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Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Yu Q, Lan B, Shi Q, Li R, Jiao Z, Zhang W, Li F. Replicating human characteristics: A promising animal model of central fatigue. Brain Res Bull 2024; 212:110951. [PMID: 38642899 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.110951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Central fatigue is a common pathological state characterized by psychological loss of drive, lack of appetite, drowsiness, and decreased psychic alertness. The mechanism underlying central fatigue is still unclear, and there is no widely accepted successful animal model that fully represents human characteristics. We aimed to construct a more clinically relevant and comprehensive animal model of central fatigue. In this study, we utilized the Modified Multiple Platform Method (MMPM) combined with alternate-day fasting (ADF) to create the animal model. The model group rats are placed on a stationary water environment platform for sleep deprivation at a fixed time each day, and they were subjected to ADF treatment. On non-fasting days, the rats were allowed unrestricted access to food. This process was sustained over a period of 21 days. We evaluated the model using behavioral assessments such as open field test, elevated plus maze test, tail suspension test, Morris water maze test, grip strength test, and forced swimming test, as well as serum biochemical laboratory indices. Additionally, we conducted pathological observations of the hippocampus and quadriceps muscle tissues, transmission electron microscope observation of mitochondrial ultrastructure, and assessment of mitochondrial energy metabolism and oxidative stress-related markers. The results revealed that the model rats displayed emotional anomalies resembling symptoms of depression and anxiety, decreased exploratory behavior, decline in learning and memory function, and signs of skeletal muscle fatigue, successfully replicating human features of negative emotions, cognitive decline, and physical fatigue. Pathological damage and mitochondrial ultrastructural alterations were observed in the hippocampus and quadriceps muscle tissues, accompanied by abnormal mitochondrial energy metabolism and oxidative stress in the form of decreased ATP and increased ROS levels. In conclusion, our ADF+MMPM model comprehensively replicated the features of human central fatigue and is a promising platform for preclinical research. Furthermore, the pivotal role of mitochondrial energy metabolism and oxidative stress damage in the occurrence of central fatigue in the hippocampus and skeletal muscle tissues was corroborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Zhang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, The northeast corner of the intersection of Sunshine South Street and Baiyang East Road, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Zehan Zhang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, The northeast corner of the intersection of Sunshine South Street and Baiyang East Road, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Qingqian Yu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, The northeast corner of the intersection of Sunshine South Street and Baiyang East Road, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Bijuan Lan
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, The northeast corner of the intersection of Sunshine South Street and Baiyang East Road, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Qinghuan Shi
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, The northeast corner of the intersection of Sunshine South Street and Baiyang East Road, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Ruting Li
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, The northeast corner of the intersection of Sunshine South Street and Baiyang East Road, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Ziheng Jiao
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, The northeast corner of the intersection of Sunshine South Street and Baiyang East Road, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Weiyue Zhang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, The northeast corner of the intersection of Sunshine South Street and Baiyang East Road, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Feng Li
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, The northeast corner of the intersection of Sunshine South Street and Baiyang East Road, Beijing 102488, China.
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The Potential Role of Korean Mistletoe Extract as an Anti-Inflammatory Supplementation. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:2183427. [PMID: 34307692 PMCID: PMC8263236 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2183427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Korean mistletoe has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant functions and may be a useful training supplement. We investigated the effect of Korean mistletoe extract (KME) on inflammatory markers after high-intensity exercise by 20 university male rowers (KME group vs. CON group) consuming 110 mL KME/dose (2 times a day over 8 weeks). Blood samples were collected for measurement of serum cytokine levels at baseline, immediately after exercise, and following 30 minutes of recovery. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were used as markers for inflammation. After supplementation, IL-6 and TNF-α levels were significantly lowered in the KME group than in the CON group at baseline, immediately after exercise, and following 30 minutes of recovery. KME can reduce high-strength exercise-induced increases in the levels of serum inflammatory cytokines in active individuals and improve anti-inflammatory functions.
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Yook JS, Kwak JJ, Jeong WM, Song YH, Hijioka Y, Honda Y, Kim SE, Ha MS. Possible adaptogenic effects of Momordica charantia on high-intensity training-induced alteration in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2020; 67:290-296. [PMID: 33293770 PMCID: PMC7705085 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.20-96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of a drink supplement containing Momordica charantia extract from bitter melon on physical fitness and levels of stress hormones during a four-week exercise training program in a hot environment. Ten male tennis players were orally administrated in a four-week (100 ml, 6 times a day), and the pre- and post-supplementation levels of different physical fitness variables and cortisol, and adrenocorticotropic hormone in plasma were measured at four time-points—before (baseline), during, and after the exercise, and on the next day of the supplementation. The findings showed that the supplementation has significant positive effects on enhancement of physical fitness parameters especially balance (d = 22.10, p = 0.013), flexibility (d = 4.83, p = 0.015), and cardiorespiratory fitness (d = 10.00, p = 0.030). Moreover, the adrenocorticotropic hormone levels were reduced during the exercise, and the cortisol levels showed the decreasing trend during and after the exercise, which was correlated with the change of cardiorespiratory fitness (r = 0.65, p<0.05). These results indicated the possible adaptogenic effects of Momordica charantia extract intake. Based on the findings, we suggest that Momordica charantia could be used as a source of adaptogenic supplement to alleviate the exercise- and environment-induced stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jang Soo Yook
- Center for Functional Connectomics, Brain Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Jun Kwak
- Department of National Defense Technology, Woosuk University, Daehak-ro 66, Jincheon-eup, Jincheon-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do 27841, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Min Jeong
- WellCare Korea Co. Ltd., Wadong-ro 26, Danwon-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do 15265, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hoon Song
- Department of Physical Education, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Yasuaki Hijioka
- Center for Climate Change Adaption, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Yasushi Honda
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan
| | - Satbyul Estella Kim
- Center for Climate Change Adaption, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan.,Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan
| | - Min-Seong Ha
- Department of Sports Neuroscience, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan.,Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan.,Sport Culture Science Department, Dongguk University-Seoul, 30, Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
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