Oligosaccharides from Morinda officinalis Slow the Progress of Aging Mice by Regulating the Key Microbiota-Metabolite Pairs

Decoding the role of gut microbiota in Alzheimer's pathogenesis and envisioning future therapeutic avenues

Alzheimer's disease (AD) emerges as a perturbing neurodegenerative malady, with a profound comprehension of its underlying pathogenic mechanisms continuing to evade our intellectual grasp. Within the intricate tapestry of human health and affliction, the enteric microbial consortium, ensconced within the milieu of the human gastrointestinal tract, assumes a role of cardinal significance. Recent epochs have borne witness to investigations that posit marked divergences in the composition of the gut microbiota between individuals grappling with AD and those favored by robust health. The composite vicissitudes in the configuration of the enteric microbial assembly are posited to choreograph a participatory role in the inception and progression of AD, facilitated by the intricate conduit acknowledged as the gut-brain axis. Notwithstanding, the precise nature of this interlaced relationship remains enshrouded within the recesses of obscurity, poised for an exhaustive revelation. This review embarks upon the endeavor to focalize meticulously upon the mechanistic sway exerted by the enteric microbiota upon AD, plunging profoundly into the execution of interventions that govern the milieu of enteric microorganisms. In doing so, it bestows relevance upon the therapeutic stratagems that form the bedrock of AD's management, all whilst casting a prospective gaze into the horizon of medical advancements.

Gut Microbial Metabolome and Dysbiosis in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Psychobiotics and Fecal Microbiota Transplantation as a Therapeutic Approach-A Comprehensive Narrative Review

The comprehensive narrative review conducted in this study delves into the mechanisms of communication and action at the molecular level in the human organism. The review addresses the complex mechanism involved in the microbiota-gut-brain axis as well as the implications of alterations in the microbial composition of patients with neurodegenerative diseases. The pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases with neuronal loss or death is analyzed, as well as the mechanisms of action of the main metabolites involved in the bidirectional communication through the microbiota-gut-brain axis. In addition, interventions targeting gut microbiota restructuring through fecal microbiota transplantation and the use of psychobiotics-pre- and pro-biotics-are evaluated as an opportunity to reduce the symptomatology associated with neurodegeneration in these pathologies. This review provides valuable information and facilitates a better understanding of the neurobiological mechanisms to be addressed in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

Multi-omics studies reveal ameliorating effects of physical exercise on neurodegenerative diseases

INTRODUCTION

Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington's disease, are heavy burdens to global health and economic development worldwide. Mounting evidence suggests that exercise, a type of non-invasive intervention, has a positive impact on the life quality of elderly with neurodegenerative diseases. X-omics are powerful tools for mapping global biochemical changes in disease and treatment.

METHOD

Three major databases were searched related to current studies in exercise intervention on neurodegenerative diseases using omics tools, including metabolomics, metagenomics, genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics.

RESULT

We summarized the omics features and potential mechanisms associated with exercise and neurodegenerative diseases in the current studies. Three main mechanisms by which exercise affects neurodegenerative diseases were summed up, including adult neurogenesis, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) metabolism.

CONCLUSION

Overall, there is compelling evidence that exercise intervention is a feasible way of preventing the onset and alleviating the severity of neurodegenerative diseases. These studies highlight the importance of exercise as a complementary approach to the treatment and intervention of neurodegenerative diseases in addition to traditional treatments. More mechanisms on exercise interventions for neurodegenerative diseases, the specification of exercise prescriptions, and differentiated exercise programs should be explored so that they can actually be applied to the clinic.

Neuroprotective effects of Morinda officinalis How.: Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant roles in Alzheimer’s disease

Pharmacological studies have shown that some traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) have applications in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Morinda officinalis How. (MO) is a TCM with a long history and is widely used to tonify kidney Yang. In vitro and in vivo experiments have suggested that MO contains various effective pharmaceutical components and chemicals, including oligosaccharides, anthraquinones, iridoids, flavonoids, amino acids, and trace elements, conferring MO with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress are undoubtedly hallmarks of neurodegeneration, contributing to AD progression. In this mini-review, we summarize the molecular mechanisms, structure-activity relationships, and potential synergistic and antagonistic effects of active components in MO. This discussion highlights the roles of these active components, such as oligosaccharides, anthraquinones, and iridoid glycosides, in the treatment of AD via anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms, providing a scientific basis for further utilization of MO.

Calculating Relative Correction Factors for Quantitative Analysis with HILIC-HPLC-ELSD Method: Eight Fructooligosaccharides of Morinda Officinalis as a Case Study

OBJECTIVE

Because the response of evaporating light scattering detector (ELSD) being in a nonlinear mode, there is no consensus on the method of calculating its relative correction factors (RCF), which limits the application of the quantitative analysis for multi-components by a single marker (QAMS) with LC-ELSD.

METHODS

Using eight fructooligosaccharides of Morinda officinalis as a case study, the nystose (GF3) as a single standard was adopted to develop a QAMS method to simultaneously determine the other seven fructooligosaccharides with HILIC-HPLC-ELSD method. Six calculation methods of RCF were investigated to select the most reasonable method. The relative error of content between the QAMS and the external standard method (ESM) obtained from 30 batches of samples was used as an indicator to evaluate the six methods. Finally, a chemometrics analysis was performed to find the differential components among MO and its three processing products.

RESULTS

It was first reported that only one calculation method was scientific for calculating RCF for the LC-ELSD method. The RCFs of GF3 to the other seven fructooligosaccharides (GF1-GF8) were obtained as 0.86, 0.91, 0.93, 1.05, 1.15, 1.12, and 1.18, respectively. The QAMS of eight fructooligosaccharides of Morinda officinalis was validated with good linearity (R ² > 0.9998) and accepted the accuracy of 95-105% (RSD < 1.81%) based on nystose. Finally, Morinda officinalis and its three processed products were distinguished and could be differed based on the content of the eight fructooligosaccharides.

CONCLUSION

The scientific calculation method of RCF would be of great significance for developing the QAMS method in Pharmacopoeia when performing the LC-ELSD method.