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Yaribeygi H, Maleki M, Atkin SL, Kesharwani P, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A. Anti‐inflammatory effects of sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 inhibitors in COVID‐19. IUBMB Life 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.2719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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2
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Foppa L, Alessi J, Nemetz B, de Matos R, Telo GH, Schaan BD. Quality of care in patients with type 1 diabetes during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cohort study from Southern Brazil. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2022; 14:75. [PMID: 35598019 PMCID: PMC9123820 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-022-00845-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optimal glycemic control is the main goal for patients with diabetes. The results of type 1 diabetes patients' neglected demands during the pandemic can determine a long-term negative clinical, social, and economic impact, and result in worse diabetes control and a higher incidence of chronic complications. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak in the quality of care of patients with type 1 diabetes in Southern Brazil. METHODS Cohort study based on electronic medical records of patients with type 1 diabetes, with scheduled appointments between January 1st 2020, and November 6th 2020, at a university public hospital. The quality indicators used were: assessment of albuminuria and/or serum creatinine, lipid profile, thyroid-stimulating hormone, glycated hemoglobin, retinopathy, and neuropathy. McNemar test was used to analyze categorical variables and the Wilcoxon test for continuous variables. RESULTS Out of 289 patients, 49.5% were women aged 40 ± 12 years old. During the pandemic, 252 patients had at least one face-to-face appointment canceled. The quality of care indicators showed a significant worsening during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the previous year (p < 0.001). In 2019, 23.2% of the participants had all the indicators evaluated, while in 2020, during the pandemic, only 3.5% had all of them evaluated. CONCLUSION The COVID-19 pandemic hindered the offer of comprehensive and quality care to patients with type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Foppa
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2400, 2º andar, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
| | - Janine Alessi
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2400, 2º andar, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Betina Nemetz
- Nurse School, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-002, Brazil
| | - Rosimeri de Matos
- Hospital São Lucas da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga, 6680, Jardim Botânico, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Heiden Telo
- Hospital São Lucas da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga, 6680, Jardim Botânico, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brazil
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga, Partenon, Porto Alegre, RS, 668190619-900, Brazil
| | - Beatriz D Schaan
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2400, 2º andar, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
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Sengupta S, Bhattacharya G, Chatterjee S, Datey A, Shaw SK, Suranjika S, Nath P, Barik PK, Prasad P, Chattopadhyay S, Swain RK, Parida A, Devadas S. Underlying Co-Morbidity Reveals Unique Immune Signatures in Type II Diabetes Patients Infected With SARS-CoV2. Front Immunol 2022; 13:848335. [PMID: 35572555 PMCID: PMC9094480 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.848335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background SARS-CoV2 infection in patients with comorbidities, particularly T2DM, has been a major challenge globally and has been shown to be associated with high morbidity and mortality. Here, we did whole blood immunophenotyping along with plasma cytokine, chemokine, antibody isotyping, and viral load from oropharyngeal swab to understand the immune pathology in the T2DM patients infected with SARS-CoV2. Methods Blood samples from 25 Covid-19 positive patients having T2DM, 10 Covid-19 positive patients not having T2DM, and 10 Covid-19 negative, non-diabetic healthy controls were assessed for various immune cells by analyzing for their signature surface proteins in mass cytometry. Circulating cytokines, chemokines, and antibody isotypes were determined from plasma while viral copy number was determined from oropharyngeal swabs. All our representative data corroborated with laboratory findings. Results Our observations encompass T2DM patients having elevated levels of both type I and type II cytokines and higher levels of circulating IgA, IgM, IgG1, and IgG2 as compared to NDM and healthy volunteers. They also displayed higher percentages of granulocytes, mDCs, plasmablasts, Th2-like cells, CD4+ EM cells, and CD8+ TE cells as compared to healthy volunteers. T2DM patients also displayed lower percentages of pDCs, lymphocytes, CD8+ TE cells, CD4+, and CD8+ EM. Conclusion Our study demonstrated that patients with T2DM displayed higher inflammatory markers and a dysregulated anti-viral and anti-inflammatory response when compared to NDM and healthy controls and the dysregulated immune response may be attributed to meta inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Sengupta
- Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India.,Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon, India
| | - Gargee Bhattacharya
- Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India.,Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon, India
| | - Sanchari Chatterjee
- Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India.,Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon, India
| | - Ankita Datey
- Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India.,School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT) University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Shubham K Shaw
- Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India.,Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon, India
| | - Sandhya Suranjika
- Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Paritosh Nath
- Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Prakash K Barik
- Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Punit Prasad
- Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India.,Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon, India
| | - Soma Chattopadhyay
- Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India.,Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon, India
| | - Rajeeb K Swain
- Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India.,Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon, India
| | - Ajay Parida
- Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India.,Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon, India
| | - Satish Devadas
- Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India.,Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon, India
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Epidemiology of COVID-19 in Tehran, Iran: A Cohort Study of Clinical Profile, Risk Factors, and Outcomes. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:2350063. [PMID: 35592525 PMCID: PMC9113873 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2350063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) dates back to December 2019 in China. Iran has been among the most prone countries to the virus. The aim of this study was to report demographics, clinical data, and their association with death and CFR. Methods This observational cohort study was performed from 20th March 2020 to 18th March 2021 in three tertiary educational hospitals in Tehran, Iran. All patients were admitted based on the WHO, CDC, and Iran's National Guidelines. Their information was recorded in their medical files. Multivariable analysis was performed to assess demographics, clinical profile, outcomes of disease, and finding the predictors of death due to COVID-19. Results Of all 5318 participants, the median age was 60.0 years, and 57.2% of patients were male. The most significant comorbidities were hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Cough, dyspnea, and fever were the most dominant symptoms. Results showed that ICU admission, elderly age, decreased consciousness, low BMI, HTN, IHD, CVA, dialysis, intubation, Alzheimer disease, blood injection, injection of platelets or FFP, and high number of comorbidities were associated with a higher risk of death related to COVID-19. The trend of CFR was increasing (WPC: 1.86) during weeks 25 to 51. Conclusions Accurate detection of predictors of poor outcomes helps healthcare providers in stratifying patients, based on their risk factors and healthcare requirements to improve their survival chance.
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Rim J, Gallini J, Jasien C, Cui X, Phillips L, Trammell A, Sadikot RT. Use of Oral Anti-Diabetic Drugs and Risk of Hospital and Intensive Care Unit Admissions for Infections. Am J Med Sci 2022; 364:53-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Rossetti CL, Cazarin J, Hecht F, Beltrão FEDL, Ferreira ACF, Fortunato RS, Ramos HE, de Carvalho DP. COVID-19 and thyroid function: What do we know so far? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1041676. [PMID: 36601011 PMCID: PMC9806267 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1041676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was characterized as a pandemic in March, 2020 by the World Health Organization. COVID-19 is a respiratory syndrome that can progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome, multiorgan dysfunction, and eventually death. Despite being considered a respiratory disease, it is known that other organs and systems can be affected in COVID-19, including the thyroid gland. Thyroid gland, as well as hypothalamus and pituitary, which regulate the functioning of most endocrine glands, express angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the main protein that functions as a receptor to which SARS-CoV-2 binds to enter host cells. In addition, thyroid gland is extremely sensitive to changes in body homeostasis and metabolism. Immune system cells are targets for thyroid hormones and T3 and T4 modulate specific immune responses, including cell-mediated immunity, natural killer cell activity, the antiviral action of interferon (IFN) and proliferation of T- and B-lymphocytes. However, studies show that patients with controlled hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism do not have a higher prevalence of COVID-19, nor do they have a worse prognosis when infected with the virus. On the other hand, retrospective observational studies, prospective studies, and case reports published in the last two years reported abnormal thyroid function related to acute SARS-CoV-2 infection or even several weeks after its resolution. Indeed, a variety of thyroid disorders have been documented in COVID-19 patients, including non-thyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS), subacute thyroiditis and thyrotoxicosis. In addition, thyroid disease has already been reported as a consequence of the administration of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Overall, the data revealed that abnormal thyroid function may occur during and in the convalescence post-COVID condition phase. Although the cellular and molecular mechanisms are not completely understood, the evidence suggests that the "cytokine storm" is an important mediator in this context. Thus, future studies are needed to better investigate the pathophysiology of thyroid dysfunction induced by COVID-19 at both molecular and clinical levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Lüdke Rossetti
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana Cazarin
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabio Hecht
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabyan Esberard de Lima Beltrão
- Postgraduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, Department of Nutrition, Center for Health Sciences, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Andrea Cláudia Freitas Ferreira
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Campus Duque de Caxias Professor Geraldo Cidade, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Soares Fortunato
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Helton Estrela Ramos
- Department of Biorregulation, Health Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Helton Estrela Ramos,
| | - Denise Pires de Carvalho
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Arghiani N, Nissan T, Matin MM. Role of microRNAs in COVID-19 with implications for therapeutics. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 144:112247. [PMID: 34601190 PMCID: PMC8463393 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is a pneumonia-like disease with highly transmittable and pathogenic properties caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which infects both animals and humans. Although many efforts are currently underway to test possible therapies, there is no specific FDA approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 yet. miRNA-directed gene regulation controls the majority of biological processes. In addition, the development and progression of several human diseases are associated with dysregulation of miRNAs. In this regard, it has been shown that changes in miRNAs are linked to severity of COVID-19 especially in patients with respiratory diseases, diabetes, heart failure or kidney problems. Therefore, targeting these small noncoding-RNAs could potentially alleviate complications from COVID-19. Here, we will review the roles and importance of host and RNA virus encoded miRNAs in COVID-19 pathogenicity and immune response. Then, we focus on potential miRNA therapeutics in the patients who are at increased risk for severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Arghiani
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, the Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; School of Life Science, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedicine, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Tracy Nissan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, the Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; School of Life Science, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedicine, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom.
| | - Maryam M Matin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran; Novel Diagnostics and Therapeutics Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran; Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Iranian Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Khorasan Razavi Branch, Mashhad, Iran.
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8
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Figueroa-Pizano MD, Campa-Mada AC, Carvajal-Millan E, Martinez-Robinson KG, Chu AR. The underlying mechanisms for severe COVID-19 progression in people with diabetes mellitus: a critical review. AIMS Public Health 2021; 8:720-742. [PMID: 34786431 PMCID: PMC8568590 DOI: 10.3934/publichealth.2021057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) has a high incidence of comorbidities among patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The elevated prevalence of DM in the world population makes it a significant risk factor because diabetic individuals appear to be prone to clinical complications and have increased mortality rates. Here, we review the possible underlying mechanisms involved in DM that led to worse outcomes in COVID-19. The impacts of hyperglycemia side effects, secondary comorbidities, weakened innate and adaptive immunity, chronic inflammation, and poor nutritional status, commonly present in DM, are discussed. The role of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor and its polymorphic variations on higher binding affinity to facilitate viral uptake in people with DM were also considered. Clinical differences between individuals with type 1 DM and type 2 DM affected by COVID-19 and the potential diabetogenic effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection were addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- María D Figueroa-Pizano
- Research Center for Food and Development, CIAD, AC, Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas No. 46, C.P. 83304, Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - Alma C Campa-Mada
- Research Center for Food and Development, CIAD, AC, Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas No. 46, C.P. 83304, Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - Elizabeth Carvajal-Millan
- Research Center for Food and Development, CIAD, AC, Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas No. 46, C.P. 83304, Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - Karla G Martinez-Robinson
- Research Center for Food and Development, CIAD, AC, Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas No. 46, C.P. 83304, Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - Agustin Rascon Chu
- Research Center for Food and Development, CIAD, AC, Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas No. 46, C.P. 83304, Hermosillo, Sonora, México
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9
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El-Sikaily A, Helal M. Environmental pollution and diabetes mellitus. World J Meta-Anal 2021; 9:234-256. [DOI: 10.13105/wjma.v9.i3.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chromic metabolic disease that affects a large segment of the population worldwide. Physical inactivity, poor nutrition, and genetic predisposition are main risk factors for disease development. In the last decade, it was clear to the scientific community that DM development is linked to a novel disease inducer that was later defined as diabetogenic factors of pollution and endocrine disrupting agents. Environmental pollution is exponentially increasing in uncontrolled manner in several countries. Environmental pollutants are of diverse nature and toxicities, including polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), pesticides, and heavy metals. In the current review, we shed light on the impact of each class of these pollutants and the underlined molecular mechanism of diabetes induction and biological toxicities. Finally, a brief overview about the connection between coronavirus disease 2019 and diabetes pandemics is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany El-Sikaily
- National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Cairo 21513, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Helal
- National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Cairo 21513, Egypt
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Coke CJ, Davison B, Fields N, Fletcher J, Rollings J, Roberson L, Challagundla KB, Sampath C, Cade J, Farmer-Dixon C, Gangula PR. SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Oral Health: Therapeutic Opportunities and Challenges. J Clin Med 2021; 10:E156. [PMID: 33466289 PMCID: PMC7795434 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10010156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel corona virus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), and the disease it causes, COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease-2019) have had multi-faceted effects on a number of lives on a global scale both directly and indirectly. A growing body of evidence suggest that COVID-19 patients experience several oral health problems such as dry mouth, mucosal blistering, mouth rash, lip necrosis, and loss of taste and smell. Periodontal disease (PD), a severe inflammatory gum disease, may worsen the symptoms associated with COVID-19. Routine dental and periodontal treatment may help decrease the symptoms of COVID-19. PD is more prevalent among patients experiencing metabolic diseases such as obesity, diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular risk. Studies have shown that these patients are highly susceptible for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress known to contribute to the development of PD and other metabolic diseases are highly elevated among COVID-19 patients. Periodontal health may help to determine the severity of COVID-19 infection. Accumulating evidence shows that African-Americans (AAs) and vulnerable populations are disproportionately susceptible to PD, metabolic diseases and COVID-19 compared to other ethnicities in the United States. Dentistry and dental healthcare professionals are particularly susceptible to this virus due to the transferability via the oral cavity and the use of aerosol creating instruments that are ubiquitous in this field. In this review, we attempt to provide a comprehensive and updated source of information about SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 and the various effects it has had on the dental profession and patients visits to dental clinics. Finally, this review is a valuable resource for the management of oral hygiene and reduction of the severity of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Coke
- Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences & Research, School of Dentistry, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; (C.J.C.); (B.D.); (N.F.); (J.F.); (J.R.); (L.R.); (C.S.); (J.C.); (C.F.-D.)
| | - Brandon Davison
- Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences & Research, School of Dentistry, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; (C.J.C.); (B.D.); (N.F.); (J.F.); (J.R.); (L.R.); (C.S.); (J.C.); (C.F.-D.)
| | - Niariah Fields
- Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences & Research, School of Dentistry, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; (C.J.C.); (B.D.); (N.F.); (J.F.); (J.R.); (L.R.); (C.S.); (J.C.); (C.F.-D.)
| | - Jared Fletcher
- Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences & Research, School of Dentistry, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; (C.J.C.); (B.D.); (N.F.); (J.F.); (J.R.); (L.R.); (C.S.); (J.C.); (C.F.-D.)
| | - Joseph Rollings
- Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences & Research, School of Dentistry, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; (C.J.C.); (B.D.); (N.F.); (J.F.); (J.R.); (L.R.); (C.S.); (J.C.); (C.F.-D.)
| | - Leilani Roberson
- Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences & Research, School of Dentistry, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; (C.J.C.); (B.D.); (N.F.); (J.F.); (J.R.); (L.R.); (C.S.); (J.C.); (C.F.-D.)
| | - Kishore B. Challagundla
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The Fred and Pamela Buffet Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
- The Children’s Health Research Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Chethan Sampath
- Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences & Research, School of Dentistry, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; (C.J.C.); (B.D.); (N.F.); (J.F.); (J.R.); (L.R.); (C.S.); (J.C.); (C.F.-D.)
| | - James Cade
- Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences & Research, School of Dentistry, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; (C.J.C.); (B.D.); (N.F.); (J.F.); (J.R.); (L.R.); (C.S.); (J.C.); (C.F.-D.)
| | - Cherae Farmer-Dixon
- Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences & Research, School of Dentistry, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; (C.J.C.); (B.D.); (N.F.); (J.F.); (J.R.); (L.R.); (C.S.); (J.C.); (C.F.-D.)
| | - Pandu R. Gangula
- Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences & Research, School of Dentistry, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; (C.J.C.); (B.D.); (N.F.); (J.F.); (J.R.); (L.R.); (C.S.); (J.C.); (C.F.-D.)
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