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Xavier MS, Araujo-Pereira M, de Oliveira QM, Sant’Anna FM, Ridolfi FM, de Andrade AMS, Figueiredo MC, Sterling TR, Gordhan BG, Kana BD, Andrade BB, Rolla VC, Gomes-Silva A. The effect of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection on systemic immune responses in individuals with tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1357360. [PMID: 38994357 PMCID: PMC11236595 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1357360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The impact of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection on the systemic immune response during tuberculosis (TB) disease has not been explored. Methods An observational, cross-sectional cohort was established to evaluate the systemic immune response in persons with pulmonary tuberculosis with or without previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. Those participants were recruited in an outpatient referral clinic in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. TB was defined as a positive Xpert-MTB/RIF Ultra and/or a positive culture of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from sputum. Stored plasma was used to perform specific serology to identify previous SARS-CoV-2 infection (TB/Prex-SCoV-2 group) and confirm the non- infection of the tuberculosis group (TB group). Plasmatic cytokine/chemokine/growth factor profiling was performed using Luminex technology. Tuberculosis severity was assessed by clinical and laboratory parameters. Participants from TB group (4.55%) and TB/Prex-SCoV-2 (0.00%) received the complete COVID-19 vaccination. Results Among 35 participants with pulmonary TB, 22 were classified as TB/Prex-SCoV-2. The parameters associated with TB severity, together with hematologic and biochemical data were similar between the TB and TB/Prex-SCoV-2 groups. Among the signs and symptoms, fever and dyspnea were significantly more frequent in the TB group than the TB/Prex-SCoV-2 group (p < 0,05). A signature based on lower amount of plasma EGF, G-CSF, GM-CSF, IFN-α2, IL-12(p70), IL-13, IL-15, IL-17, IL-1β, IL-5, IL-7, and TNF-β was observed in the TB/Prex-SCoV-2 group. In contrast, MIP-1β was significantly higher in the TB/Prex-SCoV-2 group than the TB group. Conclusion TB patients previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 had an immunomodulation that was associated with lower plasma concentrations of soluble factors associated with systemic inflammation. This signature was associated with a lower frequency of symptoms such as fever and dyspnea but did not reflect significant differences in TB severity parameters observed at baseline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana S. Xavier
- Pós-graduação em Pesquisa Clínica em Doenças Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana Araujo-Pereira
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica e Translacional, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Bahia, Brazil
- Curso de Medicina, Faculdade ZARNS, Bahia, Brazil
- Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research Initiative, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Quezia M. de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Micobacterioses, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Flavia M. Sant’Anna
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Micobacterioses, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Felipe M. Ridolfi
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Micobacterioses, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alice M. S. de Andrade
- Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research Initiative, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Marina C. Figueiredo
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Timothy R. Sterling
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Bhavna G. Gordhan
- Department of Science and Innovation/National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand and the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Bavesh D. Kana
- Department of Science and Innovation/National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand and the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Bruno B. Andrade
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica e Translacional, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Bahia, Brazil
- Curso de Medicina, Faculdade ZARNS, Bahia, Brazil
- Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research Initiative, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Valeria C. Rolla
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Micobacterioses, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adriano Gomes-Silva
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Micobacterioses, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Imperiale BR, Gamberale A, Yokobori N, García A, Bartoletti B, Aidar O, López B, Cruz V, González Montaner P, Palmero DJ, de la Barrera S. Transforming growth factor-β, Interleukin-23 and interleukin-1β modulate TH22 response during active multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Immunology 2024; 171:45-59. [PMID: 37715690 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) showed low systemic and Mtb-induced Th22 responses associated to high sputum bacillary load and severe lung lesions suggesting that Th22 response could influence the ability of these patients to control bacillary growth and tissue damage. In MDR-TB patients, the percentage of IL-22+ cells inversely correlates with the proportion of senescent PD-1+ T cells. Herein, we aimed to evaluate the pathways involved on the regulation of systemic and Mtb-induced Th22 response in MDR-TB and fully drug-susceptible TB patients (S-TB) and healthy donors. Our results show that while IL-1β and IL-23 promote Mtb-induced IL-22 secretion and expansion of IL-22+ cells, TGF-β inhibits this response. Systemic and in vitro Mtb-induced Th22 response inversely correlates with TGF-β amounts in plasma and in PBMC cultures respectively. The number of circulating PD-1+ T cells directly correlates with plasmatic TGF-β levels and blockade of PD-1/PD-L1 signalling enhances in vitro Mtb-induced expansion of IL-22+ cells. Thus, TGF-β could also inhibit Th22 response through upregulation of PD-1 expression in T cells. Higher percentage of IL-23+ monocytes was observed in TB patients. In contrast, the proportion of IL-1β+ monocytes was lower in TB patients with bilateral lung cavities (BCC) compared to those patients with unilateral cavities (UCC). Interestingly, TB patients with BCC showed higher plasmatic and Mtb-induced TGF-β secretion than patients with UCC. Thus, high TGF-β secretion and subtle differences in IL-23 and IL-1β expression could diminish systemic and in vitro Mtb-induced Th22 response along disease progression in TB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén R Imperiale
- Institute of Experimental Medicine (IMEX)-CONICET, National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires City, Argentina
| | - Ana Gamberale
- Dr. Francisco Javier Muñiz Hospital, Buenos Aires City, Argentina
| | - Noemí Yokobori
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, ANLIS Carlos G. Malbrán, Buenos Aires City, Argentina
| | - Ana García
- Dr. Francisco Javier Muñiz Hospital, Buenos Aires City, Argentina
| | - Bruno Bartoletti
- Dr. Francisco Javier Muñiz Hospital, Buenos Aires City, Argentina
| | - Omar Aidar
- Dr. Francisco Javier Muñiz Hospital, Buenos Aires City, Argentina
| | - Beatriz López
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, ANLIS Carlos G. Malbrán, Buenos Aires City, Argentina
| | - Victor Cruz
- Dr. Francisco Javier Muñiz Hospital, Buenos Aires City, Argentina
| | - Pablo González Montaner
- Dr. Francisco Javier Muñiz Hospital, Buenos Aires City, Argentina
- Vaccareza Institute, Buenos Aires City, Argentina
| | - Domingo J Palmero
- Dr. Francisco Javier Muñiz Hospital, Buenos Aires City, Argentina
- Vaccareza Institute, Buenos Aires City, Argentina
| | - Silvia de la Barrera
- Institute of Experimental Medicine (IMEX)-CONICET, National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires City, Argentina
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Lee MR, Chen YL, Wu CW, Chen LC, Chang LY, Chen JY, Huang YT, Wang JY, Shih JY, Yu CJ. Toll-like receptor and matrix metalloproteinase single-nucleotide polymorphisms, haplotypes, and polygenic risk score differentiated between tuberculosis disease and infection. Int J Infect Dis 2022; 125:61-66. [PMID: 36272698 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The association of toll-like receptors (TLRs) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) among latent tuberculosis (TB) infection and active TB remained less studied. METHODS We recruited participants with TB disease (active TB) (n = 400) and TB infection (latent TB infection) (n = 203) in this study. We genotyped SNPs in TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, MMP1, MMP8, MMP9, MMP12, and tissue inhibitor of MMP2. Single-variant analysis and haplotype analysis were performed, and a polygenic risk score (PRS) was created. RESULTS We found that SNPs in TLR1 (rs5743580, rs5743551), TLR2 (rs3804100), and MMP8 (rs2508383) were associated with different TB disease status risks. TLR1 rs5743580 was associated with a higher risk of TB disease status in genotypic, recessive, and additive models. TLR2 rs3804100 polymorphisms demonstrated significant association with TB disease status in genotypic, dominant, and additive models. In the haplotype analysis, the TLR1 haplotype was associated with a higher risk of TB disease, and the MMP12 haplotype was associated with a lower risk of TB disease. A PRS using 3 SNPs was associated with a higher risk of TB disease. CONCLUSION This study revealed that SNP variants in TLR1, TLR2, and MMP8 differed among TB infection and disease. Haplotypes and PRS could potentially help predict TB disease status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Rui Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Lin Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Wei Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
| | - Lun-Che Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch Biomedical Park Hospital, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
| | - Lih-Yu Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Yueh Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, E-DA Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tsung Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jann-Yuan Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Jin-Yuan Shih
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chong-Jen Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch Biomedical Park Hospital, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
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Simper JD, Perez E, Schlesinger LS, Azad AK. Resistance and Susceptibility Immune Factors at Play during Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection of Macrophages. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101153. [PMID: 36297211 PMCID: PMC9611686 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), is responsible for >1.5 million deaths worldwide annually. Innate immune cells, especially macrophages, are the first to encounter M.tb, and their response dictates the course of infection. During infection, macrophages exert a variety of immune factors involved in either controlling or promoting the growth of M.tb. Research on this topic has been performed in both in vitro and in vivo animal models with discrepant results in some cases based on the model of study. Herein, we review macrophage resistance and susceptibility immune factors, focusing primarily on recent advances in the field. We include macrophage cellular pathways, bioeffector proteins and molecules, cytokines and chemokines, associated microbiological factors and bacterial strains, and host genetic factors in innate immune genes. Recent advances in mechanisms underlying macrophage resistance and susceptibility factors will aid in the successful development of host-directed therapeutics, a topic emphasized throughout this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan D. Simper
- Host-Pathogen Interaction Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Drive, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, UT Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Esteban Perez
- Host-Pathogen Interaction Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Drive, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
- Translational Sciences Program, UT Health San Antonio Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Larry S. Schlesinger
- Host-Pathogen Interaction Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Drive, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
- Correspondence: (L.S.S.); (A.K.A.); Tel.: +1-210-258-9578 (L.S.S.); +1-210-258-9467 (A.K.A.)
| | - Abul K. Azad
- Host-Pathogen Interaction Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W. Military Drive, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
- Correspondence: (L.S.S.); (A.K.A.); Tel.: +1-210-258-9578 (L.S.S.); +1-210-258-9467 (A.K.A.)
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Abstract
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a key player in the immune response to pathogens due to its role in promoting inflammation and recruiting immune cells to the site of infection. In tuberculosis (TB), tight regulation of IL-1 responses is critical to ensure host resistance to infection while preventing immune pathology. In the mouse model of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, both IL-1 absence and overproduction result in exacerbated disease and mortality. In humans, several polymorphisms in the IL1B gene have been associated with increased susceptibility to TB. Importantly, M. tuberculosis itself has evolved several strategies to manipulate and regulate host IL-1 responses for its own benefit. Given all this, IL-1 appears as a promising target for host-directed therapies in TB. However, for that to succeed, more detailed knowledge on the biology and mechanisms of action of IL-1 in vivo, together with a deep understanding of how host-M. tuberculosis interactions modulate IL-1, is required. Here, we discuss the most recent advances in the biology and therapeutic potential of IL-1 in TB as well as the outstanding questions that remain to be answered.
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Wang PH, Wu MF, Hsu CY, Lin SY, Chang YN, Lee HS, Wei YF, Shu CC. The Dynamic Change of Immune Checkpoints and CD14+ Monocytes in Latent Tuberculosis Infection. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9101479. [PMID: 34680598 PMCID: PMC8533229 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlling latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is important for preventing tuberculosis (TB). However, the immune regulation of LTBI remains uncertain. Immune checkpoints and CD14+ monocytes are pivotal for immune defense but have been scarcely studied in LTBI. We prospectively enrolled participants with LTBI and controls from January 2017 to December 2019. We measured their CD14+ monocytes and the expression of immune checkpoints, including programmed death-1 (PD-1), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), and T cell immunoglobulin mucin domain-containing-3 (TIM3) on T lymphocytes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells before and after LTBI treatment. A total of 87 subjects were enrolled, including 29 IGRA-negative healthy controls (HC), 58 in the LTBI group (19 without chronic kidney disease (non-CKD), and 39 with end-stage renal disease (ESRD)). All PD-1, CTLA-4, and TIM3 on lymphocytes and monocytes were higher in the LTBI group than that in the HC group. Total CD14+ monocytes were higher and PD-L2+CD14+ over monocytes were lower in patients with LTBI-non-CKD than that in the HC group. After LTBI treatment, CD14+ monocytes, TIM3+ on CD4+ and monocytes, and CTLA-4 on lymphocytes decreased significantly. Multivariable logistic regression indicated that CD14+ monocytes was an independent factor for LTBI-non-CKD from the HC group, whereas PD-L2+CD14+ monocytes and TIM3+ monocytes were significant for LTBI-ESRD from the HC group. In conclusion, LTBI status was associated with increasing CD14+ monocytes plus low PD-L2 expression. By contrast, increased expression of immune checkpoints over all immune cells might be due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis related immune exhaustion, which decreased after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Huai Wang
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 220, Taiwan;
| | - Ming-Fang Wu
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan;
- Institute of Statistical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yu Hsu
- College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (C.-Y.H.); (S.-Y.L.)
| | - Shu-Yung Lin
- College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (C.-Y.H.); (S.-Y.L.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Nan Chang
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan;
| | - Ho-Shen Lee
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan; (H.-S.L.); (Y.-F.W.)
| | - Yu-Feng Wei
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan; (H.-S.L.); (Y.-F.W.)
- School of Medicine for International Students, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chung Shu
- College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (C.-Y.H.); (S.-Y.L.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-223123456 (ext. 62905)
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Abdalla AE, Yan S, Zeng J, Deng W, Xie L, Xie J. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv0341 Promotes Mycobacterium Survival in In Vitro Hostile Environments and within Macrophages and Induces Cytokines Expression. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9060454. [PMID: 32521796 PMCID: PMC7350357 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis represents an ancient deadly human pathogen that can survive and multiply within macrophages. The effectors are key players for the successful pathogenesis of this bacterium. M. tuberculosis open reading frame (ORF) Rv0341, a pathogenic mycobacteria-specific gene, was found to be upregulated in macrophages isolated from human tuberculosis granuloma and inside the macrophages during in vitro infection by M. tuberculosis. To understand the exact role of this gene, we expressed the Rv0341 gene in M. smegmatis, which is a non-pathogenic Mycobacterium. We found that Rv0341 expression can alter colony morphology, reduce the sliding capability, and decrease the cell wall permeability of M. smegmatis. Furthermore, Rv0341 remarkably enhanced M. smegmatis survival within macrophages and under multiple in vitro stress conditions when compared with the control strain. Ms_Rv0341 significantly induced expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-10 compared with M. smegmatis harboring an empty vector. In summary, these data suggest that Rv0341 is one of the M. tuberculosis virulence determinants that can promote bacilli survival in harsh conditions and inside macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abualgasim Elgaili Abdalla
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; (A.E.A.); (S.Y.); (J.Z.); (W.D.)
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al Jouf 2014, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shuangquan Yan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; (A.E.A.); (S.Y.); (J.Z.); (W.D.)
| | - Jie Zeng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; (A.E.A.); (S.Y.); (J.Z.); (W.D.)
| | - Wanyan Deng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; (A.E.A.); (S.Y.); (J.Z.); (W.D.)
| | - Longxiang Xie
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Bioinformatics Center, Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China;
| | - Jianping Xie
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, Key Laboratory of Eco-Environments in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; (A.E.A.); (S.Y.); (J.Z.); (W.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-135-9439-2126
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