Serum Vitamin D Level in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease and Association with Sun Exposure: Experience from a Tertiary Care, Teaching Hospital in India

Non-Traditional Risk Factors as Contributors to Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains one of the primary causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Classic cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), hyperlipidemia, and smoking, have been well identified and given increased attention in clinical practice. However, the incidence and prevalence of CVD remains high, especially in developing countries. Therefore, there has been more attention to non-traditional CVD risk factors such as gut microbiota, sleep disorders, dietary structure, and psychosocial factors in their important roles in the development of CVD. In this review we summarize the association of non-traditional risk factors with CVD with the aim of further reducing the risk of CVD.

Predictive value of 25-hydroxyvitamin D level in patients with coronary artery disease: A meta-analysis

Background

A consensus has not been made about the predictive value of blood vitamin D level in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). This meta-analysis aimed to assess the association between blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and adverse outcomes in patients with CAD.

Methods

Two independent authors searched the articles indexed in PubMed and Embase databases until June 28, 2022. Cohort studies or post-hoc analysis randomized trials evaluating the value of 25-hydroxyvitamin D level in predicting cardiovascular or all-cause mortality, and major adverse cardiovascular events ([MACEs] including death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, heart failure, revascularization, stroke, etc.) were included.

Results

The literature search identified 13 eligible studies for our analysis, including 17,892 patients with CAD. Meta-analysis showed that the pooled adjusted risk ratio (RR) was 1.60 (95% confidence intervals [CI] 1.35–1.89) for all-cause mortality, 1.48 (95% CI 1.28–1.71) for cardiovascular mortality, and 1.33 (95% CI 1.18–1.49) for MACEs. Leave-out one study sensitivity analysis suggested that the predictive values of blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D level were reliable.

Conclusions

Low blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D level is possibly an independent predictor of cardiovascular or all-cause mortality and MACEs in patients with CAD. Baseline 25-hydroxyvitamin D level may provide useful information in CAD patients.

Serum 25(OH)D Concentration and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Markers Among Middle-Aged Healthy and Type 2 Diabetic Subjects

Vitamin D deficiency is a major widespread health concern and is linked to a high risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Thus, we have investigated the association of vitamin D with various CVD risk markers. The present study comprises 90 control and 90 type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) subjects of both sexes (age range, 30-50 years). The 25 hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and CVD risk markers including high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), intact parathyroid hormone (I-PTH), fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-23, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and fibrinogen were measured by using standard assays. Blood viscosity and atherogenic index of plasma calculated using standard formulae. The ten-year cardiovascular risk was assessed using the Framingham risk score (FRS). 25(OH)D, hs-CRP, MCP-1, FGF-23, ESR, fibrinogen, atherogenic index of plasma and FRS were significantly different between control and T2DM groups (p<0.05). 25(OH)D showed a significant negative correlation with MCP-1, ESR, blood viscosity, atherogenic index of plasma and FRS among total study subjects. Further, logistics regression analysis showed an association of 25(OH)D with MCP-1, hematocrit, fibrinogen, and blood viscosity. The association between 25(OH)D and various CVD risk markers suggests that 25(OH)D might help in the prediction of CVD risk.

Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency among Patients of Acute Coronary Syndrome in a Tertiary Care Center of Eastern Nepal

INTRODUCTION

Vitamin D deficiency is an emerging risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Very few studies have been done to find out vitamin D deficiency status among cardiovascular patients in Nepalese setup. This research aims to find out the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among patients of acute coronary syndrome admitted in a tertiary care center of eastern Nepal.

METHODS

This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted among patients of acute coronary syndrome admitted in a tertiary care hospital from 1st February 2018 to 31st July 2018. Ethical clearence was taken from Institutional Review Committee of B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences (Reference number: 259/074/075-IRC). Convenience sampling method was used. Data was entered in Microsoft Excel and analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 25. Point estimate at 95% Confidence Interval was calculated along with frequency and proportion for binary data.

RESULTS

A total of 33 (64.7%) at 95% Confidence Interval (51.58-77.82) patients of acute coronary syndrome had vitamin D deficiency in our study with 19 (37.3%) having mild deficiency and 14 (27.4%) having moderate deficiency. None of the patients had severe vitamin D deficiency in our study. The mean vitamin D levels were lower in diabetics (23.57±9.28ng/ml) as compared to non-diabetics (31.91±12.50ng/ml), in hypertensive patients (24.36±7.67ng/ml) as compared to non-hypertensive patients (30.97±13.72ng/ml), and in patients with dyslipidemia (22.86±6.44ng/ml) as compared to those without dyslipidemia (37.68±13.15ng/ml).

CONCLUSIONS

Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among patients of acute coronary syndrome in our study was comparable to various other homologous international studies.

Vitamin D supplementation effects on the clinical outcomes of patients with coronary artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis

In this systematic review and meta-analysis our aim was to assess the effect of vitamin D supplementation on cardiac outcomes in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). The search terms were performed from January 2000 to January 2018, only randomized clinical trials (RCT) in human subjects were considered, with no language restrictions. The electronic databases used in this study were: PubMed; Cochran library; Embase; and Scopus. Two independent expert reviewers carried out data extraction according to Cochrane recommendations. Only four RCTs were found in relation to the effects of vitamin D supplementation on the coronary artery disease. In these 299 patients, vitamin D supplementation had significant favorable effects on Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP) (- 2.96, p = 0.02) and Parathyroid hormone (PTH) (- 4.05, p < 0.001). However, it had no significant effects on hs-CRP mean difference (- 0.04, p = 0.25), total cholesterol (TC) (- 0.46, p = 0.83), triglyceride (TG) (0.68, p = 0.89), low-density lipoproteins (LDL) (2.08, p = 0.56), and high-density lipoproteins (HDL) (- 2.59, p = 0.16). In conclusion, the use of vitamin D was associated with improvements in some cardiac outcomes of CAD patients with vitamin D deficiency. Also, further research is needed to clarify these results.

Association of vitamin D status with coronary artery disease in postmenopausal women

The relationship between coronary artery disease (CAD) and low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels has emerged. Postmenopausal (PM) women are at increased risk of CAD and vitamin D (VitD) deficiency.To investigate the relationship between CAD and VitD levels in PM women.This case-control study included 93 consecutive female patients aged 50 to 79 years old undergoing coronary angiography for evaluation of CAD and 119 age-matched controls. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations were classed as adequate (serum 25(OH)D: ≥20 ng/mL); insufficient (serum 25(OH)D: 10 to <20 ng/mL); and deficient (serum 25(OH)D: <10 ng/mL). Major cardiovascular risk factors were also explored.CAD occurred in 67/127 (52.8%) patients with VitD deficiency; 21/66 (31.8%) patients that were VitD insufficient; and in 5/19 (26.3%) patients with adequate VitD levels. Multivariate regression analysis suggested that a deficiency of VitD increased CAD (odds ratio = 2.891; 95% confidence interval = 1.459-7.139, P < .001).VitD deficiency should be evaluated in PM women as a possible cause of CAD.