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Xu L, Lan X, Chen Y, He R, Wang M, Zhang Y, Liang X, Yang Y. Identity, pathogenicity and genetic diversity of Lasiodiplodia associated with stem-end rot of avocado in China. Plant Dis 2024. [PMID: 38625691 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-23-1939-sr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Stem-end rot (SER) causes brown necrotic lesions in the pulp near the base of the fruit pedicel and is one of the most devastating postharvest diseases of avocados in all avocado growing regions of the world. China's avocado industry is growing very rapidly, and the planting area is expanding, but little is known about the pathogens and genetic diversity of avocado SER. To determine the causal agents of SER, avocado fruits were sampled from the main avocado-producing areas in China during 2020 and 2021. Fungal isolates were obtained from SER symptomatic avocado fruits and identified by morphology combined with phylogenetic analysis of internal transcribed spacer (ITS), translation elongation factor 1-α (EF1-α) and β-tubulin (TUB2) gene sequences. All 101 isolates belonged to Lasiodiplodia spp., and four Lasiodiplodia species were identified, namely L. pseudotheobromae (59.41%), L. theobromae (24.75%), L. mahajangana (7.92%), L. euphorbiaceicola (1.98%), and six others are classified as Lasiodiplodia sp. (5.94%). There were only slight morphological differences in colonies and conidia of these four species of Lasiodiplodia. The pathogenicity tests showed symptoms of SER, and the 92.08% of the isolates exhibited a high level of virulence on avocado (disease index > 70), related to the disease severity on avocado fruit. All tested isolates grew well under conditions from 23 to 33℃. There was a significant difference in mycelial growth between the four species of Lasiodiplodia after treatment with high temperature or low temperature. L. pseudotheobromae growth was the fastest at 13 to 18℃, but was the lowest at 38℃ (P < 0.05). Red pigment could be produced by all tested isolates after culturing for 7 days at 38℃. The mycelial growth rate was the fastest on PDA medium, and the slowest on OMA medium but promoted spore formation (P < 0.05). In addition, was determined the genetic diversity of Lasiodiplodia pathogenic species associated with SER collected from avocado, mango, guava and soursop fruits was determined. A total of 74 isolates were clustered into 4 main ISSR groups by unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) analysis, and the classification of this group was related to the host. Extensive diversity was detected in the Lasiodiplodia populations. The diverse geographical origins and host species significantly influenced the population differentiation, and most of the genetic variation occurred within populations (P < 0.001). This is the first study to identify the major pathogens of avocado SER in China and to survey their occurrence, pathogenicity and include a comparative analysis of genetic diversity with Lasiodiplodia spp. causing SER on other fruit hosts. Collectively, the Lasiodiplodia species complex affecting avocado showed high pathogenicity and diversity, while L. pseudotheobromae was the most frequently isolated species in China. The results of this study provide insights into the aspects of epidemic of SER disease caused by Lasiodiplodia species, which will help in developing strategies for the management and control of stem end-rot in avocado.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Meng Wang
- Hainan University, 74629, College of Plant Protection, Haikou, Hainan, China;
| | - Yu Zhang
- Hainan University, 74629, College of Plant Protection, No.58, Renming Road, Haikou, Hainan, China, 570228;
| | | | - Ye Yang
- Hainan University, 74629, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan Province, China, Haikou, China, 570288;
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Olmedo GM, Zhang J, Zhao W, Mattia M, Rosskopf EN, Ritenour M, Plotto A, Bai J. Application of Thymol Vapors to Control Postharvest Decay Caused by Penicillium digitatum and Lasiodiplodia theobromae in Grapefruit. Foods 2023; 12:3637. [PMID: 37835290 PMCID: PMC10572620 DOI: 10.3390/foods12193637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Two of the major postharvest diseases impacting grapefruit shelf life and marketability in the state of Florida (USA) are stem-end rot (SER) caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae and green mold (GM) caused by Penicillium digitatum. Here, we investigated the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of vapors of thymol, a natural compound found in the essential oil of various plants and the primary constituent of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) oil, as a potential solution for the management of GM and SER. Thymol vapors at concentrations lower than 10 mg L-1 significantly inhibited the mycelial growth of both pathogens, causing severe ultrastructural damage to P. digitatum conidia. In in vivo trials, the incidence and lesion area of GM and SER on inoculated grapefruit were significantly reduced after a 5 d exposure to 50 mg L-1 thymol vapors. In addition, the in vitro and in vivo sporulation of P. digitatum was suppressed by thymol. When applied in its vapor phase, thymol had no negative effect on the fruit, neither introducing perceivable off-flavor nor causing additional weight loss. Our findings support the pursuit of further studies on the use of thymol, recognized as safe for human health and the environment, as a promising strategy for grapefruit postharvest disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela M. Olmedo
- Horticultural Research Laboratory (USDA-ARS), 2001 S. Rock Rd, Ft. Pierce, FL 34945, USA; (G.M.O.); (W.Z.); (M.M.); (E.N.R.); (A.P.)
| | - Jiuxu Zhang
- Indian River Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 2199 S. Rock Rd, Ft. Pierce, FL 34945, USA; (J.Z.); (M.R.)
| | - Wei Zhao
- Horticultural Research Laboratory (USDA-ARS), 2001 S. Rock Rd, Ft. Pierce, FL 34945, USA; (G.M.O.); (W.Z.); (M.M.); (E.N.R.); (A.P.)
| | - Matthew Mattia
- Horticultural Research Laboratory (USDA-ARS), 2001 S. Rock Rd, Ft. Pierce, FL 34945, USA; (G.M.O.); (W.Z.); (M.M.); (E.N.R.); (A.P.)
| | - Erin N. Rosskopf
- Horticultural Research Laboratory (USDA-ARS), 2001 S. Rock Rd, Ft. Pierce, FL 34945, USA; (G.M.O.); (W.Z.); (M.M.); (E.N.R.); (A.P.)
| | - Mark Ritenour
- Indian River Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 2199 S. Rock Rd, Ft. Pierce, FL 34945, USA; (J.Z.); (M.R.)
| | - Anne Plotto
- Horticultural Research Laboratory (USDA-ARS), 2001 S. Rock Rd, Ft. Pierce, FL 34945, USA; (G.M.O.); (W.Z.); (M.M.); (E.N.R.); (A.P.)
| | - Jinhe Bai
- Horticultural Research Laboratory (USDA-ARS), 2001 S. Rock Rd, Ft. Pierce, FL 34945, USA; (G.M.O.); (W.Z.); (M.M.); (E.N.R.); (A.P.)
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Khuong NQ, Nhien DB, Thu LTM, Trong ND, Hiep PC, Thuan VM, Quang LT, Thuc LV, Xuan DT. Using Trichoderma asperellum to Antagonize Lasiodiplodia theobromae Causing Stem-End Rot Disease on Pomelo ( Citrus maxima). J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:981. [PMID: 37888237 PMCID: PMC10607552 DOI: 10.3390/jof9100981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem-end rot disease has been causing damage to the production of pomelos in Vietnam. The cur-rent study aimed to (i) isolate fungal pathogens causing pomelo stem-end rot disease (PSERD) and (ii) discover Trichoderma spp. that had an antagonistic ability against pathogens under in vitro conditions. Fungi causing PSERD were isolated from pomelo fruits with symptoms of stem-end rot disease and collected from pomelo farms in Ben Tre province, Vietnam. Moreover, 50 fungal strains of Trichoderma spp. also originated from soils of these pomelo farms in Ben Tre province and were dual-tested with the fungal pathogen on the PDA medium. The results demonstrated that 11 pathogenic fungi causing PSERD were isolated from the fruit and showed mycelial growth of roughly 5.33-8.77 cm diameter at 72 h after inoculation. The two fungi that exhibited the fast-est growth, namely, S-P06 and S-P07, were selected. ITS sequencing of the S-P06 and S-P07 fungi resulted in Lasiodiplodia theobromae. All the 50 Trichoderma spp. strains were allowed to antago-nize against the S-P06 and S-P07 strains under in vitro conditions. The greatest antagonistic effi-ciency was found in Trichoderma spp. T-SP19 at 85.4-86.2% and T-SP32 at 84.7-85.4%. The two antagonists were identified as Trichoderma asperellum T-SP19 and T-SP32. The selected strains of Trichoderma asperellum were potent as a biological control for fruit plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Quoc Khuong
- Faculty of Crop Science, College of Agriculture, Can Tho University, Can Tho 94115, Vietnam; (N.Q.K.); (L.T.M.T.); (N.D.T.); (P.C.H.); (V.M.T.); (L.T.Q.); (L.V.T.)
| | - Dinh Bich Nhien
- Institute of Food and Biotechnology, Can Tho University, Can Tho 94115, Vietnam;
| | - Le Thi My Thu
- Faculty of Crop Science, College of Agriculture, Can Tho University, Can Tho 94115, Vietnam; (N.Q.K.); (L.T.M.T.); (N.D.T.); (P.C.H.); (V.M.T.); (L.T.Q.); (L.V.T.)
| | - Nguyen Duc Trong
- Faculty of Crop Science, College of Agriculture, Can Tho University, Can Tho 94115, Vietnam; (N.Q.K.); (L.T.M.T.); (N.D.T.); (P.C.H.); (V.M.T.); (L.T.Q.); (L.V.T.)
| | - Phan Chan Hiep
- Faculty of Crop Science, College of Agriculture, Can Tho University, Can Tho 94115, Vietnam; (N.Q.K.); (L.T.M.T.); (N.D.T.); (P.C.H.); (V.M.T.); (L.T.Q.); (L.V.T.)
| | - Vo Minh Thuan
- Faculty of Crop Science, College of Agriculture, Can Tho University, Can Tho 94115, Vietnam; (N.Q.K.); (L.T.M.T.); (N.D.T.); (P.C.H.); (V.M.T.); (L.T.Q.); (L.V.T.)
| | - Le Thanh Quang
- Faculty of Crop Science, College of Agriculture, Can Tho University, Can Tho 94115, Vietnam; (N.Q.K.); (L.T.M.T.); (N.D.T.); (P.C.H.); (V.M.T.); (L.T.Q.); (L.V.T.)
| | - Le Vinh Thuc
- Faculty of Crop Science, College of Agriculture, Can Tho University, Can Tho 94115, Vietnam; (N.Q.K.); (L.T.M.T.); (N.D.T.); (P.C.H.); (V.M.T.); (L.T.Q.); (L.V.T.)
| | - Do Thi Xuan
- Institute of Food and Biotechnology, Can Tho University, Can Tho 94115, Vietnam;
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Feng W, Li M, Li L, He Y, Yang J, Sun J, Gao Z, Hu M. First report of stem-end rot caused by Botryosphaeria fabicerciana on mango fruits in China. Plant Dis 2023. [PMID: 37005506 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-22-2553-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Mango (Mangifera indica L.), belongs to the family Anacardiacea, and is one of the most popular tropical fruits in the world. Stem-end rot is a major postharvest disease of mango fruit, causing severe losses during storage in China (Chen et al., 2015). In July 2021, the mango fruits harvested from Baise Municipal National Agricultural Science and Technology Park (23.683568 N, 106.986325 E) of Guangxi province in China developed stem-end rot during storage. The disease incidence reached ca. 8.3%. The initial symptoms appeared as light brown lesions surrounding the peduncle, which quickly expanded becoming large dark-brown lesions. Small pieces of epidermis (5 mm × 5 mm) from 8 typical diseased friuts were cut from the edges of lesions surface-sterilized with 2% sodium hypochlorite and rinsed with sterile distilled water. The tissue was plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 28 ℃ in the dark for 3 days. Fifteen, similarcolonies were isolated from the symptomatic tissue. The representative isolates DF-1, DF-2 and DF-3 were selected for morphological characterization, molecular identification, and pathogenicity testing. The colonies were circular with fluffy aerial mycelium, initially white turning to smoke-gray from the center in upper side and greenish black in reverse side, covering the 90 mm diameter Petri dish after 4 days of incubation on PDA at 28 ℃ in dark. Pycnidia were produced on the surface of the colony after 30 days. Conidia were fusiform, aseptate, hyaline, thin-walled with granular contents, apex sub-obtuse, base subtruncate to bluntly rounded, 14.0-20.3 (16.8±1.6) μm × 3.1-7.2 (5.1±0.9) μm (n=50). The sexual stage was absent. Based on morphology, isolates were preliminarily identified as Botryosphaeria speices. To accurately identify the pathogen, genomic DNA was extracted from the mycelium of the three isolates DF-1, DF-2 and DF-3. The internal transcribed spacer of rDNA region (ITS), elongation factor 1-alpha (EF-1α) and beta-tubulin gene (TUB) genes were amplified using primers ITS1/ITS4, EF1-728F/EF1-986R and Bt2a/Bt2b, respectively (Slippers et al., 2004). The nucleotide sequences were all deposited in GenBank (ITS: OP729176-OP729178 EF-1α: OP758194-OP758196 and TUB: OP758197-OP758199). Based on the BLASTn analysis, the ITS, EF1-α and TUB sequences of three isolates were 100%, 99% and 99% similar to the Botryosphaeria fabicerciana MFLUCC 10-0098 sequences (ITS: JX646789, EF-1α: JX646854 and TUB: JX646839). Multi-locus phylogenetic analyses (ITS, EF-1α and TUB) showed that the isolate DF-1, DF-2 and DF-3 were clustered within Botryosphaeria fabicerciana clade based on the maximum likelihood , Bayesian inference, and maximum parsimony methods. The pathogenicity test was performed by placing discs mycelium around the peduncle of mature mango fruits by pin-prick method. Each treatment carried out with 12 fruits. The inoculated fruits were placed in plastic boxes at 28 ℃ with three replicates. Three days after inoculation, typical symptoms of stem-end rot were observed. The control fruits were inoculated with sterile PDA discs, and remained symptomless. The same fungus was re-isolated from the symptomatic tissue to complete Koch's postulate. Botryosphaeria fabicerciana (basionym: Fusicoccum fabicercianum) was first reported as pathogen causing senescent twig of Eucalyptus spp. in China (Chen et al., 2011; Phillips et al., 2013). To our knowledge, this is the first report of Botryosphaeria fabicerciana causing stem-end rot of Mangifera indica in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Feng
- Guizhou University, 71206, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guiyang, Guizhou, China;
| | - Min Li
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan 571101, China, Haikou, Hainan, China, 571101;
| | - Li Li
- Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Science, 125388, Agro-food Science and Technology Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, China;
| | - Ying He
- Guizhou University, 71206, Center for Research and Development of Fine Chemicals, Guiyang, Guizhou, China;
| | - Jinyu Yang
- Hainan University, 74629, School of Plant Protection, No. 58, Renmin Avenue, Meilan District, Haikou, Hainan, China, 570288;
| | - Jinhua Sun
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China;
| | - Zhaoyin Gao
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China;
| | - Meijiao Hu
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, No.4 Xueyuan road, Haikou, Hainan, China, 571101;
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Bambalele NL, Mditshwa A, Mbili NC, Tesfay SZ, Magwaza LS. The Antifungal Effect of Gaseous Ozone on Lasiodiplodia theobromae Causing Stem-End Rot in 'Keitt' Mangoes. Foods 2023; 12. [PMID: 36613410 DOI: 10.3390/foods12010195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the antifungal activity of ozone (O3) against stem-end rot of mango fruit (cv. Keitt). Mango fruit were exposed to gaseous ozone (0.25 mg/L) for 24 or 36 h during cold storage, and control fruit were untreated. Experimental fruit were stored at 90% relative humidity and 10 ± 0.5 °C for three weeks and ripened at ambient temperature for one week. Ozone treatment (24 h) inhibited the mycelial growth of Lasiodiplodia theobromae by 60.35%. At day twenty-eight of storage, fruit treated with O3 for 36 h had low mass loss (%) and high firmness compared to the untreated control fruit. Treating mango fruit with O3 (36 h) maintained the color and concentration of total flavonoids throughout the storage time. At the end of storage, peroxidase activity under the O3 24 h treatment was significantly higher (0.91 U min-1 g-1 DM) compared to O3 (36 h) and control, which, respectively, had 0.80 U min-1 g-1 DM and 0.78 U min-1 g-1 DM. Gaseous ozone for 24 h is recommended as a cost-effective treatment for controlling stem-end rot. These findings suggest that gaseous ozone effectively controlled stem-end rot and enhanced the postharvest quality of mango fruit.
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Zhong T, Zhang J, Sun X, Kou J, Zhang Z, Bai J, Ritenour MA. The Potential of Gaseous Chlorine Dioxide for the Control of Citrus Postharvest Stem-End Rot Caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae. Plant Dis 2021; 105:3426-3432. [PMID: 33934635 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-02-20-0407-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The focus of this study was to develop technologies using chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas to control postharvest stem-end rot of citrus caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae. Mycelial growth of L. theobromae on potato dextrose agar (PDA) plugs was completely inhibited by a 24-h ClO2 exposure provided by 0.5 g of solid ClO2 generating granular mixture in a 7.7-liter sealed container. In vivo experiments were conducted on artificially inoculated Tango and naturally infected U.S. Early Pride mandarins. When ClO2 treatments were initiated 0 to 6 h after inoculation, decay development was significantly reduced as compared with the control, and higher ClO2 doses were more effective. A ClO2 treatment (using 3 g of generating mixture per 7.7-liter sealed container) administered 0 h after inoculation resulted in 17.6% Diplodia stem-end rot incidence compared with 95.6% in the control, whereas the same treatment administered 24 h after inoculation was much less effective, resulting in 63.0% incidence compared with 85.4% in the control. Diplodia stem-end rot incidence of naturally infected fruit after using 6 or 9 g of generating mixture per 24-liter sealed box was 23.8 or 25.7%, respectively, compared with 47.9% for control fruit. The ClO2 treatments had no negative effects on fruit quality characteristics including weight loss, firmness, puncture resistance, titratable acids (TAs), total soluble solids (TSSs), and rind color. Albedo pH at wounds was significantly reduced from 6.0 to 4.8 by the ClO2 treatments, whereas undamaged albedo remained at 5.8. In addition, no visible physiologic defects, such as peel browning and bleaching, were observed on ClO2-treated fruit. These results indicate that ClO2 gas has the potential to be developed as a component of an integrated citrus postharvest decay control system to minimize fruit losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zhong
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
- Indian River Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, U.S.A
| | - Jiuxu Zhang
- Indian River Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, U.S.A
| | - Xiuxiu Sun
- Horticultural Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, U.S.A
| | - Jingjing Kou
- Indian River Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, U.S.A
| | - Zhike Zhang
- Indian River Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, U.S.A
| | - Jinhe Bai
- Horticultural Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, U.S.A
| | - Mark A Ritenour
- Indian River Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, U.S.A
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Riquelme D, Aravena Z, Valdés-Gómez H, Latorre BA, Díaz GA, Zoffoli JP. Characterization of Botrytis cinerea and B. prunorum From Healthy Floral Structures and Decayed 'Hayward' Kiwifruit During Post-Harvest Storage. Plant Dis 2021; 105:2129-2140. [PMID: 33258430 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-20-0878-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Gray mold is the primary postharvest disease of 'Hayward' kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) in Chile, with a prevalence of 33.1% in 2016 and 7.1% in 2017. Gray mold develops during postharvest storage, which is characterized by a soft, light to brown watery decay that is caused by Botrytis cinerea and B. prunorum. However, there is no information on the role of B. prunorum during the development and storage of kiwifruit in Chile. For this purpose, asymptomatic flowers and receptacles were collected throughout fruit development and harvest from five orchards over two seasons in the Central Valley of Chile. Additionally, diseased kiwifruits were selected after storage for 100 days at 0°C and 2 days at 20°C. Colonies of Botrytis sp. with high and low conidial production were consistently obtained from apparently healthy petals, sepals, receptacles, and styles and diseased kiwifruit. Morphological and phylogenetic analysis of three partial gene sequences encoding glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, heat shock protein 60, and DNA-dependent RNA polymerase subunit II were able to identify and separate B. cinerea and B. prunorum species. Consistently, B. cinerea was predominantly isolated from all floral parts and fruit in apparently healthy tissue and diseased kiwifruit. During full bloom, the highest colonization by B. cinerea and B. prunorum was obtained from petals, followed by sepals. In storage, both Botrytis species were isolated from the diseased fruit (n = 644), of which 6.8% (n = 44) were identified as B. prunorum. All Botrytis isolates grew from 0°C to 30°C in vitro and were pathogenic on kiwifruit leaves and fruit. Notably, B. cinerea isolates were always more virulent than B. prunorum isolates. This study confirms the presence of B. cinerea and B. prunorum colonizing apparently healthy flowers and floral parts in fruit and causing gray mold during kiwifruit storage in Chile. Therefore, B. prunorum plays a secondary role in the epidemiology of gray mold developing in kiwifruit during cold storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danae Riquelme
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Departamento de Fruticultura y Enología, Santiago 7820244, Chile
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, INIA-La Platina, Santiago 8831314, Chile
| | - Zdenka Aravena
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Departamento de Fruticultura y Enología, Santiago 7820244, Chile
| | - Héctor Valdés-Gómez
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Departamento de Fruticultura y Enología, Santiago 7820244, Chile
| | - Bernardo A Latorre
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Departamento de Fruticultura y Enología, Santiago 7820244, Chile
| | - Gonzalo A Díaz
- Universidad de Talca, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Departamento de Producción Agrícola, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Juan Pablo Zoffoli
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Departamento de Fruticultura y Enología, Santiago 7820244, Chile
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Feygenberg O, Diskin S, Maurer D, Alkan N. Effect of Biological and Chemical Treatments During Flowering on Stem-End Rot Disease, and Mango Yield. Plant Dis 2021; 105:1602-1609. [PMID: 33337236 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-19-0612-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic fungi, as the Botryosphaeriaceae family, can penetrate during flowering and endophytically colonize the stem of mango fruit (Mangifera indica) without causing any visible symptoms. Those fungi become active during abiotic stress or fruit ripening and cause stem and inflorescence dieback or fruit stem-end rot (SER) fungal disease. We hypothesized that anti-fungal treatments during the main event of Botryosphaeriaceae penetration would reduce the disease. Initially, we showed that treatments with the fungicide "Switch" (fludioxonil and cyprodinil) during orchard flowering (cv. Keitt and Shelly) reduced the occurrence of pathogenic fungi in the fruit stem-end and significantly reduced fruit's incidence of SER disease. As mango orchards are sprayed weekly against powdery mildew (PM) disease during flowering, we combined two treatments against PM disease with two treatments against both PM- and SER-causing pathogens. Application of biological treatments of the fungicide "Serenade" (Bacillus subtilis) or chemical treatments of the fungicides "Luna Tranquility" (fluopyram and pyrimethanil) or "Switch" during flowering in 'Shelly' and 'Keitt' mango orchards significantly reduced inflorescence/stem dieback (up to 50%) and fruit drop and significantly increased the number of fruit per tree, which led to a significant increase in yield, up to 41%, in heavily infected orchards. In addition, this application during flowering (March to April) affected post-harvest fruit quality (August to September) by a significant (P < 0.005) reduction of the incidence and the severity of stem-end rot disease and even fruit side-rot disease, without affecting fruit ripening and other quality parameters. While all fungicides were effective, the chemical fungicides were more effective than the biological fungicide. Thus, changing the PM fungicide regime to control Botryosphaeriaceae penetration during mango orchard flowering led to reduced inflorescence/stem dieback, reduced fruit drop, increase in yield, and minimized post-harvest decay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Feygenberg
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel
| | - Sonia Diskin
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 761001, Israel
| | - Dalia Maurer
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel
| | - Noam Alkan
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel
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9
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Zheng Q, Ozbudak E, Liu G, Hosmani PS, Saha S, Flores-Gonzalez M, Mueller LA, Rodrigues-Stuart K, Dewdney MM, Lin Y, Zhang J, Tarazona YC, Liu B, Oliva R, Ritenour MA, Cano LM. Draft Genome Sequence Resource of the Citrus Stem-End Rot Fungal Pathogen Lasiodiplodia theobromae CITRA15. Phytopathology 2021; 111:761-764. [PMID: 33190608 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-20-0349-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lasiodiplodia theobromae is a fungal pathogen associated with perennial tropical fruit plants worldwide. In citrus, L. theobromae causes stem-end rot (Diplodia stem-end rot), a damaging postharvest disease that is aggravated when trees are also infected with the citrus greening bacteria 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus'. Due to the latent infection of L. theobromae during the preharvest stage, it becomes difficult to control the disease by chemical or physical treatment. In the current study, we sequenced and assembled strain CITRA15, the first genome of L. theobromae obtained from diseased Citrus paradise 'Flame' grapefruit in Florida, and thereby provided a genomic resource for future research on diagnostics, and postharvest and preharvest disease management of citrus and other fruit crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaolin Zheng
- University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences IFAS, Department of Plant Pathology, Indian River Research and Education Center, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, U.S.A
| | - Egem Ozbudak
- University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences IFAS, Department of Plant Pathology, Indian River Research and Education Center, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, U.S.A
| | - Guohong Liu
- University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences IFAS, Department of Plant Pathology, Indian River Research and Education Center, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, U.S.A
- Agricultural Bio-resources Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fujian 350003, China
| | | | - Surya Saha
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca NY 14853, U.S.A
| | | | - Lukas A Mueller
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca NY 14853, U.S.A
| | - Katia Rodrigues-Stuart
- University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences IFAS, Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, U.S.A
| | - Megan M Dewdney
- University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences IFAS, Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, U.S.A
| | - Youjian Lin
- University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences IFAS, Department of Plant Pathology, Indian River Research and Education Center, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, U.S.A
| | - Jiuxu Zhang
- University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences IFAS, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Indian River Research and Education Center, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, U.S.A
| | - Yisel Carrillo Tarazona
- University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences IFAS, Department of Plant Pathology, Indian River Research and Education Center, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, U.S.A
| | - Bo Liu
- Agricultural Bio-resources Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fujian 350003, China
| | - Ricardo Oliva
- International Rice Research Center IRRI, Plant Pathology, Los Baños, Laguna 4031, Philippines
| | - Mark A Ritenour
- University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences IFAS, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Indian River Research and Education Center, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, U.S.A
| | - Liliana M Cano
- University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences IFAS, Department of Plant Pathology, Indian River Research and Education Center, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, U.S.A
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10
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Li L, Mohd MH, Mohamed Nor NMI, Subramaniam S, Latiffah Z. Identification of Botryosphaeriaceae associated with stem-end rot of mango (Mangifera indica L.) in Malaysia. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 130:1273-1284. [PMID: 32813902 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To identify Botryosphaeriaceae fungal species that are associated with stem-end rot of mango, and to study their pathogenicity on mango fruit. METHODS AND RESULTS Based on the sequences of internal transcribed spacer (ITS), TEF1-α and β-tubulin, as well as on the phylogenetic analysis of combined sequences, four species of Lasiodiplodia (L. theobromae,L. pseudotheobromae, L. iranensis, L. mahajangana) and two species of Neofusicoccum (N. ribis, N. parvum) were identified. Pseudofusicoccum violaceum, Neoscytalidium dimidiatum and three species of Botryosphaeria (B. scharifii, B. dothidea, B. ramosa) were identified based on sequences of ITS and TEF1-α. Pathogenicity test of selected isolates were tested on Chok Anan, Waterlily and Falan mango cultivars. Generally, all species were observed to be pathogenic on the three tested mango cultivars on wounded fruits, except for N. ribis and N. parvum, which were pathogenic on both wounded and unwounded fruits. However, N. ribis was only pathogenic on cultivar Falan, whereas B. ramosa were pathogenic on cultivars Waterlily and Falan. CONCLUSIONS Eleven species of Botryosphaeriaceae were associated with mango stem-end rot in Malaysia. To the best of our knowledge, four species, namely L. mahajangana, B. ramosa, N. ribis and P. violaceum are the first recorded Botryosphaeriaceae fungi associated with stem end rot of mango. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The identification of Botryosphaeriaceae fungi is important to establish suitable control measures and quarantine requirements. Many species have a wide host range, which means that there is a possibility of cross infection from other infected plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Li
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - M H Mohd
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - N M I Mohamed Nor
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - S Subramaniam
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Z Latiffah
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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11
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Galsurker O, Diskin S, Duanis-Assaf D, Doron-Faigenboim A, Maurer D, Feygenberg O, Alkan N. Harvesting Mango Fruit with a Short Stem-End Altered Endophytic Microbiome and Reduce Stem-End Rot. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E558. [PMID: 32295088 PMCID: PMC7232454 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8040558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem-end rot (SER) is a serious postharvest disease of mango fruit grown in semi-dry area. Pathogenic and non-pathogenic microorganisms endophytically colonize fruit stem-end. As fruit ripens, some pathogenic fungi switch from endophytic colonization to necrotrophic stage and cause SER. Various pre/post-treatments may alter the stem-end community and modify SER incidence. This study investigates the effects of harvesting mango with or without short stem-end on fruit antifungal and antioxidant activities, the endophytic microbiome, and SER during fruit storage. Our results show that harvesting mango with short stem significantly reduced SER during storage. At harvest, fruit harvested with or without stem exhibit a similar microorganisms community profile. However, after storage and shelf life, the community of fruit without stem shifted toward more SER-causing-pathogens, such as Lasiodiplodia, Dothiorella, and Alternaria, and separated from the community of fruit with stem. This change correlated to the high antifungal activity of stem extract that strongly inhibited both germination and growth of Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Alternaria alternata. Additionally, fruit that was harvested with stem displayed more antioxidant activity and less ROS. Altogether, these findings indicate that harvesting mango with short stem leads to higher antifungal and antioxidant activity, retaining a healthier microbial community and leading to reduced postharvest SER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ortal Galsurker
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel; (O.G.); (S.D.); (D.D.-A.); (D.M.); (O.F.)
| | - Sonia Diskin
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel; (O.G.); (S.D.); (D.D.-A.); (D.M.); (O.F.)
| | - Danielle Duanis-Assaf
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel; (O.G.); (S.D.); (D.D.-A.); (D.M.); (O.F.)
| | - Adi Doron-Faigenboim
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel;
| | - Dalia Maurer
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel; (O.G.); (S.D.); (D.D.-A.); (D.M.); (O.F.)
| | - Oleg Feygenberg
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel; (O.G.); (S.D.); (D.D.-A.); (D.M.); (O.F.)
| | - Noam Alkan
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel; (O.G.); (S.D.); (D.D.-A.); (D.M.); (O.F.)
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12
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Li Y, Tsuji SS, Hu M, Câmara MPS, Michereff SJ, Schnabel G, Chen F. Characterization of difenoconazole resistance in Lasiodiplodia theobromae from papaya in Brazil. Pest Manag Sci 2020; 76:1344-1352. [PMID: 31605502 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stem-end rot caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae is one of the most important diseases of papaya in northeastern Brazil. It can be controlled effectively by demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicides, but the occurrence of DMI resistance may decrease fungicide efficacy. RESULTS Detached fruit studies revealed that isolates with EC50 values of 6.07 and 6.28 μg mL-1 were not controlled effectively, but reduced virulence and ability to grow at temperatures ranging from 12 to 32 °C suggesting fitness penalties were observed. Cross-resistance was observed only between difenoconazole and propiconazole. The entire cytochrome P450 sterol 14α-demethylase (LtCYP51) gene and its flanking regions were cloned. The gene was 1746 bp in length and contained three introns. The predicted protein contained 525 amino acids. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the LtCYP51 belongs to the CYP51B clade. No amino acid variation was found between sensitive and resistant isolates; however, the gene was constitutively more highly expressed in resistant isolates. CONCLUSION Resistance to DMI fungicides in L. theobromae is based on LtCYP51 gene overexpression and fitness penalties may be present in difenoconazole-resistant isolates. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Susan Satie Tsuji
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Mengjun Hu
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | | | - Sami Jorge Michereff
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias e da Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal do Cariri, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Guido Schnabel
- Plant & Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Fengping Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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13
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Shimshoni JA, Bommuraj V, Chen Y, Sperling R, Barel S, Feygenberg O, Maurer D, Alkan N. Postharvest Fungicide for Avocado Fruits: Antifungal Efficacy and Peel to Pulp Distribution Kinetics. Foods 2020; 9:E124. [PMID: 31979404 PMCID: PMC7074524 DOI: 10.3390/foods9020124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Postharvest application of fungicides is commonly applied in order to reduce food loss. Prochloraz is currently the only postharvest fungicide registered in Israel and Europe in avocado fruits. Due to its unfavorable toxicological properties, prochloraz will be banned from the end of 2020 for future postharvest usage and therefore a substitute candidate is urgently warranted. Fludioxonil, a relatively safe, wide spectrum fungicide, is approved in Europe and Israel for postharvest use in various fruits, but not avocado. Hence, fludioxonil has been evaluated in the present study as a potential substitute for prochloraz in avocado. The objectives of the present study were to determine fludioxonil efficacy against common fungal infestations in avocado and distribution kinetics between peel and pulp in comparison to prochloraz. At the same concentration range (75-300 µg/L), fludioxonil was as effective as prochloraz in inhibiting postharvest decay, while in the early season cultivars, suffering mainly from stem-end rot, it exhibited a better decay control than prochloraz. Fludioxonil and prochloraz displayed negligible and undetected pulp levels, respectively, due to low peel penetrability. Taken altogether, fludioxonil was found to be a suitable candidate for replacing prochloraz as a postharvest fungicide in avocado.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob A. Shimshoni
- Department of Food Quality & Safety, Institute for Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon Letzion 7528809, Israel; (V.B.); (Y.C.)
| | - Vijayakumar Bommuraj
- Department of Food Quality & Safety, Institute for Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon Letzion 7528809, Israel; (V.B.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yaira Chen
- Department of Food Quality & Safety, Institute for Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon Letzion 7528809, Israel; (V.B.); (Y.C.)
| | - Roy Sperling
- Department of Instrumental Analytic, Bilacon GMbH, 13088 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Shimon Barel
- Kimron Veterinary Institute, Department of Toxicology, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel;
| | - Oleg Feygenberg
- Department of Postharvest, Institute for Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon Letzion 7528809, Israel; (O.F.); (D.M.)
| | - Dalia Maurer
- Department of Postharvest, Institute for Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon Letzion 7528809, Israel; (O.F.); (D.M.)
| | - Noam Alkan
- Department of Postharvest, Institute for Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon Letzion 7528809, Israel; (O.F.); (D.M.)
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