Diverse Effects of Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptors on Ovarian Cancer Signaling Pathways

Preparation of dual drug-loaded polymer nanoconjugate to enhance treatment efficacy for ovarian cancer cells

Ovarian cancer is the deadliest gynecological malignancy, representing 2.5 % of all female cancers and accounting for 5 % of female cancer-related fatalities. Despite numerous strategies in its treatment, the disease shows a high recurrence rate and a low survival rate. Consequently, there is a growing focus on targeted therapies in ovarian cancer treatment. It is well-known that VEGFR and LPA pathways undergo alterations in ovarian cancer and stimulate survival, adhesion, migration, invasion, tumor growth and angiogenesis. Cabozantinib (CBZ) is a multi-receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor that effectively targets MET, VEGFR-1, 2, 3, FLT3, c-KIT, and RET. Ki16425 is a selective inhibitor of LPA receptors 1, 2, and 3. Therefore, targeting LPA receptors and combining with VEGFR inhibitor is a strategic approach for ovarian cancer treatment. In this study, it was aimed to prepare polymer-drug nanoconjugate for both VEGFR and LPAR inhibition. For this, O-(2-Carboxyethyl) polyethylene glycol (PEG5000) which advantages are known in cancer studies, was chosen as the carrier system, and a nanoconjugate containing Ki16425 and CBZ (Ki-PEG-CBZ) was synthesized and its potential was evaluated. Initially, CBZ and Ki16425 were conjugated to the PEG5000 through pH-sensitive hydrazone and ester bonds. After nanoconjugate characterization, in vitro release and its ovarian cancer treatment potential were evaluated on A2780, OVCAR3 and SKOV3 ovarian cancer cell lines. A nanoconjugate was obtained with a particle size of 169 ± 15.23 nm, a zeta potential of -13.5 ± 1.21 mV, and a release profile lasting 48 h, containing CBZ and Ki16425 with drug loading efficiencies of 73.71 ± 0.53 % and 77.72 ± 2.51 %, respectively. In vitro studies have demonstrated that Ki-PEG-CBZ is highly effective against ovarian cancer. We suggest that the developed polymer-drug nanoconjugate is an effective and safe nanoconjugate for the treatment of ovarian cancer.

Phosphatidylethanolamine (18:2e/18:2) may inhibit adipose tissue wasting in patients with cancer cachexia by increasing lysophosphatidic acid receptor 6

BACKGROUND

Cancer associated cachexia is characterized by the significant loss of adipose tissue, leading to devastating weight loss and muscle wasting in the majority of cancer patients. The effects and underlying mechanisms of degradation metabolites on adipocytes in cachectic patients remain poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a comprehensive study combining lipidomic analysis of subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue with transcriptomics data from the database to investigate the mechanisms of lipid regulation in adipocytes.

METHODS

We collected subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue samples from cachectic and noncachectic cancer patients. Lipidomic analysis was performed to identify differentially expressed lipids in both types of adipose tissue. Additionally, transcriptomics data from the GEO database were analyzed to explore gene expression patterns in adipocytes. Bioinformatics analysis was employed to determine the enrichment of differentially expressed genes in specific pathways. Furthermore, molecular docking studies were conducted to predict potential protein targets of specific lipids, with a focus on the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Western blot analysis was used to validate protein levels of the identified target gene, lysophosphatidic acid receptor 6 (LPAR6), in subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue from cachectic and noncachectic patients.

RESULTS

Significant lipid differences in subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue between cachectic and noncachectic patients were identified by multivariate statistical analysis. Cachectic patients exhibited elevated Ceramides levels and reduced CerG2GNAc1 levels (P < 0.05). A total of 10 shared lipids correlated with weight loss and IL-6 levels, enriched in Sphingolipid metabolism, GPI-anchor biosynthesis, and Glyceropholipid metabolism pathways. LPAR6 expression was significantly elevated in both adipose tissues of cachectic patients (P < 0.05). Molecular docking analysis indicated strong binding of Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) (18:2e/18:2) to LPAR6.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggest that specific lipids, including PE(18:2e/18:2), may mitigate adipose tissue wasting in cachexia by modulating the expression of LPAR6 through the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. The identification of these potential targets and mechanisms provides a foundation for future investigations and therapeutic strategies to combat cachexia. By understanding the underlying lipid regulation in adipocytes, we aim to develop targeted interventions to ameliorate the devastating impact of cachexia on patient outcomes and quality of life. Nevertheless, further studies and validation are warranted to fully elucidate the intricate mechanisms involved and translate these findings into effective clinical interventions.

Friend and foe: the regulation network of ascites components in ovarian cancer progression

The tumor microenvironment (TME) and its complex role in cancer progression have been hotspots of cancer research in recent years. Ascites, which occurs frequently in patients with ovarian cancer especially in advanced stages, represents a unique TME. Malignant ascites contains abundant cellular and acellular components that play important roles in tumorigenesis, growth, metastasis, and chemoresistance of ovarian cancer through complex molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways. As a valuable liquid biopsy sample, ascites fluid is also of great significance for the prognostic analysis of ovarian cancer. The components of ovarian cancer ascites are generally considered to comprise tumor-promoting factors; however, in recent years studies have found that ascites also contains tumor-suppressing factors, raising new perspectives on interactions between ascites and tumors. Malignant ascites directly constitutes the ovarian cancer microenvironment, therefore, the study of its components will aid in the development of new therapeutic strategies. This article reviews the current research on tumor-promoting and tumor-suppressing factors and molecular mechanisms of their actions in ovarian cancer-derived ascites and therapeutic strategies targeting ascites, which may provide references for the development of novel therapeutic targets for ovarian cancer in the future.

CDC20 is a novel biomarker for improved clinical predictions in epithelial ovarian cancer

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), a common tumor of the female reproductive system, ranks first in fatalities among gynecological malignancies. Most patients find tumors at late stage and have extremely poor prognoses, which necessitates improvements in early detection. This study applied bioinformatic methods to identify potential biomarkers of EOC. First, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses were performed on differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and hub genes, and a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed. The network of hub genes was analyzed using GeneMANIA, and an analysis of biological processes was constructed with BINGO. Lastly, hub genes were analyzed for EOC-related oncology using the Oncomine and TCGA databases, and the cBioPortal online platform. Overall, cell division cycle 20 (CDC20) was identified as a key gene in EOC. Short hairpin RNA (shRNA) was used to silence CDC20 to explore its effects on EOC cell proliferation, apoptosis and SRY-related HMG-box 2 (SOX2) expression. DEGs were enriched in pathways related to cell cycle signaling, cancer, progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation, Wnt signaling and P53 signaling. Analysis revealed high expression of CDC20 in EOC tissues and a correlation with histology and tumor grade. CDC20 levels are highest in serous adenocarcinoma, when compared to ovarian clear cell carcinoma, ovarian endometrioid carcinoma and mucinous adenocarcinoma. High CDC20 expression within the tumor is associated with poor EOC prognosis. After silencing CDC20, EOC cell proliferation and migration decreased, apoptosis increased, and SOX2 expression decreased. In conclusion, CDC20 is likely a key biomarker of EOC and may act as an upstream regulator of SOX2 to mediate the SOX2 signaling in the progression of EOC. Future application of CDC20 analysis to early detection may improve prognosis, and it has the potential to be a therapeutic target.

Applications of Proteomics in Ovarian Cancer: Dawn of a New Era

The ability to identify ovarian cancer (OC) at its earliest stages remains a challenge. The patients present an advanced stage at diagnosis. This heterogeneous disease has distinguishable etiology and molecular biology. Next-generation sequencing changed clinical diagnostic testing, allowing assessment of multiple genes, simultaneously, in a faster and cheaper manner than sequential single gene analysis. Technologies of proteomics, such as mass spectrometry (MS) and protein array analysis, have advanced the dissection of the underlying molecular signaling events and the proteomic characterization of OC. Proteomics analysis of OC, as well as their adaptive responses to therapy, can uncover new therapeutic choices, which can reduce the emergence of drug resistance and potentially improve patient outcomes. There is an urgent need to better understand how the genomic and epigenomic heterogeneity intrinsic to OC is reflected at the protein level, and how this information could potentially lead to prolonged survival.

LPA3 is a precise therapeutic target and potential biomarker for ovarian cancer

Current studies have demonstrated that significant increased LPA levels to be observed in ascites in patients with ovarian cancer. Although several studies have shown that Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) related to the progression of ovarian cancer, which LPA receptors (LPARs) and G-coupled protein subtypes mediated in LPA actions have not been clearly elucidated. This study aimed to clarify the roles of LPA and it is subtype-specific LPARs mediating mechanisms in ovarian cancer integrated using bioinformatic analysis and biological experimental approaches. The big data analysis shown that LPA3 was the only differentially expressed LPA receptor among the six LPARs in ovarian cancer and further verified in immunohistochemistry of tissue microarrays. Also found that LPA3 was also highly expressed in ovarian cancer tissue and ovarian cancer cells. Importantly, LPA significantly promoted the proliferation and migration of LPA3-overexpressing ovarian cancer cells, while the LPA-induced actions blocked by Ki16425, a LPAR1/3 antagonist treated, and LPA3-shRNA transfected. In vivo study indicated that the LPA3-overexpressing cell-derived tumors metastasis, tumors volume, and tumors mass were apparently increased in xenografted nude mice. In addition, we also observed that LPA3 was differential high expression in ovarian cancer tissue of the patients. Our studies further confirmed the LPA3/Gi/MAPKs/NF-κB signals were involved in LPA-induced oncogenic actions in ovarian cancer cells. Our findings indicated that the LPA3 might be a novel precise therapeutic target and potential biomarker for ovarian cancer.

Malignant Ascites in Ovarian Cancer: Cellular, Acellular, and Biophysical Determinants of Molecular Characteristics and Therapy Response

Ascites refers to the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneum resulting from an underlying pathology, such as metastatic cancer. Among all cancers, advanced-stage epithelial ovarian cancer is most frequently associated with the production of malignant ascites and is the leading cause of death from gynecologic malignancies. Despite decades of evidence showing that the accumulation of peritoneal fluid portends the poorest outcomes for cancer patients, the role of malignant ascites in promoting metastasis and therapy resistance remains poorly understood. This review summarizes the current understanding of malignant ascites, with a focus on ovarian cancer. The first section provides an overview of heterogeneity in ovarian cancer and the pathophysiology of malignant ascites. Next, analytical methods used to characterize the cellular and acellular components of malignant ascites, as well the role of these components in modulating cell biology, are discussed. The review then provides a perspective on the pressures and forces that tumors are subjected to in the presence of malignant ascites and the impact of physical stress on therapy resistance. Treatment options for malignant ascites, including surgical, pharmacological and photochemical interventions are then discussed to highlight challenges and opportunities at the interface of drug discovery, device development and physical sciences in oncology.

Bioinformatic Exploration for Prognostic Significance of Sphingolipid Metabolism-Related Genes in Invasive Ductal Carcinoma Using the Cancer Genome Atlas Cohort

Introduction

Sphingolipid metabolism is a highly controlled process that is involved in regulating bioactive lipid signaling pathways and serves important roles in several cellular processes in breast cancer. Invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC), which is characterized by the malignant proliferation of the ductal epithelium and stromal invasion, is the most common type of breast cancer. Recent advances in genetic research have accelerated the discovery of novel prognostic factors and therapeutic targets for the disease. The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression and prognostic significance of sphingolipid metabolism-related genes in female IDC.

Methods

The present study used gene expression RNAseq data obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas breast invasive carcinoma (TCGA BRCA) datasets.

Results

Sphingolipid metabolism-related genes exhibited dysregulated mRNA expression levels in IDC. The Student's t-test revealed that SMPDL3B, B4GALNT1, LPAR2, and LASS2 were significantly upregulated, while LASS3, LPAR1, B4GALT6, GAL3ST1, HPGD, ST8SIA1, UGT8, and S1PR1 were significantly downregulated in female IDC tissues compared with normal solid tissues. Kaplan-Meier survival analyses revealed that high SMPDL3B mRNA expression levels were associated with good prognosis in female IDC, suggesting that SMPDL3B plays a tumor suppressor role. To the best of our knowledge, the present study was the first to report that dysregulated expressions of SMPDL3B are significantly associated with age, estrogen receptor status, progesterone receptor status, and histological subtype.

Conclusion

Taken together, our study indicated that SMPDL3B may have a pathophysiological role and serve as a novel prognostic biomarker in IDC.

Lysophosphatidic Acid Signaling in Cancer Cells: What Makes LPA So Special?

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) refers to a family of simple phospholipids that act as ligands for G protein-coupled receptors. While LPA exerts effects throughout the body in normal physiological circumstances, its pathological role in cancer is of great interest from a therapeutic viewpoint. The numerous LPA receptors (LPARs) are coupled to a variety of G proteins, and more than one LPAR is typically expressed on any given cell. While the individual receptors signal through conventional GPCR pathways, LPA is particularly efficacious in stimulating cancer cell proliferation and migration. This review addresses the mechanistic aspects underlying these pro-tumorigenic effects. We provide examples of LPA signaling responses in various types of cancers, with an emphasis on those where roles have been identified for specific LPARs. While providing an overview of LPAR signaling, these examples also reveal gaps in our knowledge regarding the mechanisms of LPA action at the receptor level. The current understanding of the LPAR structure and the roles of LPAR interactions with other receptors are discussed. Overall, LPARs provide insight into the potential molecular mechanisms that underlie the ability of individual GPCRs (or combinations of GPCRs) to elicit a unique spectrum of responses from their agonist ligands. Further knowledge of these mechanisms will inform drug discovery, since GPCRs are promising therapeutic targets for cancer.

Autotaxin in ascites promotes peritoneal dissemination in pancreatic cancer

Peritoneal dissemination and malignant ascites in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients represent a major clinical issue. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a lipid mediator that modulates the progression of various cancers. Based on the increasing evidence showing that LPA is abundant in malignant ascites, we focused on autotaxin (ATX), which is a secreted enzyme that is important for the production of LPA. This study aimed to elucidate the importance of the ATX-LPA axis in malignant ascites in PDAC and to determine whether ATX works as a molecular target for treating peritoneal dissemination. In a PDAC peritoneal dissemination mouse model, the amount of ATX was significantly higher in ascites than in serum. An in vitro study using two PDAC cell lines, AsPC-1 and PANC-1, showed that ATX-LPA signaling promoted cancer cell migration via the activation of the downstream signaling, and this increased cell migration was suppressed by an ATX inhibitor, PF-8380. An in vivo study showed that PF-8380 suppressed peritoneal dissemination and decreased malignant ascites, and these results were validated by the biological analysis as well as the in vitro study. Moreover, there was a positive correlation between the amount of ATX in ascites and the degree of disseminated cancer progression. These findings demonstrated that ATX in ascites works as a promotor of peritoneal dissemination, and the targeting of ATX must represent a useful and novel therapy for peritoneal dissemination of PDAC.

Role of lysophosphatidic acid and its receptors in health and disease: novel therapeutic strategies

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is an abundant bioactive phospholipid, with multiple functions both in development and in pathological conditions. Here, we review the literature about the differential signaling of LPA through its specific receptors, which makes this lipid a versatile signaling molecule. This differential signaling is important for understanding how this molecule can have such diverse effects during central nervous system development and angiogenesis; and also, how it can act as a powerful mediator of pathological conditions, such as neuropathic pain, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer progression. Ultimately, we review the preclinical and clinical uses of Autotaxin, LPA, and its receptors as therapeutic targets, approaching the most recent data of promising molecules modulating both LPA production and signaling. This review aims to summarize the most update knowledge about the mechanisms of LPA production and signaling in order to understand its biological functions in the central nervous system both in health and disease.