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Chen L, Alabdullah M, Mahnke K. Adenosine, bridging chronic inflammation and tumor growth. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1258637. [PMID: 38022572 PMCID: PMC10643868 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1258637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine (Ado) is a well-known immunosuppressive agent that may be released or generated extracellularly by cells, via degrading ATP by the sequential actions of the ectonucleotides CD39 and CD73. During inflammation Ado is produced by leukocytes and tissue cells by different means to initiate the healing phase. Ado downregulates the activation and the effector functions of different leukocyte (sub-) populations and stimulates proliferation of fibroblasts for re-establishment of intact tissues. Therefore, the anti-inflammatory actions of Ado are already intrinsically triggered during each episode of inflammation. These tissue-regenerating and inflammation-tempering purposes of Ado can become counterproductive. In chronic inflammation, it is possible that Ado-driven anti-inflammatory actions sustain the inflammation and prevent the final clearance of the tissues from possible pathogens. These chronic infections are characterized by increased tissue damage, remodeling and accumulating DNA damage, and are thus prone for tumor formation. Developing tumors may further enhance immunosuppressive actions by producing Ado by themselves, or by "hijacking" CD39+/CD73+ cells that had already developed during chronic inflammation. This review describes different and mostly convergent mechanisms of how Ado-induced immune suppression, initially induced in inflammation, can lead to tumor formation and outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karsten Mahnke
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany
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Luo J, Yu S, Xu J, Sun X, Wang R. Deciphering the role of TNF‑α‑induced protein 8‑like 2 in the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis in neonatal rats. Exp Ther Med 2023; 26:443. [PMID: 37614421 PMCID: PMC10442999 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.12142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NNEC) is a disease characterized by intestinal inflammation and ischemic necrosis. Despite progress having been made during decades of research, details regarding its pathophysiology remain to be elucidated. It is known that abnormal expressions of TNF-α-induced protein 8-like 2 (TIPE2) can be observed in several diseases. However, the expression of TIPE2 in necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) rats has not been examined before. The present study aimed to describe the expression pattern of TIPE2 and its role in NNEC pathogenesis. An NEC rat model was generated and used in the present study. All rats were sacrificed when the phenotype developed and the intestine between the lower end of the duodenum and the ileocecal were collected for further study. Hematoxylin and eosin, and immunohistochemical staining, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blotting analysis were used to examine the expression of TIPE2. The results showed that the average body weight was significantly decreased in the NEC group compared with the control group along with a significant decrease of TIPE2 expression. However, the expressions of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) and serine/threonine kinase AKT were significantly increased in NEC rats. The correlation analysis showed that the expressions of TIPE2 and PI3K were negatively correlated with a correlation coefficient of -0.797. To further determine the association between TIPE2 and PI3K/AKT pathway, two groups of wild type Sprague Dawley rats were infected with recombinant adenovirus Ad-V and Ad-TIPE2 respectively. The results showed that the expression of TIPE2 was significantly increased among rats in the Ad-TIPE2-infected group (OE group) compared to the ones from the Ad-V-infected group (NC group). However, the mRNA and protein expressions of PI3K and AKT were significantly decreased in Ad-TIPE2-infected rates. The difference of each index between OE and NC groups was statistically significant. The present study showed that the expression of TIPE2 was downregulated in NEC rats. TIPE2 might be involved in the pathogenesis of NEC by activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Luo
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China
| | - Shenglin Yu
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215003, P.R. China
| | - Jialong Xu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
| | - Xiaogang Sun
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
| | - Ruoyi Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
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Zhang Y, Liu W, Shu Z, Li Y, Sun F, Li ZG, Han TX, Mao HW, Wang TY. Delayed-onset adenosine deaminase deficiency with a novel synonymous mutation and a case series from China. World J Pediatr 2023; 19:687-700. [PMID: 37154862 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-023-00729-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adenosine deaminase (ADA) is a key enzyme in the purine salvage pathway. Genetic defects of the ADA gene can cause a subtype of severe combined immunodeficiency. To date, few Chinese cases have been reported. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients diagnosed with ADA deficiency in Beijing Children's Hospital and summarized the previously published ADA deficiency cases from China in the literature. RESULTS Nine patients were identified with two novel mutations (W272X and Q202 =). Early-onset infection, thymic abnormalities and failure to thrive were the most common manifestations of Chinese ADA-deficient patients. The ADA genotype has a major effect on the clinical phenotype. Notably, a novel synonymous mutation (c.606G>A, p.Q202=) was identified in a delayed-onset patient, which affected pre-mRNA splicing leading to a frameshift and premature truncation of the protein. Furthermore, the patient showed γδT cells expansion with an increased effect or phenotype, which may be associated with the delayed onset of disease. In addition, we reported cerebral aneurysm and intracranial artery stenosis for the first time in ADA deficiency. Five patients died with a median age of four months, while two patients received stem cell transplantation and are alive. CONCLUSIONS This study described the first case series of Chinese ADA-deficient patients. Early-onset infection, thymic abnormalities and failure to thrive were the most common manifestations in our patients. We identified a synonymous mutation that affected pre-mRNA splicing in the ADA gene, which had never been reported in ADA deficiency. Furthermore, we reported cerebral aneurysm in a delayed-onset patient for the first time. Further study is warranted to investigate the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, No. 56 Nan Lishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Hematology Oncology Center, Henan Children's Hospital, Children's Hospital Affiliated of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhou Shu
- Department of Immunology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, No. 56 Nan Lishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Immunology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, No. 56 Nan Lishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Fei Sun
- Department of Immunology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, No. 56 Nan Lishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Li
- Hematologic Disease Laboratory, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, China
- Hematology Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, No. 56 Nan Lishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100045, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Tong-Xin Han
- Department of Immunology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, No. 56 Nan Lishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Hua-Wei Mao
- Department of Immunology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, No. 56 Nan Lishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100045, China.
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.
| | - Tian-You Wang
- Hematology Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, No. 56 Nan Lishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100045, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China.
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Neutrophil-Epithelial Crosstalk During Intestinal Inflammation. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 14:1257-1267. [PMID: 36089244 PMCID: PMC9583449 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocyte population in the human circulatory system and are rapidly recruited to sites of inflammation. Neutrophils play a multifaceted role in intestinal inflammation, as they contribute to the elimination of invading pathogens. Recently, their role in epithelial restitution has been widely recognized; however, they are also associated with bystander tissue damage. The intestinal epithelium provides a physical barrier to prevent direct contact of luminal contents with subepithelial tissues, which is extremely important for the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis. Numerous studies have demonstrated that transepithelial migration of neutrophils is closely related to disease symptoms and disruption of crypt architecture in inflammatory bowel disease and experimental colitis. There has been growing interest in how neutrophils interact with the epithelium under inflammatory conditions. Most studies focus on the effects of neutrophils on intestinal epithelial cells; however, the effects of intestinal epithelial cells on neutrophils during intestinal inflammation need to be well-established. Based on these data, we have summarized recent articles on the role of neutrophil-epithelial interactions in intestinal inflammation, particularly highlighting the epithelium-derived molecular regulators that mediate neutrophil recruitment, transepithelial migration, and detachment from the epithelium, as well as the functional consequences of their crosstalk. A better understanding of these molecular events may help develop novel therapeutic targets for mitigating the deleterious effects of neutrophils in inflammatory bowel disease.
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Mahmood A, Iqbal J. Purinergic receptors modulators: An emerging pharmacological tool for disease management. Med Res Rev 2022; 42:1661-1703. [PMID: 35561109 DOI: 10.1002/med.21888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Purinergic signaling is mediated through extracellular nucleotides (adenosine 5'-triphosphate, uridine-5'-triphosphate, adenosine diphosphate, uridine-5'-diphosphate, and adenosine) that serve as signaling molecules. In the early 1990s, purines and pyrimidine receptors were cloned and characterized drawing the attention of scientists toward this aspect of cellular signaling. This signaling pathway is comprised of four subtypes of adenosine receptors (P1), eight subtypes of G-coupled protein receptors (P2YRs), and seven subtypes of ligand-gated ionotropic receptors (P2XRs). In current studies, the pathophysiology and therapeutic potentials of these receptors have been focused on. Various ligands, modulating the functions of purinergic receptors, are in current clinical practices for the treatment of various neurodegenerative disorders and cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, several purinergic receptors ligands are in advanced phases of clinical trials as a remedy for depression, epilepsy, autism, osteoporosis, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, diabetes, irritable bowel syndrome, and cancers. In the present study, agonists and antagonists of purinergic receptors have been summarized that may serve as pharmacological tools for drug design and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abid Mahmood
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Jamshed Iqbal
- Centre for Advanced Drug Research, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad, Pakistan
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Sun X, Xu L, Ma S, Chen L, Tang R, Li D, Hu F, Wang T, Gong Y, Zhou H, Wang J. Reduced Incidence of Necrotizing Enterocolitis due to the Anti-Inflammatory Effects of CXCL14 in Intestinal Tissue. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2022; 2022:1322172. [PMID: 35463668 PMCID: PMC9023168 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1322172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bioinformatic analysis indicated that downregulated CXCL14 will occur in the intestinal tissue of patients with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). To reveal the relationship between CXCL14 and mucosal immune regulation, we designed and implemented the experiments to explore the potential function of CXCL14 in the pathogenesis of NEC. Firstly, this study confirmed that the expression of CXCL14 decreased in the intestinal tract of NEC children. Secondly, the experiments results showed that CXCL14 could ameliorate the inflammatory injury of intestinal tissue through the suppressive effect on the expression of TNF-α and INF-γ in vivo. Finally, we explained that activation of the TLR4 can reduce the expression level of CXCL14 in the intestinal tissue of mouse pups. Collectively, our study suggested that CXCL14 may negatively regulate the inflammatory response in intestinal tissue and play an essential role in NEC development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Sun
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215025, China
| | - Lingqi Xu
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215025, China
| | - Shurong Ma
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215025, China
| | - Lulu Chen
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215025, China
| | - Ruze Tang
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215025, China
| | - Dashuang Li
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215025, China
| | - Fangjie Hu
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215025, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215025, China
| | - Yuan Gong
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215025, China
| | - Huiting Zhou
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215025, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215025, China
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Hasan D, Shono A, van Kalken CK, van der Spek PJ, Krenning EP, Kotani T. A novel definition and treatment of hyperinflammation in COVID-19 based on purinergic signalling. Purinergic Signal 2021; 18:13-59. [PMID: 34757513 PMCID: PMC8578920 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09814-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperinflammation plays an important role in severe and critical COVID-19. Using inconsistent criteria, many researchers define hyperinflammation as a form of very severe inflammation with cytokine storm. Therefore, COVID-19 patients are treated with anti-inflammatory drugs. These drugs appear to be less efficacious than expected and are sometimes accompanied by serious adverse effects. SARS-CoV-2 promotes cellular ATP release. Increased levels of extracellular ATP activate the purinergic receptors of the immune cells initiating the physiologic pro-inflammatory immune response. Persisting viral infection drives the ATP release even further leading to the activation of the P2X7 purinergic receptors (P2X7Rs) and a severe yet physiologic inflammation. Disease progression promotes prolonged vigorous activation of the P2X7R causing cell death and uncontrolled ATP release leading to cytokine storm and desensitisation of all other purinergic receptors of the immune cells. This results in immune paralysis with co-infections or secondary infections. We refer to this pathologic condition as hyperinflammation. The readily available and affordable P2X7R antagonist lidocaine can abrogate hyperinflammation and restore the normal immune function. The issue is that the half-maximal effective concentration for P2X7R inhibition of lidocaine is much higher than the maximal tolerable plasma concentration where adverse effects start to develop. To overcome this, we selectively inhibit the P2X7Rs of the immune cells of the lymphatic system inducing clonal expansion of Tregs in local lymph nodes. Subsequently, these Tregs migrate throughout the body exerting anti-inflammatory activities suppressing systemic and (distant) local hyperinflammation. We illustrate this with six critically ill COVID-19 patients treated with lidocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Atsuko Shono
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, 142-8666, Japan
| | | | - Peter J van der Spek
- Department of Pathology & Clinical Bioinformatics, Erasmus MC, Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Toru Kotani
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, 142-8666, Japan
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Pasquini S, Contri C, Borea PA, Vincenzi F, Varani K. Adenosine and Inflammation: Here, There and Everywhere. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7685. [PMID: 34299305 PMCID: PMC8304851 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is a ubiquitous endogenous modulator with the main function of maintaining cellular and tissue homeostasis in pathological and stress conditions. It exerts its effect through the interaction with four G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) subtypes referred as A1, A2A, A2B, and A3 adenosine receptors (ARs), each of which has a unique pharmacological profile and tissue distribution. Adenosine is a potent modulator of inflammation, and for this reason the adenosinergic system represents an excellent pharmacological target for the myriad of diseases in which inflammation represents a cause, a pathogenetic mechanism, a consequence, a manifestation, or a protective factor. The omnipresence of ARs in every cell of the immune system as well as in almost all cells in the body represents both an opportunity and an obstacle to the clinical use of AR ligands. This review offers an overview of the cardinal role of adenosine in the modulation of inflammation, showing how the stimulation or blocking of its receptors or agents capable of regulating its extracellular concentration can represent promising therapeutic strategies for the treatment of chronic inflammatory pathologies, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pasquini
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (S.P.); (C.C.); (K.V.)
| | - Chiara Contri
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (S.P.); (C.C.); (K.V.)
| | | | - Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (S.P.); (C.C.); (K.V.)
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (S.P.); (C.C.); (K.V.)
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