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Martinez-Calderon J, Casuso-Holgado MJ, Cano-García FJ, Heredia-Rizo AM. Integrative model for self-perception of well-being in cancer. Disabil Rehabil 2024; 46:2441-2448. [PMID: 37303159 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2023.2222645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Continual illness uncertainty can affect how people perceive and interpret their well-being. Some cognitive and spiritual factors may be involved in the management of disruptive thoughts and emotions that can emerge during the experience of cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS An evidence-based integrative model was developed to evaluate and show the role that mindfulness, acceptance, self-efficacy, uncertainty, meaning, and purpose in life play in the self-perception of well-being in individuals with cancer. This evidence-based integrative model was conducted using relevant and selected studies. RESULTS An integrative model for self-perception of well-being has been proposed. This model integrates evidence-based findings and provides clear principles for clinicians and researchers. This integrative model proposes that mindfulness, acceptance, self-efficacy perception, and uncertainty can predict how people with cancer perceive their well-being. The model also posits that meaning and purpose in life can act as mediators or moderators of this prediction. CONCLUSIONS This integrative model involves the multidimensionality of human beings and facilitates the understanding of some key factors for the design of therapeutic approaches such as Acceptance & Commitment Therapy or Meaning-Centered Psychotherapy.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONMindfulness, acceptance, self-efficacy, uncertainty, meaning, and purpose in life can be highly relevant for clinical oncology.An integrative model is proposed to understand the combined influence of these factors on patients with cancer.This model may favor a better integration of well-known interventions, such as Mindfulness-based approaches, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), and Meaning-Centered Psychotherapy (MCP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Martinez-Calderon
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Facultad de Enfermería, Fisioterapia y Podología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Uncertainty, Mindfulness, Self, Spirituality (UMSS) Research Group, Sevilla, Spain
| | - María Jesús Casuso-Holgado
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Facultad de Enfermería, Fisioterapia y Podología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Uncertainty, Mindfulness, Self, Spirituality (UMSS) Research Group, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Alberto Marcos Heredia-Rizo
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Facultad de Enfermería, Fisioterapia y Podología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Uncertainty, Mindfulness, Self, Spirituality (UMSS) Research Group, Sevilla, Spain
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Xia W, Ou M, Chen Y, Chen F, Yan M, Xiao Z, Xu X. Experiences of patients with advanced cancer coping with chronic pain: a qualitative analysis. BMC Palliat Care 2024; 23:94. [PMID: 38600476 PMCID: PMC11005139 DOI: 10.1186/s12904-024-01418-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To gain insight into the perceptions, and beliefs of patients with advanced cancer coping with chronic pain and to identify their attitudes and demands on pain management. METHODS From July to September 2022, 17 patients with advanced cancer living with chronic pain were recruited from a tertiary cancer hospital in Hunan Province, China. Qualitative and semi-structured interviews were conducted individually, with 30-45 minutes for each. The Colaizzi 7-step analysis method in phenomenological research was used for data analysis. RESULTS The experience of pain acceptance by advanced cancer patients with chronic pain was summarized into four themes: pain catastrophizing (unable to ignore the pain, try various methods to relieve the pain, exaggerating pain perception, and lack of knowledge about proper pain management), rumination (compulsive rumination and worrying rumination), avoidance coping (situational avoidance and repressive avoidance) and constructive action (setting clear value goal and taking reciprocal action). CONCLUSION Most patients with advanced cancer had low pain acceptance and negative attitudes. Feeling helpless in the face of pain and suffering alone were their norm. Long-term negative emotions could lead to gradual depression and loss of hope for treatment, resulting in pain catastrophizing and persistent rumination. Nevertheless, a few patients accepted pain with positive attitudes. Medical professionals should pay more attention to the psychological status of advanced cancer patients with chronic pain, and employ alternative therapies, for example, cognitive behavioral therapy. More efforts are needed to reduce patients' pain catastrophizing, and promote their pain acceptance by a better understanding of pain through health education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanting Xia
- Department of Nursing, Hunan Cancer Hospital/The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Meijun Ou
- Head & Neck Plastic Surgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital/The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yongyi Chen
- Department of Nursing, Hunan Cancer Hospital/The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Furong Chen
- Department of Nursing, Hunan Cancer Hospital/The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mengyao Yan
- Department of Nursing, Hunan Cancer Hospital/The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhirui Xiao
- Department of Nursing, Hunan Cancer Hospital/The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xianghua Xu
- Health Service Center, Hunan Cancer Hospital/The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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Eyni S, Mousavi SE, Sepahvand H. Acceptance of Chronic Pain in Cancer Patients in Iran: the Role of Anxiety Sensitivity, Emotional Suppression, and Learned Helplessness. Pain Manag Nurs 2024; 25:e144-e151. [PMID: 38355335 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmn.2023.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acceptance of pain is one of the most significant topics in the field of chronic pain due to its influence on the adaptation and response of people. Also, chronic pain and pain caused by the progress of cancer have a high prevalence in all stages and types of cancer. AIMS The present study aimed to predict the acceptance of chronic pain in patients with cancer based on anxiety sensitivity and emotional suppression with the mediating role of learned helplessness. METHODS The current research method was descriptive-correlation and structural equation modeling. A number of patients with cancer (400), admitted to the oncology department of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Ardabil City of Iran in the second half of 2022, were selected as the convenience sample and responded to McCracker et al.'s chronic pain acceptance scale, Rees et al.'s anxiety sensitivity scale, Roger and Nasho's emotional control questionnaire, and Quinles and Nielson's learned helplessness questionnaire. RESULTS Based on the obtained results, the causal relationship between anxiety sensitivity, emotional suppression, learned helplessness, and acceptance of chronic pain in patients with cancer was confirmed based on various fit indices. Anxiety sensitivity, emotional suppression, and learned helplessness had a direct effect on the acceptance of chronic pain in patients with cancer. Moreover, anxiety sensitivity and emotional suppression through learned helplessness had indirect effects on pain acceptance in patients with cancer (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS Thus, anxiety sensitivity, emotional suppression, and learned helplessness play an essential role in the level of pain acceptance in patients with cancer, and targeting these three components through psychological treatments can be effective in the level of pain acceptance in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Eyni
- Department of Psychology, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Seyede Elham Mousavi
- Department of Educational Science, Psychological Counseling and Guidance Branch, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Hassan Sepahvand
- Department of Psychology, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
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Al-Arfaj SK, Abdallah AF, Abdulla FA. Psychometric properties of an Arabic translation of the chronic pain acceptance questionnaire (CPAQ) in a sample of patients with chronic pain. Disabil Rehabil 2023:1-12. [PMID: 38100318 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2023.2293987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chronic pain (CP) acceptance is a major factor in determining the well-being of patients with chronic pain. The chronic pain acceptance questionnaire (CPAQ) was translated and validated into Arabic (CPAQ-Ar). METHODS 244 patients with CP completed the CPAQ-Ar, the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), the short form health survey (SF-36), the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS), and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 21 (DASS-21). 110 patients completed the CPAQ-Ar twice separated by two weeks to investigate test-retest reliability. RESULTS Cronbach's α was 0.902 while the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was 0.917. The standard error measurement (SEM) was seven points while the minimal detectable change with 95% confidence interval (MDC95) was seventeen points. The CPAQ-Ar showed moderate to high correlations with the PCS, the BDI-II, the SF-36, the MFIS, the PSQI, and the DASS-21 indicating a good concurrent validity. Exploratory factor analysis confirmed that the CPAQ-Ar consists of two subscales. Better pain acceptance associated with male gender, older people, employed participants, low pain intensity, and single pain site. CONCLUSIONS The CPAQ-Ar is a valid and reliable tool for the measurement of pain acceptance in Arabic speaking patients with CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safiah K Al-Arfaj
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Fuad A Abdulla
- Department of physical therapy, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan
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Wang S, Wang X, Liu X, Zhao C, Duan J. Moderating effects of humanistic care and socioeconomic status on the relationship among pain intensity, psychological factors, and psychological function in adults with cancer pain from a province of China: A cross-sectional study. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:928727. [PMID: 37082761 PMCID: PMC10110900 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.928727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The objective of this study is to explore whether humanistic care practiced by clinical pharmacists and socioeconomic status moderate the associations among pain intensity, psychological factors (catastrophizing and resilience), and psychological function (depression and anxiety) in cancer patients with low levels of education and income in the Shanxi province in the Northwest of China. Methods Our sample comprised 123 adult inpatients with cancer pain. Demographic variables were obtained from the Hospital Information System of The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University. Pain intensity, psychological factors, and psychological functions were evaluated with four scales, and humanistic care was practiced with a part of the patients by clinical pharmacists. First, univariate analyses were conducted, followed by moderating effect models. Results The incidence of depression and anxiety in patients with cancer pain in our sample were 48.78 and 41.46%, respectively. Low levels of psychological resilience (63.37, SD 21.74) were in this study. Pain intensity was significantly associated with humanistic care and anxiety. Humanistic care practiced by clinical pharmacists moderated not only the association between resilience and pain intensity but also the association between pain intensity and anxiety. Education levels moderated the relationship between pain intensity and the psychological factors of catastrophizing and resilience. Income levels moderated the association between resilience and anxiety. Conclusion Humanistic care is essential in moderating the association among pain intensity, psychological factors, and psychological functions in Chinese cancer patients, especially those from lower-level counties and rural areas. Furthermore, socioeconomic statuses, such as education level and income, cannot easily change quickly. Still, proper humanistic care can relieve pain more effectively, reminding us that medical staff should implement effective personalized interventions to reduce patients' pain intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyun Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Xuyan Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Yangquan First People's Hospital, Yangquan, Shanxi, China
| | - Chenxing Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Linfen People's Hospital, Linfen, Shanxi, China
| | - Jinju Duan
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- *Correspondence: Jinju Duan,
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Krok D, Telka E, Zarzycka B. Total Pain and Illness Acceptance in Pelvic Cancer Patients: Exploring Self-Efficacy and Stress in a Moderated Mediation Model. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19159631. [PMID: 35954987 PMCID: PMC9368026 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cancer patients experience pain not only in its physical dimension, but also in a broader context that includes psychological, social, and spiritual aspects due to a higher level of anxiety and stress. The present prospective, longitudinal study examined the relationship between total pain and illness acceptance among pelvic cancer patients, taking into consideration the moderated mediation effects of self-efficacy and stress. The study involved a sample of pelvic cancer patients receiving radiotherapy treatment. Assessments were completed at T1 (before radiotherapy), T2 (after 3-4 weeks), and T3 (after radiotherapy) to assess the psychosocial dynamics of illness acceptance (N = 267). The more physical, psychological, social, and spiritual pain symptoms the patients experienced, the less they accepted negative health conditions and the effects of their illness. Stress moderated the indirect effect between total pain dimensions and illness acceptance through self-efficacy, but it did not moderate the relationship between total pain and illness acceptance. The relationships between total pain dimensions and illness acceptance thus depend on both the mediating effect of self-efficacy and the moderating effect of stress. This highlights the need to control one's motivation and behavior and manage emotional strain or tension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Krok
- Institute of Psychology, University of Opole, 45-040 Opole, Poland
| | - Ewa Telka
- Department of Radiotherapy, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, 44-101 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Beata Zarzycka
- Institute of Psychology, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
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The Role of Pain Inflexibility and Acceptance among Headache and Temporomandibular Disorders Patients. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19137974. [PMID: 35805650 PMCID: PMC9265370 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19137974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and headache are complex. This study aims to assess the association between TMD, headache, and psychological dimensions such as psychological inflexibility and pain acceptance. The sample consisted of 120 participants following a non-probabilistic convenience sampling strategy through a direct invitation to the patients attending our facilities and their relatives (n = 61 diagnosed with headache, n = 34 diagnosed with TMD-headache, n = 25 control group). Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC-TMD), International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-3 beta version), Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire (CPAQ-8), and Psychological Inflexibility in Pain Scale (PIPS) were used as assessment tools. One-way ANOVA, multiple regression analysis (MRA), and the Johnson-Neyman approach were run by IBM SPSS, version 27 (IBM® Company, Chicago, IL, USA). The significance level was 0.05. One third of our sample presented with headache with TMD. Females were predominant. Males with headache, no systemic disease, less pain severity but higher frequency, living longer with the disease and having sensitive changes, showed higher pain acceptance. When headache occurs with TMD, women with higher education, no headache family history, less pain, and no motor changes showed higher pain acceptance. Patients with both conditions are more liable to have chronic pain and pain inflexibility. Pain intensity and willingness explain 50% of the psychological inflexibility in the headache group. In our sample, individuals suffering from both conditions show greater pain inflexibility, implicating more vivid suffering experiences, leading to altered daily decisions and actions. However, further studies are needed to highlight this possible association.
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Chen F, Leng Y, Ni J, Niu T, Zhang L, Li J, Zheng Y. Symptom clusters and quality of life in ambulatory patients with multiple myeloma. Support Care Cancer 2022; 30:4961-4970. [PMID: 35182229 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-022-06896-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate symptom clusters and associated clinical factors in ambulatory multiple myeloma patients undergoing medication therapy. We also aimed to determine the correlations between symptom clusters and patient quality of life. METHODS A total of 174 multiple myeloma patients hospitalized in the haematology day unit were included in this study. A cross-sectional survey was conducted to examine symptoms and quality of life. Symptoms were assessed by the Chinese version of the Condensed Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale. Quality of life was measured with the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General. Principal component analysis was used to identify symptom clusters. Independent-samples t tests and chi-square tests were used for comparisons between groups. Spearman's rank correlation analysis was used to identify correlations. RESULTS We identified three symptom clusters in multiple myeloma patients: psychological; pain, dry mouth, and difficulty sleeping; and fatigue symptom cluster. For each symptom cluster, the patients could be categorized into a severe-symptom group or a mild-symptom group based on the distress of symptoms. The patients in each group exhibited differential demographic and clinical features. Symptom cluster distress was adversely correlated with patients' quality of life. CONCLUSIONS Ambulatory multiple myeloma patients undergoing anticancer medication therapy experience multiple symptoms, which can be categorized into three symptom clusters. For each symptom cluster, level of distress was associated with patients' demographic and clinical characteristics. The presence and level of distress of these symptom clusters have adverse impacts on patients' quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjiao Chen
- Department of Hematology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, #37 Guo Xue Xiang Street, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yamei Leng
- Department of Hematology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, #37 Guo Xue Xiang Street, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jingyao Ni
- Department of Hematology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, #37 Guo Xue Xiang Street, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ting Niu
- Department of Hematology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, #37 Guo Xue Xiang Street, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Hematology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, #37 Guo Xue Xiang Street, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jiping Li
- Department of Nursing, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, #37 Guo Xue Xiang Street, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Yuhuan Zheng
- Department of Hematology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, #37 Guo Xue Xiang Street, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Cultural factors affecting Chinese migrants' perceptions and responses to cancer pain and its pharmacological management: A convergent mixed-method study. Palliat Support Care 2022:1-9. [PMID: 35322781 DOI: 10.1017/s1478951522000360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Studies identified barriers of pain reporting and use of analgesics impeding Chinese cancer patients to achieve optimal pain relief. No research has yet explored these issues in Chinese migrants, where cultural differences may exacerbate the barriers. OBJECTIVES To explore cultural factors influencing Chinese migrants' perspectives to cancer pain and its pharmacological management. METHOD Informed by Leininger's Cultural Care Theory, focus groups and a short version of Barrier Questionnaire-Taiwan (S-BQT) were conducted in Mandarin or Cantonese, with 24 Chinese migrants receiving ambulatory cancer and/or palliative care services in Sydney, Australia. Integrated thematic analysis, descriptive statistics, and meta-inference were adopted for data analysis and integration. RESULTS Participants suffered uncontrolled cancer pain negatively affecting their physical and psychosocial well-being. Most experienced moderate to severe pain, but only a third used opioids. Most adopted non-pharmacological approaches and half used Traditional Chinese Medicine. Participants scored a mean S-BQT of 3.28 (standard deviation ± 0.89). Three themes and seven sub-themes contributed to higher barriers of pharmacological pain management: (1) Philosophical health beliefs (cancer pain are self-provoked and body can self-heal); (2) Cultural values and beliefs (cancer pain is inevitable, and Chinese people express pain differently to local people); and (3) Conflicting views on the use of opioids (culture-related negative medication beliefs, Western biomedical model-related opioid fears, and opioids extend life for people with terminal cancer pain). CONCLUSIONS Chinese migrants' responses to cancer pain and attitudes towards opioids are complex. Culturally congruent strategies are needed to overcome culture-related barriers and improve quality of cancer pain care in this population.
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Xu X, Cheng Q, Ou M, Li S, Xie C, Chen Y. Pain acceptance in cancer patients with chronic pain in Hunan, China: A qualitative study. Int J Nurs Sci 2019; 6:385-391. [PMID: 31728390 PMCID: PMC6838986 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnss.2019.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The purpose of this qualitative study was to describe the experiences of pain acceptance in Chinese cancer patients with chronic pain. Methods Twelve hospitalized cancer patients with chronic pain participated in this qualitative descriptive study from August to November 2017. In-person semi-structured interviews were conducted, recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using Colaizzi's seven-step method. Results The following four main themes and 15 subthemes emerged. Theme 1 (adaptation): pain is overwhelming and pain relief is a top priority, avoidance of pain-inducing factors, and resignation; theme 2 (emotional reactions to pain): feeling misunderstood, hopelessness, frustration, irritability, and concern for loved ones; theme 3 (functional limitations): daily life activities, social communication, and work; theme 4 (coping strategies): pharmacological therapies, behavioral strategies, social support strategies, and spiritual strategies. Conclusions This study provides a description of cancer patients' experiences related to the need for pain acceptance. These findings provide insight into the essential role of pain acceptance and underline the need to apply acceptance-based cognitive behavioral interventions as adjunctive non-pharmacological alternatives for chronic cancer pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghua Xu
- Head & Neck Plastic Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University/Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Qinqin Cheng
- Pain Ward, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University/Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Meijun Ou
- Head & Neck Plastic Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University/Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Shaping Li
- Nursing Department, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University/Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Chanjuan Xie
- Nursing Department, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University/Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Yongyi Chen
- Nursing Department, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University/Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, China
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