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Lieu MD, Dang TKT, Nguyen TH. Green synthesized silver nanoparticles, a sustainable approach for fruit and vegetable preservation: An overview. Food Chem X 2024; 23:101664. [PMID: 39148528 PMCID: PMC11324848 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology in which silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have received more interest in fruits and vegetables (FaV) preservation due to their anti-microorganism properties. There are various approaches to synthesizing AgNPs, in which biological reduction, especially plant extraction containing bioactive compounds, is considered non-toxic, eco-friendly, and economically viable. AgNPs can be applied for FaV preservation by immersing or incorporating AgNPs into the edible coating or wrapper film. Depending on the type of coating and the kind of FaV, choosing the coating components is necessary to ensure the anti-microorganism ability and improve preservation efficiency. This review highlights green-synthesized AgNPs for preserving FaV. The study covered the materials employed in the green synthesis of AgNPs, their effectiveness against microorganisms, the influence of AgNPs on film structure, safety properties, and various preservation strategies. Using plant or bacterial-synthesized AgNPs in edible coatings offers a sustainable approach to enhance safety, edibility, environmental friendliness, and FaV quality during storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- My Dong Lieu
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Industry and Trade, 140 Le Trong Tan Street, Tay Thanh Ward, Tan Phu District, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
- Vietnam National University-Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Thi Kim Thuy Dang
- Department of Plant Cell Technology, Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 9/621 Xa lo Ha Noi Street, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Thuy Huong Nguyen
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
- Vietnam National University-Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM), Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
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Xu L, Lan X, Chen Y, He R, Wang M, Zhang Y, Liang X, Yang Y. Identity, Pathogenicity, and Genetic Diversity of Lasiodiplodia Species Associated with Stem-End Rot of Avocado in China. PLANT DISEASE 2024:PDIS09231939SR. [PMID: 38625691 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-23-1939-sr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Stem-end rot (SER) causes brown necrotic lesions in the pulp near the base of the fruit pedicel and is one of the most devastating postharvest diseases of avocados in all avocado-growing regions of the world. China's avocado industry is growing very rapidly, and the planting area is expanding, but little is known about the pathogens and genetic diversity of avocado SER. To determine the causal agents of SER, avocado fruits were sampled from the main avocado-producing areas in China during 2020 and 2021. Fungal isolates were obtained from SER symptomatic avocado fruits and identified by morphology combined with phylogenetic analysis of internal transcribed spacer (ITS), translation elongation factor 1-α (EF1-α), and β-tubulin (TUB2) gene sequences. All 101 isolates belonged to Lasiodiplodia spp.; four Lasiodiplodia species were identified, namely, L. pseudotheobromae (59.41%), L. theobromae (24.75%), L. mahajangana (7.92%), and L. euphorbiaceicola (1.98%); and six others are classified as Lasiodiplodia sp. (5.94%). There were only slight morphological differences in colonies and conidia of these four species of Lasiodiplodia. The pathogenicity tests showed symptoms of SER, and 92.08% of the isolates exhibited a high level of virulence on avocado (disease index >70), related to the disease severity on avocado fruits. All tested isolates grew well under the temperature ranging from 23 to 33°C. There was a significant difference in mycelial growth between the four species of Lasiodiplodia after treatment with high or low temperatures. The growth of L. pseudotheobromae was the fastest at 13 to 18°C but was the lowest at 38°C (P < 0.05). The red pigment could be produced by all tested isolates after culturing for 7 days at 38°C. The mycelial growth rate was the fastest on PDA medium, and the slowest on the OMA medium but promoted spore formation (P < 0.05). In addition, the genetic diversity of pathogenic Lasiodiplodia species associated with SER collected from avocado, mango, guava, and soursop fruits was determined. A total of 74 isolates were clustered into four main ISSR groups by the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean analysis, and the classification of this group was related to the host. Extensive diversity was detected in the Lasiodiplodia populations. The diverse geographical origins and host species significantly influenced the population differentiation, and most of the genetic variation occurred within populations (P < 0.001). This is the first study to identify the major pathogens of avocado SER in China, survey their occurrence and pathogenicity, and include a comparative analysis of genetic diversity with Lasiodiplodia spp. causing SER on other fruit hosts. Collectively, the Lasiodiplodia species complex affecting avocado showed high pathogenicity and diversity, while L. pseudotheobromae was the most frequently isolated species in China. The results of this study provide insights into the aspects of the epidemic of SER disease caused by Lasiodiplodia species, which will help in developing strategies for the management and control of SER in avocado.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luxi Xu
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xiaomei Lan
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yingying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Rui He
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Meng Wang
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liang
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Ye Yang
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
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Ángel-García C, Rodríguez-Arevalo KA, Murcia Riaño N, Martínez-Caballero LN, Ceballos-Aguirre G, Jaramillo Laverde A, Martínez MF. Molecular Identification and Fungal Diversity Associated with Diseases in Hass Avocado Fruit Grown in Cauca, Colombia. Pathogens 2023; 12:1418. [PMID: 38133301 PMCID: PMC10745791 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12121418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Hass avocado fruit diseases are one of the main marketing constraints in Colombia. To identify and reveal the diversity of fungi associated with diseases in fruits and peduncles, symptomatic samples were collected from 67 farms in the 9 main Hass avocado-producing municipalities of the department of Cauca located in southwestern Colombia. A total of 237 monosporic isolates were obtained that were subjected to DNA extraction, amplification of the ITS region, sequencing and functional diversity analysis based on Hill numbers by municipality and altitude. The results indicated that the genera Pseudocercospora, Diaporthe, Colletotrichum, Neofusiococcum, Lasiodiplodia and Pestatoliopsis were associated with fruit diseases. The genus with the highest number of effective species was Colletotrichum. The ITS region revealed 100% identity of the species Pseudocercospora norchiensis, which was the first report of this pathogen in the crop. There was a greater richness and diversity of associated species in the three municipalities, revealing that the higher the altitude was, the lower the richness and diversity of fungi associated with fruit diseases. These results will provide a better understanding of the identification and diversity of pathogenic microorganisms present in avocado production systems in this region of Colombia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mauricio Fernando Martínez
- Colombian Agricultural Research Corporation—AGROSAVIA, Palmira Research Center, Palmira 763533, Colombia; (C.Á.-G.); (K.A.R.-A.); (N.M.R.); (L.N.M.-C.); (G.C.-A.); (A.J.L.)
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Bill M, Gokul JK, Viljoen F, Korsten L. Fungal microbiome shifts on avocado fruit associated with a combination of postharvest chemical and physical interventions. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:1905-1918. [PMID: 35776004 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY To characterise the baseline microbial population of the avocado carposphere and understand shifts in community structure from the harvest to ready-to-eat stages. METHODS AND RESULTS The changes in surface or stem-end fungal microbiomes at the postharvest stage of avocado fruit were studied using next-generation sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. Avocado fructoplane and stem-end pulp fungal richness differed significantly between postharvest stages with a decline following prochloraz dip treatments. Known postharvest decay-causing genera, Colletotrichum, Fusarium, Alternaria, Epicoccum, Penicillium and Neofusicoccum were detected, with Papiliotrema, Meyerozyma and Aureobasidium confirmed as the most dominant potentially beneficial genera. Postharvest interventions such as prochloraz had a negative non-target effect on the presence of Papiliotrema flavescens on the avocado fructoplane. CONCLUSION Our findings reveal a core community of beneficial and pathogenic taxa in the avocado fructoplane, and further highlights the reduction of pathogenic fungi as a consequence of fungicide use. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The current study provides important baseline data for further exploration of fungal population shifts in avocado fruit driven by chemical (fungicide) as well as physical (cold storage) interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malick Bill
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | | | - Francois Viljoen
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Lise Korsten
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
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Identification and Characterization of Nectria pseudotrichia Associated with Camellia Canker Disease in China. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f13010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Camellia japonica is a native tree species with high economic value that is widely cultivated in southern China. In recent years, canker disease has been observed in camellia plantations in Zhejiang Province, China, with the disease incidence rate in some plantations exceeding 20%. Canker disease severely affects the trunks and branches of C. japonica in China, but the causal agent has not yet been identified. In this study, the pathogen was isolated from infected C. japonica tissues through a conventional tissue isolation approach. Species identification was conducted using morphological methods combined with multilocus phylogenetic analysis. Pathogenicity was tested based on Koch’s postulates. The results showed that the pathogen could be isolated from the diseased bark of C. japonica ‘Hongluzhen’. The pathogen was identified as Nectria pseudotrichia based on morphological, cultural, and molecular traits. The inoculation of the pathogen into C. japonica ‘Hongluzhen’ caused necrotic lesions on healthy seedlings, and the fungus N. pseudotrichia could be re-isolated from such lesions. Therefore, N. pseudotrichia is the causal agent of canker disease affecting C. japonica in China.
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Khan MR, Chonhenchob V, Huang C, Suwanamornlert P. Antifungal Activity of Propyl Disulfide from Neem ( Azadirachta indica) in Vapor and Agar Diffusion Assays against Anthracnose Pathogens ( Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Colletotrichum acutatum) in Mango Fruit. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9040839. [PMID: 33920016 PMCID: PMC8070996 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms causing anthracnose diseases have a medium to a high level of resistance to the existing fungicides. This study aimed to investigate neem plant extract (propyl disulfide, PD) as an alternative to the current fungicides against mango’s anthracnose. Microorganisms were isolated from decayed mango and identified as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Colletotrichum acutatum. Next, a pathogenicity test was conducted and after fulfilling Koch’s postulates, fungi were reisolated from these symptomatic fruits and we thus obtained pure cultures. Then, different concentrations of PD were used against these fungi in vapor and agar diffusion assays. Ethanol and distilled water were served as control treatments. PD significantly (p ≤ 0.05) inhibited more of the mycelial growth of these fungi than both controls. The antifungal activity of PD increased with increasing concentrations. The vapor diffusion assay was more effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth of these fungi than the agar diffusion assay. A good fit (R2, 0.950) of the experimental data in the Gompertz growth model and a significant difference in the model parameters, i.e., lag phase (λ), stationary phase (A) and mycelial growth rate, further showed the antifungal efficacy of PD. Therefore, PD could be the best antimicrobial compound against a wide range of microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Rafiullah Khan
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China;
- Department of Packaging and Materials Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, KU Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University (CASAF, NRU-KU, Thailand), Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Vanee Chonhenchob
- Department of Packaging and Materials Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, KU Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University (CASAF, NRU-KU, Thailand), Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Correspondence: (V.C.); (C.H.)
| | - Chongxing Huang
- School of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China;
- Correspondence: (V.C.); (C.H.)
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