. Results: An acute injection of PTZ (60 mg/kg) induced seizure in mice, while pretreatment with D-limonene inhibited PTZ-induced seizure. Repeated administration of PTZ (30 mg/kg) increased the seizure score gradually in mice, which was reduced in D-limonene (10 mg/kg)-pretreated group. In addition, D-limonene treatment increased glutamate decarboxylase-67 (GAD-67) expression in the hippocampus. Axonal sprouting of hippocampal neurons after kindling was inhibited by D-limonene pretreatment. Moreover, D-limonene reduced the expression levels of Neuronal PAS Domain Protein 4 (Npas4)-induced by PTZ. Furthermore, the adenosine A2A antagonist SCH58261 and ZM241385 inhibited anticonvulsant activity and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurotransmission-induced by D-limonene. Conclusion: These results suggest that D-limonene exhibits anticonvulsant activity through modulation of adenosine A2A receptors on GABAergic neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sowoon Seo
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro 194-31, Osong-eup, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28160, Korea; (S.S.); (Y.S.); (S.M.G.); (H.K.M.); (J.T.H.)
| | - Yunjeong Song
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro 194-31, Osong-eup, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28160, Korea; (S.S.); (Y.S.); (S.M.G.); (H.K.M.); (J.T.H.)
| | - Sun Mi Gu
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro 194-31, Osong-eup, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28160, Korea; (S.S.); (Y.S.); (S.M.G.); (H.K.M.); (J.T.H.)
| | - Hyun Kyu Min
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro 194-31, Osong-eup, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28160, Korea; (S.S.); (Y.S.); (S.M.G.); (H.K.M.); (J.T.H.)
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro 194-31, Osong-eup, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28160, Korea; (S.S.); (Y.S.); (S.M.G.); (H.K.M.); (J.T.H.)
| | - Hye Jin Cha
- Narcotics Policy Division, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong-eup, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28160, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.J.C.); (J.Y.); Tel.: +82-43-719-5204 (H.J.C.); +82-43-261-2827 (J.Y.)
| | - Jaesuk Yun
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro 194-31, Osong-eup, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28160, Korea; (S.S.); (Y.S.); (S.M.G.); (H.K.M.); (J.T.H.)
- Correspondence: (H.J.C.); (J.Y.); Tel.: +82-43-719-5204 (H.J.C.); +82-43-261-2827 (J.Y.)
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Muthaffar OY. Treating epilepsy with options other than antiepileptic medications. NEUROSCIENCES (RIYADH, SAUDI ARABIA) 2020; 25:253-261. [PMID: 33130805 PMCID: PMC8015608 DOI: 10.17712/nsj.2020.4.20200010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common health burden worldwide. Epilepsy is linked to variety of factors, including infectious, vascular, immune, structural, genetic, and metabolic etiologies. Despite the existence of multiple antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), many patients are diagnosed with intractable epilepsy. Many nonpharmacological options are available for epilepsy. Some types of epilepsy respond to cofactors. Other patients may be candidates for a ketogenic diet. Inflammatory mediators, such as intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIgs) and steroids, are other options for epilepsy. Recently, cannabinoids have been approved for epilepsy treatment. Refractory epilepsy can be treated with surgical interventions. Focal resections, hemispherectomies, and corpus callosotomies are some common epilepsy surgery approaches. Neuromodulation techniques are another option. Thermal ablation is a minimally invasive approach for epilepsy treatment. Epilepsy outcomes are improving, and treatment modalities are expanding. Trials of nonpharmacological options for epilepsy patients are recommended. This article summarizes available nonpharmacological options other than AEDs for the treatment of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama Y Muthaffar
- Department of Pediatrics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. E-mail:
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Electrocorticographic patterns dominated by low-frequency waves in camphor-induced seizures. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18222. [PMID: 33106574 PMCID: PMC7588455 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75309-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Camphor is an aromatic terpene compound found in the essential oils of many plants, which has been used for centuries as a herbal medicine, especially in children. However, many studies have shown that camphor may have major side effects, including neurological manifestation, such as seizures. In the present study, we investigated the electrocorticographic patterns of seizures induced by camphor in male adult Wistar rats. Each rat received 400 mg/kg (i.p.) of camphor prior to monitoring by electrocorticography. The application of camphor resulted a rapid evolution to seizure and marked changes in the electrocorticographic readings, which presented characteristics of epileptiform activity, with an increase in the total power wave. The decomposition of the cerebral waves revealed an increase in the delta and theta waves. The analysis of the camphor traces revealed severe ictal activity marked by an increase in the polyspike wave. Our data thus indicate that camphor may cause seizures, leading to tonic–clonic seizures. Clearly, further studies are necessary to better elucidate the mechanisms through which camphor acts on the brain, and to propose potential treatments with anticonvulsant drugs that are effective for the control of the seizures.
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Abdelmonem R, Azer MS, Makky A, Zaghloul A, El-Nabarawi M, Nada A. Development, Characterization, and in-vivo Pharmacokinetic Study of Lamotrigine Solid Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2020; 14:4343-4362. [PMID: 33116420 PMCID: PMC7585523 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s263898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to prepare solid self-nanoemulsified drug delivery system (S-SNEDDS) of lamotrigine (LMG) for enhancing its dissolution and oral bioavailability (BA). Methods Nineteen liquid SNEDDS were prepared (R1-R19) using D-optimal design with different ratios of oil, surfactant (S), and cosurfactant (Cos). The formulations were characterized regarding robustness to dilution, droplet size, thermodynamic stability testing, self-emulsification time, in-vitro release in 0.1 N HCl and phosphate buffer (PB; pH 6.8). Design Expert® 11 software was used to select the optimum formulations. Eight S-SNEDDS were prepared (S1-S8) using 23 factorial design, and characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The optimum formulation was chosen regarding in-vitro drug released in 0.1 N HCl and PB, compared to pure LMG and commercial tablet (Lamictal®). The BA of LMG from the optimized S-SNEDDS formulation was evaluated in rabbits compared to pure LMG and Lamictal®. Results The optimized S-SNEDDS was S2, consisting of R9 adsorbed on Aeroperl® 300 in a ratio of 1:1, with the best results regarding in-vitro drug released in 0.1 N HCl at 15 min (100%) compared to pure LMG (73.40%) and Lamictal® (79.43%), and in-vitro drug released in PB at 45 min (100%) compared to pure LMG (30.46%) and Lamictal® (92.08%). DSC, PXRD, and SEM indicated that LMG was molecularly dispersed within the solid nano-system. The BA of S2 was increased 2.03 and 1.605 folds compared to pure LMG, and Lamictal®, respectively. Conclusion S2 is a promising S-SNEDDS formulation. It can be a potential carrier for improving dissolution, and BA of LMG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehab Abdelmonem
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr University for Science and Technology, 6th of October City, Giza, Egypt
| | - Marian Sobhy Azer
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr University for Science and Technology, 6th of October City, Giza, Egypt
| | - Amna Makky
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abdelazim Zaghloul
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Mohamed El-Nabarawi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Aly Nada
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
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Pharmacology of Herbal Sexual Enhancers: A Review of Psychiatric and Neurological Adverse Effects. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13100309. [PMID: 33066617 PMCID: PMC7602496 DOI: 10.3390/ph13100309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual enhancers increase sexual potency, sexual pleasure, or libido. Substances increasing libido alter the concentrations of specific neurotransmitters or sex hormones in the central nervous system. Interestingly, the same pathways are involved in the mechanisms underlying many psychiatric and neurological disorders, and adverse reactions associated with the use of aphrodisiacs are strongly expected. However, sexual enhancers of plant origin have gained popularity over recent years, as natural substances are often regarded as a safer alternative to modern medications and are easily acquired without prescription. We reviewed the psychiatric and neurological adverse effects associated with the consumption of herbal aphrodisiacs Areca catechu L., Argemone Mexicana L., Citrus aurantium L., Eurycoma longifolia Jack., Lepidium meyenii Walp., Mitragyna speciosa Korth., Panax ginseng C. A. Mey, Panax quinquefolius L., Pausinystalia johimbe (K. Schum.) Pierre ex Beille, Piper methysticum G. Forst., Ptychopetalum olacoides Benth., Sceletium tortuosum (L.) N. E. Brown, Turnera diffusa Willd. ex. Schult., Voacanga africana Stapf ex Scott-Elliot, and Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal. A literature search was conducted on the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases with the aim of identifying all the relevant articles published on the issue up to June 2020. Most of the selected sexual enhancers appeared to be safe at therapeutic doses, although mild to severe adverse effects may occur in cases of overdosing or self-medication with unstandardized products. Drug interactions are more concerning, considering that herbal aphrodisiacs are likely used together with other plant extracts and/or pharmaceuticals. However, few data are available on the side effects of several plants included in this review, and more clinical studies with controlled administrations should be conducted to address this issue.
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Mathew T, John SK, Kamath V, Kumar R S, Jadav R, Shaji A, Nadig R, Sarma GRK, Parry GJ. Essential oil-related status epilepticus: A small case series study. J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open 2020; 1:918-921. [PMID: 33145540 PMCID: PMC7593459 DOI: 10.1002/emp2.12147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Essential oils are plant-derived oils and are widely used as an over-the-counter remedy for common ailments. Many essential oils are found to have proconvulsant effects. Here we report a small case series of 3 adults with eseential oil-related status epilepticus. METHODS This was an observational study conducted in a tertiary care hospital in south India from January 2018 to December 2019. We collected the demographic, clinical, and imaging features of all cases of status epilepticus resulting from exposure to essential oils. Cases of status epilepticus secondary to all other causes were excluded. RESULTS There were 3 young adults with essential oil-related status epilepticus. Two had de novo generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, and 1 with posttraumatic occipital lobe epilepsy had focal-impaired awareness status epilepticus. The first 2 cases presented with histories of ingestion of eucalyptus oil. The third case had focal-impaired awareness status epilepticus after topical application of various balms containing eucalyptus and camphor. CONCLUSIONS Proconvulsant essential oils of eucalyptus and camphor can cause both generalized and focal status epilepticus. Physicians dealing with patients of status epilepticus should enquire about the exposure to proconvulsant essential oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mathew
- Department of NeurologySt. John's Medical College HospitalBengaluruKarnatakaIndia
| | - Saji K. John
- Department of NeurologySt. John's Medical College HospitalBengaluruKarnatakaIndia
| | - Vikram Kamath
- Department of Neurology, Apollo HospitalBengaluruKarnatakaIndia
| | - Shiva Kumar R
- Department of Neurology, Sakra World HospitalBengaluruKarnatakaIndia
| | - Rakesh Jadav
- Department of Neurology, Apollo HospitalBengaluruKarnatakaIndia
| | - Asha Shaji
- Department of NeurologySt. John's Medical College HospitalBengaluruKarnatakaIndia
| | - Raghunandan Nadig
- Department of NeurologySt. John's Medical College HospitalBengaluruKarnatakaIndia
| | | | - Gareth J. Parry
- Department of NeurologySt. John's Medical College HospitalBengaluruKarnatakaIndia
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Aghamiri H, Shafaroodi H, Asgarpanah J. Anticonvulsant Activity of Essential Oil From Leaves of Zhumeria majdae (Rech.) in Mice: The Role of GABA A Neurotransmission and the Nitric Oxide Pathway. Clin Transl Sci 2020; 13:785-797. [PMID: 32027449 PMCID: PMC7359939 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The essential oil from the leaves of Zhumeria majdae Rech. (ZMEO) has been shown to have several beneficial effects in the clinic. In this work we examined the anticonvulsant activities of ZMEO in an experimental mouse model of seizure and aimed to identify any possible underlying mechanisms. ZMEO (5, 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg intraperitoneally (i.p.)) or diazepam, as the reference anticonvulsant drug (25, 50 and 100 µg/kg i.p.), were administered 60 minutes prior to pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) injection (intravenously (i.v.) or i.p.) and changes in threshold, latency, and frequency of clonic seizure were examined. The PTZ i.p.-induced model of seizure was also applied for examining the protective effects of ZMEO pretreatment against PTZ-induced mortality. In some studies, the anticonvulsant effect of the combination of diazepam and ZMEO was also studied. The protective effects of ZMEO against hindlimb tonic extensions (HLTEs) were also examined by maximal electroshock (MES) seizure testing. The γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic mechanism and nitric oxide (NO) pathway involvement in anticonvulsant activity of ZMEO were assessed by pretreating animals with flumazenil, Nω -nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), aminoguanidine, and L-arginine in a PTZ-induced model of seizure. Administration of 20 mg/kg ZMEO significantly increased chronic seizure threshold and latency while reducing frequency of convulsions and mortality in the PTZ-induced model. In the doses studied, ZMEO could not protect mice from HLTE and mortality induced by MES. Pretreatment with L-arginine and diazepam potentiated the anticonvulsant effects of ZMEO, whereas pretreatment with L-NAME, aminoguanidine, and flumazenil reversed anticonvulsant activity. The anticonvulsant activity of ZMEO may be mediated in part through a GABAergic mechanism and the NO signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helia Aghamiri
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyFaculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesTehran Medical SciencesIslamic Azad UniversityTehranIran
- Department of PharmacologySchool of MedicineIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Hamed Shafaroodi
- Department of PharmacologySchool of MedicineTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Jinous Asgarpanah
- Department of PharmacognosyFaculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesTehran Medical SciencesIslamic Azad UniversityTehranIran
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Mills MG, Ramsden R, Ma EY, Corrales J, Kristofco LA, Steele WB, Saari GN, Melnikov F, Kostal J, Kavanagh TJ, Zimmerman JB, Voutchkova-Kostal AM, Brooks BW, Coish P, Anastas PT, Gallagher E. CRISPR-Generated Nrf2a Loss- and Gain-of-Function Mutants Facilitate Mechanistic Analysis of Chemical Oxidative Stress-Mediated Toxicity in Zebrafish. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:426-435. [PMID: 31858786 PMCID: PMC7749997 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor Nrf2a induces a cellular antioxidant response and provides protection against chemical-induced oxidative stress, as well as playing a critical role in development and disease. Zebrafish are a powerful model to study the role of Nrf2a in these processes but have been limited by reliance on transient gene knockdown techniques or mutants with only partial functional alteration. We developed several lines of zebrafish carrying different null (loss of function, LOF) or hyperactive (gain of function, GOF) mutations to facilitate our understanding of the Nrf2a pathway in protecting against oxidative stress. The mutants confirmed Nrf2a dependence for induction of the antioxidant genes gclc, gstp, prdx1, and gpx1a and identified a role for Nrf2a in the baseline expression of these genes, as well as for sod1. Specifically, the 4-fold induction of gstp by tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP) in wild type fish was abolished in LOF mutants. In addition, baseline gstp expression in GOF mutants increased by 12.6-fold and in LOF mutants was 0.8-fold relative to wild type. Nrf2a LOF mutants showed increased sensitivity to the acute toxicity of cumene hydroperoxide (CHP) and tBHP throughout the first 4 days of development. Conversely, GOF mutants were less sensitive to CHP toxicity during the first 4 days of development and were protected against the toxicity of both hydroperoxides after 4 dpf. Neither gain nor loss of Nrf2a modulated the toxicity of R-(-)-carvone (CAR), despite the ability of this compound to potently induce Nrf2a-dependent antioxidant genes. Similar to other species, GOF zebrafish mutants exhibited significant growth and survival defects. In summary, these new genetic tools can be used to facilitate the identification of downstream gene targets of Nrf2a, better define the role of Nrf2a in the toxicity of environmental chemicals, and further the study of diseases involving altered Nrf2a function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret G. Mills
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States
| | - Richard Ramsden
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States
| | - Eva Y. Ma
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States
| | - Jone Corrales
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Baylor University, Baylor Sciences Building, One Bear Place #97266, Waco Texas 76798, United States
| | - Lauren A. Kristofco
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Baylor University, Baylor Sciences Building, One Bear Place #97266, Waco Texas 76798, United States
| | - W. Baylor Steele
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Baylor University, Baylor Sciences Building, One Bear Place #97266, Waco Texas 76798, United States
| | - Gavin N. Saari
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Baylor University, Baylor Sciences Building, One Bear Place #97266, Waco Texas 76798, United States
| | - Fjodor Melnikov
- School of Forestry and Environmental Science, Yale University, 195 Prospect St., New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Jakub Kostal
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Science & Engineering Hall, Suite 4000, 800 22nd St NW, Washington, DC 20052, United States
| | - Terrance J. Kavanagh
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States
| | - Julie B. Zimmerman
- School of Forestry and Environmental Science, Yale University, 195 Prospect St., New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, PO Box 208292, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Adelina M. Voutchkova-Kostal
- Department of Chemistry, The George Washington University, Science & Engineering Hall, Suite 4000, 800 22nd St NW, Washington, DC 20052, United States
| | - Bryan W. Brooks
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Baylor University, Baylor Sciences Building, One Bear Place #97266, Waco Texas 76798, United States
| | - Philip Coish
- School of Forestry and Environmental Science, Yale University, 195 Prospect St., New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Paul T. Anastas
- School of Forestry and Environmental Science, Yale University, 195 Prospect St., New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
- School of Public Health, Yale University, PO Box 208034, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Evan Gallagher
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Seattle, Washington 98105, United States
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Mathew T, John SK. An unsuspected and unrecognized cause of medication overuse headache in a chronic migraineur—essential oil-related medication overuse headache: A case report. CEPHALALGIA REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/2515816319897054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential oils are widely used by people for common ailments like headache and backache. We report a case of chronic daily headache in an adolescent migraineur refractory to most antimigraine drugs secondary to topical application of essential oils containing camphor and eucalyptus. A 14-year-old boy presented with chronic daily headache of 1-year duration, refractory to four antimigraine drugs including valproate and topiramate. He was daily applying a balm called Amruthanjan (10% camphor and 14.5% eucalyptus) on his forehead to relieve headache. Patient had complete relief of headache in 2 weeks after stopping the balm application. All his antimigraine drugs were tapered and stopped over a period of 3 months. At 1-year follow-up, he is headache free. Brain-stimulant essential oils of camphor and eucalyptus may be an important unrecognized cause of medication overuse headache.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mathew
- Department of Neurology, St John’s Medical College Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Saji K John
- Department of Neurology, St John’s Medical College Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Comment on “The Effects of Various Essential Oils on Epilepsy and Acute Seizure: A Systematic Review”. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:6829428. [PMID: 31662778 PMCID: PMC6791259 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6829428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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