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Hashempour R, MirHashemi S, Mollajafari F, Damiri S, ArabAhmadi A, Raei B. Economic burden of diabetic foot ulcer: a case of Iran. BMC Health Serv Res 2024; 24:363. [PMID: 38515182 PMCID: PMC10958898 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-024-10873-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is known as a serious complication of diabetes mellitus in patients with diabetes, imposing heavy medical costs on healthcare systems due to its chronic nature. patients with severe diabetic foot ulcer are often disabled to work, and some of them may even die, leading to associated productivity losses. Since no previous study has investigated the economic burden of DFU in Iran, this study is to estimate the economic burden of diabetic foot disease in Iran. METHODS In this descriptive cross-sectional study, randomly selected samples consisted of 542 patients with DFU, hospitalized in the hospitals of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. The demographic profile and cost data used in this analysis were derived from a researcher-designed checklist. Lost productivity was calculated based on Human Capital Approach, and the total economic cost of DFU was determined using patient-level data on costs and prevalence data from the global burden of diseases reports. All analyses were performed using SPSS software (Version 23), and Microsoft Excel (Version 19). RESULTS The economic burden of DFU in Iran in two scenarios of discounting future costs and not discounting them was about $8.7 billion and $35 billion, respectively (about 0.59 and 2.41% of GDP). 79.25% of the estimated costs in this study were indirect costs and productivity losses, of which 99.34% (7,918.4 million Dollars) were productivity losses due to premature death. 20.75% (2,064.4 million dollars) of the estimated costs in this study were direct costs. The average length of stay (LOS) was 8.10 days (SD = 9.32), and 73.3% of patients recovered and were discharged after hospitalization and 7.6% died. The majority of the costs are imposed on the age group of 60-69 year (53.42% of the productivity lost due to hospital length of stay, 58.91% of the productivity lost due to premature death & 40.41% of direct costs). CONCLUSIONS DFU represents a heavy burden to patients, Iran's health system, and the economy. Early prevention strategies need to be prioritized in making public health policies. These policies and decisions can be in the area of changing lifestyle, health education, changing people's behavior, and encouraging physical activity that targeted high-risk populations in order to reduce the prevalence of diabetic foot and resulting substantial economic burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Hashempour
- Department of Health Economics and Statistics, Vice-Chancellor's Office in Treatment Affairs, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - SeyedHadi MirHashemi
- Department of General Surgery, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Mollajafari
- Department of Health Economics and Statistics, Vice-Chancellor's Office in Treatment Affairs, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soheila Damiri
- Health Economics, Management, and Policy Department, Virtual School of Medical Education & Management, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali ArabAhmadi
- Department of Public Health, Qaen School of Nursing and Midwifery, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Behzad Raei
- Razi Educational and Therapeutic Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran.
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Ranjbar K, Shahriarirad R, Ebrahimi K, Amirian A, Karoobi M, Mardani P, Erfani A, Fallahi MJ, Ketabchi F, Ziaian B. Demographic, clinical, and paraclinical features of patients operated with the diagnosis of acute descending necrotizing mediastinitis: a retrospective study in Southern Iran. J Cardiothorac Surg 2023; 18:354. [PMID: 38066576 PMCID: PMC10704827 DOI: 10.1186/s13019-023-02416-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Descending necrotizing mediastinitis (DNM) is a type of acute mediastinitis that is rarely reported but is regarded as a fatal disease despite improvements in technological methods and antibiotic therapies. We aimed to determine the demographic, clinical, and paraclinical features of patients diagnosed with acute DNM. METHODS In this retrospective study, patients' hospital records with a diagnosis of DNM admitted to the Namazi hospital in southern Iran during 18 years (2002-2019) were reviewed. Demographic and clinical features were recorded and subsequently analyzed via SPSS 22. RESULTS Out of 67 mediastinitis patients, 25 (37.3%) were diagnosed as DNM with an average age of 37.2 ± 16.7 years, and 68% were male. Regarding etiology, 52.0% were due to neck infection. Based on the technique of surgery, 52% of the patients underwent the combined method, which was mostly among type I and IIA DNM, while thoracotomy was mostly performed on type IIB DNM (P = 0.08). Based on the incision, type IIA and IIB had the highest frequency of thoracotomy and cervicothoracic incisions (P = 0.02 and 0.002). Puss discharge was significantly lower in type I DNM (P = 0.01). Based on the presenting symptoms of our patients, the majority (72.0%) had a chief complaint of neck pain, followed by chills and fever (48%). There were no reports of mortality during our short-term follow-up. CONCLUSION We report one of the largest retrospective studies of DNM patients in our referral center, with a high prevalence of the disease among younger populations, especially under 40 years. The method of treatment should be chosen based on the extent of infection and can be limited to neck exploration in upper mediastinal infections, though thoracic or combined approach in more broad infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keivan Ranjbar
- Thoracic and Vascular Surgery Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reza Shahriarirad
- Thoracic and Vascular Surgery Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Kamyar Ebrahimi
- Thoracic and Vascular Surgery Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Armin Amirian
- Thoracic and Vascular Surgery Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Surgery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohamadreza Karoobi
- Thoracic and Vascular Surgery Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Parviz Mardani
- Thoracic and Vascular Surgery Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Surgery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Erfani
- Thoracic and Vascular Surgery Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Fallahi
- Thoracic and Vascular Surgery Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Internal Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Ketabchi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bizhan Ziaian
- Thoracic and Vascular Surgery Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran.
- Department of Surgery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Moya-Salazar J, Chamana JM, Porras-Rivera D, Goicochea-Palomino EA, Salazar CR, Contreras-Pulache H. Increase in antibiotic resistance in diabetic foot infections among peruvian patients: a single-center cross-sectional study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1267699. [PMID: 38116313 PMCID: PMC10728874 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1267699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetic foot is one of the most significant complications in individuals with diabetes and is closely associated with lower limb amputation. The antibiotic susceptibility patterns of these bacterial isolates play a critical role in guiding effective treatment strategies We aimed to determine the most common bacterial agents causing diabetic foot infections in a tertiary-care hospital in Peru. Methods Clinical and microbiological data were collected from 181 patients diagnosed with diabetic foot infections and positive microbiological culture results. All the samples were analyzed with the Vitek 2 compact system and the cut-off points were defined with the CLSI M100 guide. The data were segregated based on mono-microbial or poly-microbial cultures, bacterial types, and antibiotic susceptibility profiles. Results A total of 32 bacterial species were identified, predominantly Gram-negative (63%). The most frequent bacterial agents isolated were Staphylococcus aureus (19.9%), Escherichia coli (12.2%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (8.3%), and Proteus vulgaris (6.6%). These bacteria commonly exhibited resistance to Ampicillin, Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin, Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and Cefuroxime. E. coli showed the highest antibiotic resistance (19 antibiotics), while Gentamicin, Tobramycin, and Levofloxacin demonstrated the highest sensitivity against the most prevalent bacteria. Gram-negative bacteria also exhibited notable antibiotic-susceptibility to Meropenem, Piperacillin/tazobactam, and Amikacin. Regarding the presence of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase, 54 isolates tested positive, with 35 (64.8%) and 14 (42.4%) of these being S. aureus and E. coli. Conclusions Bacterial agents causing diabetic foot infections pose a constant concern, particularly due to the increasing antibiotic resistance observed. This difficulty in treating the condition contributes to a higher risk of amputation and mortality. Further research on bacterial susceptibility is necessary to determine appropriate dosages for pharmacological treatment and to prevent the overuse of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeel Moya-Salazar
- Faculties of Health Science, Universidad Privada del Norte, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Daniela Porras-Rivera
- School of Medicine, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Tunja, Colombia
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Hassan SA, Ahmed YMA, Hassan GD. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli isolated from diabetic patients in Mogadishu, Somalia. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1204052. [PMID: 37692408 PMCID: PMC10484611 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1204052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a major concern for diabetic patients due to the impact of diabetes on the urinary tract and immune system. Escherichia coli is the most common pathogen causing UTIs in diabetic patients and is known for its resistance. This study aimed to assess the antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli strains isolated from diabetic patients in Mogadishu, Somalia. Methods This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Ummah Hospital in Mogadishu, Somalia, from November 2021 to April 2022. Clean catch mid-stream urine specimens were collected from each participant and uropathogens were identified using standard techniques. The samples were cultured on CLED agar and antibiotic susceptibility patterns were determined using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 20. Results The overall prevalence of uropathogens among diabetic patients was 236/350 (67.5%) with Escherichia coli being the most common organism. According to multivariate logistic regression, the results showed that Female diabetic patients had a significantly higher likelihood of developing UTIs compared to males (AOR = 2.5, 95% CI: 1.357-4.522, p = 0.003). The duration of diabetes, history of previous UTIs, and previous antibiotic use were also significantly associated with UTIs. All isolates were found to be resistant to Cefotaxime (100%). In addition, high resistance rates were observed with ofloxacin (91%), ciprofloxacin (77.8%), amikacin (60.9%), ceftriaxone (58.3%), and cefepime (51.8%). The most sensitive antibiotics were colistin and imipenem (99.6 and 88.6%, respectively), followed by gentamycin (70%). Conclusion This study found a high prevalence of uropathogens and increased multi-drug resistance. Continuous surveillance is needed to monitor uropathogen prevalence and resistance rates, guiding treatment recommendations, rational prescription programs, and policy decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafie Abdulkadir Hassan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology, Mogadishu, Somalia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of El Imam El Mahdi, Kosti, Sudan
| | - Yousif Mousa Alobaid Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of El Imam El Mahdi, Kosti, Sudan
| | - Gallad Dahir Hassan
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology, Mogadishu, Somalia
- School of Public Health and Research, Somali National University, Mogadishu, Somalia
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Forouzani F, Khasti T, Manzouri L, Ravangard S, Shahriarirad R, Koleini M, Ayareh N, Nikbakht G. Resistance pattern of isolated microorganisms from 783 clinical specimen cultures in patients admitted to Yasuj Educational Hospitals, Iran. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:205. [PMID: 37528350 PMCID: PMC10394882 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02952-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious diseases are still one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in resource-limited settings. Serious infection caused mostly by gram-negative pathogens causes significant morbidity. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, antimicrobial resistance kills over 700,000 people worldwide. Antibiotic resistance is on the rise, and as a consequence, serious public health issues are arising. The present study investigated isolated clinical samples from Yasuj teaching hospitals to determine the antimicrobial resistance profile to various antibiotics. MATERIALS AND METHODS Microbial isolates regarding cultures from urine, blood, wound, abdominal tap, throat, stool, cerebrospinal fluid, endotracheal tube, sputum, skin lesion, nasal, and mouth secretion were collected from patients admitted to hospitals affiliated with Yasuj teaching hospitals. Antibiotic susceptibility profiles were determined by using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Data were tabulated and analyzed with SPSS version 26.0. RESULTS A total of 783 samples were evaluated in our study, with an average of 30.6 years and 54.5% female patients. Most of the bacterial isolates were gram-negative (64.2%). The majority of cultures were Escherichia coli (49.9%), mainly among urine samples (64.2%). The frequency distribution of norfloxacin antibiotic resistance was more common in internal medicine (66.7%), infectious (63.6%), and emergency wards (58.8%). The frequency distribution of penicillin antibiotic resistance was statistically significant in different wards. All cases of oxacillin were resistant. CONCLUSION Our data showed a high level of antibiotic resistance among bacterial isolates in our center. Considering widespread empirical antibiotic therapy in Iran, the rate of increasing resistance to common antibiotics prescribed for ambulatory and hospitalized patients is concerning. We recommend providing more strict guidelines and policies to control the overuse and overprescription of antimicrobials by health policy-making organizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Forouzani
- School of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Tahere Khasti
- School of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Leila Manzouri
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Sara Ravangard
- School of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Reza Shahriarirad
- Thoracic and Vascular Surgery Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Koleini
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Nazanin Ayareh
- Students Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Gordafarin Nikbakht
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran.
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Ziaian B, Khezri S, Amirian A, Ranjbar K, Shahriarirad R, Eskandari Kohnaki M. Hypertonic saline solution 5% as an effective cost-beneficial alternative to normal saline for wound healing in patients with diabetic lower-extremity ulcers: a randomized controlled trial. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2023; 22:479-485. [PMID: 37255840 PMCID: PMC10225384 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-022-01167-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Diabetic foot ulcer is among the most common complications and causes of mortality and morbidity in patients with diabetes. Herein, we propose using 5% Hypertonic Solution as an alternative to Normal Saline in treating patients with diabetic foot ulcers as an effective cost-benefit therapeutic approach. Methods In this clinical trial, 100 patients with diabetic foot ulcers were divided into two groups. Foot ulcer was washed and treated three times a day with the 5% hypertonic saline solution in the first group, while the second group was treated with normal saline 0.9% and normal washing. Patients were examined for the size and depth of the wound weekly, and the results were recorded after six weeks. Results The mean length and width of the wound in the experimental group significantly decreased six weeks after the start of treatment with hypertonic saline (p < 0.05). The wound healing rate was lower after treatment in both groups of patients who had a longer disease duration and higher HbA1c. Conclusion Treating diabetic foot ulcers with hypertonic saline solution may help improve wound healing. Therefore, rinsing with hypertonic saline is a cheap, safe, simple, and non-invasive treatment protocol for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bizhan Ziaian
- Thoracic and Vascular Surgery Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Surgery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Samad Khezri
- Thoracic and Vascular Surgery Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Armin Amirian
- Thoracic and Vascular Surgery Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Surgery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Keivan Ranjbar
- Thoracic and Vascular Surgery Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reza Shahriarirad
- Thoracic and Vascular Surgery Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mariye Eskandari Kohnaki
- Thoracic and Vascular Surgery Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
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Culture and sensitivity pattern of aerobic bacterial isolates in diabetic foot infections during 2018-2022 in Asian countries: a literature review study. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2023; 85:161-165. [PMID: 36845791 PMCID: PMC9949823 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000000223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The most prevalent consequence of diabetes mellitus is diabetic foot infections (DFIs). Prior to the final treatment established by the culture findings, the early identification of infections may be used as a prescription for an empirical therapy. This study examines the microbiological profile and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of the bacteria that cause DFI. Methods This research aims to determine the culture and sensitivity trend of aerobic bacterial isolates of DFI in Asian nations over a 5-year period. The article was searched using PubMed and Google Scholar with the keywords 'Diabetic Foot Infections', 'Antibiotic', 'Microbiological Profile', and their combinations. The author uses publications from 2018 to 2022 in Indonesian and English to select the appropriate journal. Results The author identified 11 relevant articles with microbiological profiles and sensitivity patterns in DFI. A total of 3097 isolates were found in 2498 patients with DFI. Gram-negative bacteria were the leading source of infection (n=1737; 56%). Totally, 1148 (or 37%) of all isolates were aerobic Gram-positive cocci. Staphylococcus aureus was the most commonly isolated aerobe (n=608, 20%), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=451, 15%). Gram-positive bacteria showed good susceptibility to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, doxycycline, vancomycin, and linezolid. Gram-negative bacteria displayed excellent susceptibility to aminoglycosides, piperacillin-tazobactam, and carbapenems. Conclusions Gram-negative microorganisms were the most prevalent cause of DFI. This study's findings will facilitate the development of future empirical therapeutic guidelines for the treatment of DFI.
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Incidence, Clinicomicrobiological Characteristics, Risk Factors, and Treatment Outcomes of Bacterial Infections Following Liver Transplantation in Pediatrics: A Retrospective Cohort Study. ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.5812/pedinfect-118809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Liver transplantation (LT) is the definitive treatment for patients with advanced liver failure. Bacterial infections are common consequences of organ transplantation resulting from immune suppression and prolonged hospitalization. Methods: This retrospective cohort study examined the records of all liver transplant pediatrics under 18 years of age in Abu-Ali Sina hospital, Shiraz, Fars province, Iran, from April 2019 to February 2020. Demographic, laboratory, and clinical data were extracted along with the administered therapeutic approach for the patient. Results: Of 80 enrolled patients, 52 were male, and 28 were female, with a median age of 60 months. An incidence of 67.9% of bacterial infections was recorded. Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogens accounted for 64.06% and 35.93% of infections, respectively. Surgical site infections were the most common ones. The length of ICU stay, hospitalization, mechanical ventilation duration, and re-hospitalization were significantly higher in the infected group than in non-infected pediatrics (P-value < 0.05). Multivariate regression analysis showed that the only risk factor for bacterial infections after LT was the length of ICU stay. The mortality rate was 22%, which was significantly higher among the infection group (P = 0.008). Conclusions: A high rate of bacterial infections and an increasing prevalence of nosocomial and antibiotic-resistant pathogens were detected in the early period after LT.
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Darwis I, Hidayat H, Wisnu GNPP, Mentari S. Bacteriological Profile and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Diabetic Foot Infection in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Lampung, Indonesia. Malays J Med Sci 2022; 28:42-53. [PMID: 35115886 PMCID: PMC8793971 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2021.28.5.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetic foot infection (DFI) is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus and identification of the causative bacteria is an essential step in selecting the appropriate antibiotic therapy. This study aimed to evaluate the bacterial pattern and antibiotic susceptibility of the bacteria causing DFI in Lampung Province in Indonesia. Methods This study is a retrospective study reviewing the medical records of DFI patients admitted to the Dr Hi Abdul Moeloek Regional General Hospital in 2017–2019. DFI patients with complete medical record data were included in this study. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, wound culture and antibiotic susceptibility data were collected from the medical records using a short structural chart. The data obtained then reviewed. Results In this study, 131 DFI patients met the study criteria and were included. Based on the wound culture results, Gram-negative bacteria were obtained in 112 (85.5%) subjects with Enterobacter spp. as the predominant bacteria. Gram-positive bacteria were found in 19 (14.5%) subjects with Staphylococcus spp. as the predominant bacteria. Gram-negative bacteria found in this study showed high susceptibility to amikacin, meropenem and sulbactam/cefoperazone. Meanwhile, the Gram-positive bacteria showed high susceptibility to meropenem, sulbactam/cefoperazone and amikacin. Conclusion The findings of the study revealed Enterobacter spp. as the most predominant bacteria causing DFI in the studied population. The highest antibiotic susceptibility was seen for amikacin, meropenem and sulbactam/cefoperazone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iswandi Darwis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universitas Lampung, Lampung, Indonesia.,Department of Internal Medicine, Dr Hi Abdul Moeloek Regional General Hospital, Lampung, Indonesia
| | - Hidayat Hidayat
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Dr Hi Abdul Moeloek Regional General Hospital, Lampung, Indonesia
| | | | - Sekar Mentari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dr Hi Abdul Moeloek Regional General Hospital, Lampung, Indonesia
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Chávez-Reyes J, Escárcega-González CE, Chavira-Suárez E, León-Buitimea A, Vázquez-León P, Morones-Ramírez JR, Villalón CM, Quintanar-Stephano A, Marichal-Cancino BA. Susceptibility for Some Infectious Diseases in Patients With Diabetes: The Key Role of Glycemia. Front Public Health 2021; 9:559595. [PMID: 33665182 PMCID: PMC7921169 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.559595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled diabetes results in several metabolic alterations including hyperglycemia. Indeed, several preclinical and clinical studies have suggested that this condition may induce susceptibility and the development of more aggressive infectious diseases, especially those caused by some bacteria (including Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Streptococcus pneumoniae, among others) and viruses [such as coronavirus 2 (CoV2), Influenza A virus, Hepatitis B, etc.]. Although the precise mechanisms that link glycemia to the exacerbated infections remain elusive, hyperglycemia is known to induce a wide array of changes in the immune system activity, including alterations in: (i) the microenvironment of immune cells (e.g., pH, blood viscosity and other biochemical parameters); (ii) the supply of energy to infectious bacteria; (iii) the inflammatory response; and (iv) oxidative stress as a result of bacterial proliferative metabolism. Consistent with this evidence, some bacterial infections are typical (and/or have a worse prognosis) in patients with hypercaloric diets and a stressful lifestyle (conditions that promote hyperglycemic episodes). On this basis, the present review is particularly focused on: (i) the role of diabetes in the development of some bacterial and viral infections by analyzing preclinical and clinical findings; (ii) discussing the possible mechanisms by which hyperglycemia may increase the susceptibility for developing infections; and (iii) further understanding the impact of hyperglycemia on the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Chávez-Reyes
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Carlos E Escárcega-González
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo León, Mexico.,Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología y Nanotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Erika Chavira-Suárez
- Unidad de Vinculación Científica de la Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México en el Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Angel León-Buitimea
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo León, Mexico.,Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología y Nanotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Priscila Vázquez-León
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - José R Morones-Ramírez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo León, Mexico.,Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología y Nanotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Carlos M Villalón
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Cinvestav-Coapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Andrés Quintanar-Stephano
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Bruno A Marichal-Cancino
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
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