The Effect of Hedysarum multijugum Maxim.-Chuanxiong rhizoma Compound on Ischemic Stroke: A Research Based on Network and Experimental Pharmacology

Buyang Huanwu Decoction suppresses ischemic stroke by suppressing glycolysis and cell apoptosis in rat brain microvascular endothelial cells

BACKGROUND

Buyang Huanwu Decoction (BHD) is widely used in Chinese clinical practice for the treatment and prevention of ischemic cerebral vascular diseases. This study was designed to investigate the effects of BHD on ischemic stroke (IS) and its underlying mechanism.

METHODS

The middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rat model and oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R) rat brain microvascular endothelial cell (RBMVEC) models were established. Brain infarction size and neurological score were calculated following MCAO surgery. Evans blue was used to measure blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and TUNEL assays were performed to evaluate the cell viability and apoptosis of RBMVECs. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was used to analyze the transcriptional activities of apoptosis-related genes.

RESULTS

Results showed that higher infarction volume, neurological scores, and BBB permeability in the MCAO group rats were reduced after BHD treatment. Drug serum (DS) treatment had no impact on the normal RBMVECs' cell viability and cell apoptosis. Besides, DS treatment decreased the lactate production, glucose uptake, and extracellular acidification rate in normal and OGD/R-induced RBMVECs. DS treatment downregulated the protein levels of pan-lysine lactylation (kla), histone H3 lysine 18 lactylation (H3K18la), and the transcriptional of apoptotic protease activating factor-1 (Apaf-1) in OGD/R-treated RBMVECs. In addition, Apaf-1 overexpression decreased cell viability and increased apoptosis and glycolysis activity of OGD/R-treated RBMVECs.

CONCLUSION

In summary, BHD inhibited glycolysis and apoptosis via suppressing the pan-kla and H3K18la protein levels and the Apaf-1 transcriptional activity, thus restraining the progression of IS.

PDK1 promotes breast cancer progression by enhancing the stability and transcriptional activity of HIF-1α

Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1) phosphorylates the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, which inhibits its activity. Inhibiting pyruvate dehydrogenase complex inhibits the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the reprogramming of tumor cell metabolism to glycolysis, which plays an important role in tumor progression. This study aims to elucidate how PDK1 promotes breast cancer progression. We found that PDK1 was highly expressed in breast cancer tissues, and PDK1 knockdown reduced the proliferation, migration, and tumorigenicity of breast cancer cells and inhibited the HIF-1α (hypoxia-inducible factor 1α) pathway. Further investigation showed that PDK1 promoted the protein stability of HIF-1α by reducing the level of ubiquitination of HIF-1α. The HIF-1α protein levels were dependent on PDK1 kinase activity. Furthermore, HIF-1α phosphorylation at serine 451 was detected in wild-type breast cancer cells but not in PDK1 knockout breast cancer cells. The phosphorylation of HIF-1α at Ser 451 stabilized its protein levels by inhibiting the interaction of HIF-1α with von Hippel-Lindau and prolyl hydroxylase domain. We also found that PDK1 enhanced HIF-1α transcriptional activity. In summary, PDK1 enhances HIF-1α protein stability by phosphorylating HIF-1α at Ser451 and promotes HIF-1α transcriptional activity by enhancing the binding of HIF-1α to P300. PDK1 and HIF-1α form a positive feedback loop to promote breast cancer progression.

Exploring the effect of Gouqi Nuzhen Liuhe decoction on the PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway for premature ovarian insufficiency based on system pharmacology

Objective

To explore the effect of Gouqi Nuzhen Liuhe Decoction (GNLHD) on the PI3K/mTOR Signaling Pathway for Premature Ovarian Insufficiency (POI) based on system pharmacology.

Methods

First, the system pharmacology approach was used to predict the mechanism of GNLHD. Then, mice were randomly divided into model group, positive group, GNLHD high-dose group, GNLHD medium-dose group, and GNLHD low-dose group. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was used to observe the pathological changes of ovarian tissue under light microscope. The expression levels of estradiol (E2), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expressions of PI3K, AKT1 and mTOR proteins in ovarian tissue were detected by immunohistochemistry.

Results

The results of system pharmacology showed that GNLHD may regulate biological processes and signaling pathways such as: reproductive structure development, reproductive system development, Oocyte meiosis and so on. Compared with the model group, the levels of E2 in the GNLHD group were increased, and the levels of FSH and LH were decreased (P < 0.05). Compared with the model group, the number of mature follicles in the GNLHD group was significantly increased, the number of atretic follicles was relatively decreased, and the expressions of PI3K, AKT1, and MTOR proteins in the GNLHD group were significantly increased (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

GNLHD may improve the ovarian function of POI mice by affecting the expression of PI3K, AKT1 and mTOR proteins, promote the growth and development of follicles, increase the E2 level, reduce FSH and LH level, and maintain the stability of the ovarian internal environment.

Utilizing network pharmacology, molecular docking, and animal models to explore the therapeutic potential of the WenYang FuYuan recipe for cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury through AGE-RAGE and NF-κB/p38MAPK signaling pathway modulation

BACKGROUND

Stroke is a debilitating condition with high morbidity, disability, and mortality that significantly affects the quality of life of patients. In China, the WenYang FuYuan recipe is widely used to treat ischemic stroke. However, the underlying mechanism remains unknown, so exploring the potential mechanism of action of this formula is of great practical significance for stroke treatment.

OBJECTIVE

This study employed network pharmacology, molecular docking, and in vivo experiments to clarify the active ingredients, potential targets, and molecular mechanisms of the WenYang FuYuan recipe in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, with a view to providing a solid scientific foundation for the subsequent study of this recipe.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Active ingredients of the WenYang FuYuan recipe were screened using the traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology database and analysis platform. Network pharmacology approaches were used to explore the potential targets and mechanisms of action of the WenYang FuYuan recipe for the treatment of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. The Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion/Reperfusion 2 h Sprague Dawley rat model was prepared, and TTC staining and modified neurological severity score were applied to examine the neurological deficits in rats. HE staining and Nissl staining were applied to examine the pathological changes in rats. Immunofluorescence labeling and Elisa assay were applied to examine the expression levels of certain proteins and associated factors, while qRT-PCR and Western blotting were applied to examine the expression levels of linked proteins and mRNAs in disease-related signaling pathways.

RESULTS

We identified 62 key active ingredients in the WenYang FuYuan recipe, with 222 highly significant I/R targets, forming 138 pairs of medication components and component-targets, with the top five being Quercetin, Kaempferol, Luteolin, β-sitosterol, and Stigmasterol. The key targets included TP53, RELA, TNF, STAT1, and MAPK14 (p38MAPK). Targets related to cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury were enriched in chemical responses, enzyme binding, endomembrane system, while enriched pathways included lipid and atherosclerosis, fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis, AGE-RAGE signaling in diabetic complications. In addition, the main five active ingredients and targets in the WenYang FuYuan recipe showed high binding affinity (e.g. Stigmasterol and MAPK14, total energy <-10.5 Kcal/mol). In animal experiments, the WenYang FuYuan recipe reduced brain tissue damage, increased the number of surviving neurons, and down-regulated S100β and RAGE protein expression. Moreover, the relative expression levels of key targets such as TP53, RELA and p38MAPK mRNA were significantly down-regulated in the WenYang FuYuan recipe group, and serum IL-6 and TNF-a factor levels were reduced. After WenYang FuYuan recipe treatment, the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway and downstream NF-kB/p38MAPK signaling pathway-related proteins were significantly modulated.

CONCLUSION

This study utilized network pharmacology, molecular docking, and animal experiments to identify the potential mechanism of the WenYang FuYuan recipe, which may be associated with the regulation of the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway and the inhibition of target proteins and mRNAs in the downstream NF-kB/p38MAPK pathway.

Jingfang granules protects against intracerebral hemorrhage by inhibiting neuroinflammation and protecting blood-brain barrier damage

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) can induce intensive oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and brain cell apoptosis. However, conventional methods for ICH treatment have many disadvantages. There is an urgent need for alternative, effective therapies with minimal side effects. Pharmacodynamics experiment, molecular docking, network pharmacology, and metabolomics were adopted to investigate the treatment and its mechanism of Jingfang Granules (JFG) in ICH. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effects of JFG on ICH using behavioral, brain water content and Magnetic resonance imaging experiments. However, the key active component and targets of JFG remain unknown. Here we verified that JFG was beneficial to improve brain injury after ICH. A network pharmacology analysis revealed that the anti-inflammatory effect of JFG is predominantly mediated by its activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway through Luteolin, (+)-Anomalin and Phaseol and their targeting of AKT1, tumor necrosis factorα (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Molecular docking analyses revealed an average affinity of -8.633 kcal/mol, indicating a binding strength of less than -5 kcal/mol. Metabolomic analysis showed that JFG exerted its therapeutic effect on ICH by regulating metabolic pathways, such as the metabolism of taurine and hypotaurine, biosynthesis of valine, leucine, and isoleucine. In conclusion, we demonstrated that JFG attenuated neuroinflammation and BBB injury subsequent to ICH by activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

Uncovering the pharmacological mechanism of Shou Tai Wan on recurrent spontaneous abortion: A integrated pharmacology strategy-based research

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Shou Tai Wan (STW), a traditional Chinese medicine formula, has been historically used for the treatment of recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA). Despite its long-standing usage, the exact mechanism underlying the therapeutic effects of STW remains unclear in the existing literature.

AIMS OF THIS STUDY

To explore the Pharmacological Mechanism of STW on RSA.

METHODS

A network pharmacological methodology was utilized to predict the active compounds and potential targets of STW, collect the RSA targets and other human proteins of STW, and analyze the STW related networks. The animal experiments were also performed to validate the effect of STW on RSA.

RESULTS

The results of network analysis showed that STW may regulate PI3K/AKT, MAPK, FoxO signaling pathways and so on. Animal experiment established the RSA model with CBA/J × DBA/2 mice. It was found that STW can reduce the embryo absorption rate of RSA group (p < 0.05) and balance the expression of Th 1/Th2 type cytokines compared with the model group. After 14 days of administration, the decidual and placental tissues were taken and the CD4+ T cells were isolated, and the phosphorylation level of signaling pathway was detected by Springbio720 antibody microarray. This experiment found that STW can significantly up-regulate the phosphorylation levels of STAT3 and STAT6 proteins in the STAT signaling pathway, and down-regulating the phosphorylation level of STAT1 protein. STW also significantly up-regulated the phosphorylation levels of Raf1, A-Raf, Ask1, Mek1, Mek2, JKK1, ERK1, ERK2, c-fos, c-Jun and CREB proteins in the MAPK signaling pathway, and down-regulate the phosphorylation levels of MEK6 and IKKb proteins. Compared with the RSA group, the STW group increased the expression levels of ERK1/2 mRNA and proteins and p-ERK1/2 proteins, and there was a statistical difference (p < 0.05). This is consistent with the chip results.

CONCLUSION

STW may achieve therapeutic effects by interfering with the signaling pathways, biological processes and targets discovered in this study. It provides a new perspective for revealing the immunological mechanism of STW in the treatment of RSA, and also provides a theoretical basis for the clinical use of STW in the treatment of RSA.

Neuroprotective effects of methanolic extract from Chuanxiong Rhizoma in mice with middle cerebral artery occlusion-induced ischemic stroke: suppression of astrocyte- and microglia-related inflammatory response

BACKGROUND

In traditional Asian medicine, dried rhizomes of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. (Chuanxiong Rhizoma [CR]) have long been used to treat pain disorders that affect the head and face such as headaches. Furthermore, they have been used primarily for blood circulation improvement or as an analgesic and anti-inflammatory medicine. This study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of a methanol extract of CR (CRex) on ischemic stroke in mice caused by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO).

METHODS

C57BL/6 mice were given a 1.5-h transient MCAO (MCAO control and CRex groups); CRex was administered in the mice of the CRex group at 1,000-3,000 mg/kg either once (single dose) or twice (twice dose) before MCAO. The mechanism behind the neuroprotective effects of CRex was examined using the following techniques: brain infarction volume, edema, neurological deficit, novel object recognition test (NORT), forepaw grip strength, and immuno-fluorescence staining.

RESULTS

Pretreating the mice with CRex once at 1,000 or 3,000 mg/kg and twice at 1,000 mg/kg 1 h before MCAO, brought about a significantly decrease in the infarction volumes. Furthermore, pretreating mice with CRex once at 3,000 mg/kg 1 h before MCAO significantly suppressed the reduction of forepaw grip strength of MCAO-induced mice. In the MCAO-induced group, preadministration of CRex inhibited the reduction in the discrimination ratio brought on by MCAO in a similar manner. CRex exhibited these effects by suppressing the activation of astrocytes and microglia, which regulated the inflammatory response.

CONCLUSIONS

This study proposes a novel development for the treatment of ischemic stroke and provides evidence favoring the use of L. chuanxiong rhizomes against ischemic stroke.

Echinacoside Prevents Sepsis-Induced Myocardial Damage via Targeting SOD2

Echinacoside (ECH) is a prominent naturally occurring bioactive compound with effects of alleviating myocardial damage. We aimed to explore the beneficial effects of ECH against sepsis-induced myocardial damage and elucidate the potential mechanism. Echocardiography and Masson staining demonstrated that ECH alleviates cardiac function and fibrosis in the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model. Transcriptome profiling and network pharmacology analysis showed that there are 51 overlapping targets between sepsis-induced myocardial damage and ECH. Subsequently, chemical carcinogenesis-reactive oxygen species (ROS) were enriched in multiple targets. Wherein, SOD2 may be the potential target of ECH on sepsis-induced myocardial damage. Polymerase chain reaction results showed that ECH administration could markedly increase the expression of SOD2 and reduce the release of ROS. Combined with injecting the inhibitor of SOD2, the beneficial effect of ECH on mortality, cardiac function, and fibrosis was eliminated, and release of ROS was increased after inhibiting SOD2. ECH significantly alleviated myocardial damage in septic mice, and the therapeutic mechanism of ECH is achieved by upregulating SOD2 which decreased the release of ROS.

A Microfluidics-Based Multiplex SERS Immunoassay Device for Analysis of Acute Ischemic Stroke Biomarkers

Sensitive and accurate methods for early detection of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) are essential for timely treatment and prognostic assessment of patients. In this study, we report a microfluidics-based ultrasensitive surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) immunoassay device for the quantitative determination of multiplex biomarkers in AIS. By preparing 5,5'-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB) antibody-modified gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on SERS devices as SERS probes, the biomarkers in whole blood of AIS were accurately captured and further visualized for SERS signal intensity quantitative analysis of six biomarkers in the blood samples. It is worth mentioning that the limit of detection (LOD) of the method can reach the level of fg/mL, with excellent sensitivity and selectivity. Meanwhile, the analytical comparison with ELISA method showed that the detection results of both methods were consistent, which verified the feasibility of the assembled device. The SERS immunoassay device detection provides a powerful strategy for the prediction, early diagnosis and dynamic monitoring of prognosis of AIS with a wide range of clinical practice prospects.

The role of JAK/STAT signaling pathway in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and the therapeutic effect of traditional Chinese medicine: A narrative review

Cerebral ischemia is a cerebrovascular disease with symptoms caused by insufficient blood or oxygen supply to the brain. When blood supplied is restored after cerebral ischemia, secondary brain injury may occur, which is called cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI). In this process, the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway plays an important role. It mediates neuroinflammation and participates in the regulation of physiological activities, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. After CIRI, M1 microglia is activated and recruited by the damaged tissue. The inflammatory factors are produced by M1 microglia through the JAK/STAT pathway, eventually leading to cell apoptosis. Meanwhile, the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway and the expression of lipocalin-2 and caspase-3 could increase. In the pathway, phosphorylated JAK2 and phosphorylated STAT3 function of 2 ways. They not only promote the proliferation of neurons, but also affect the differentiation direction of neural stem cells by further acting on the Notch signaling pathway. Recently, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a key player in CIRI, through JAK2, STAT3, STAT1 and their phosphorylation. Therefore, the review focuses on the JAK/STAT signaling pathway and its relationship with CIRI as well as the influence of the TCM on this pathway. It is aimed at providing the basis for future clinical research on the molecular mechanism of TCM in the treatment of CIRI.

Sanhuang xiexin decoction synergizes insulin/PI3K-Akt/FoxO signaling pathway to inhibit hepatic glucose production and alleviate T2DM

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Sanhuang Xiexin Decoction (SHXXD) is a classic prescription for the treatment of diabetes. Excessive hepatic glucose production (HGP) is a major determinant of the occurrence and development of diabetes. Inhibition of HGP can significantly improve type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

AIM OF THE STUDY

To investigate the mechanism by which SHXXD inhibits HGP.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

First, a mouse model of T2DM was established through high-fat diet (HFD) feeding combined with streptozotocin (STZ) injection to determine the pharmacodynamic effect of SHXXD in T2DM mice. Then, the possible pathways induced by SHXXD in the treatment of T2DM were predicted by network pharmacology combined with transcriptomics (including target prediction, network analysis and enrichment analysis). Finally, the specific mechanism of SHXXD was elucidated by in vitro experiments.

RESULTS

In vivo experiments showed that SHXXD reduced fasting blood glucose and alleviated weight loss in T2DM mice. Improved glucose clearance rates and insulin sensitivity improve dyslipidemia, liver tissue structural abnormalities and inflammatory cell infiltration as well as increase glycogen storage in T2DM mice. The results of network pharmacology and transcriptome analysis showed that SHXXD contained 378 compounds and 2625 targets. In total, 292 intersection targets were identified between the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of the liver tissue insulin resistance (IR) related dataset GSE23343. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the insulin/PI3K-Akt/FoxO signaling pathway may be related to SHXXD-mediated improvements in T2DM. In vitro experimental results showed that SHXXD increased glucose consumption by HepG2-IR cells and improved their insulin sensitivity. RT‒qPCR and Western blotting results showed that SHXXD inhibited hepatic gluconeogenesis through the insulin/PI3K-Akt/FoxO signaling pathway by promoting IGFIR, PIK3R1 and AKT2 expression and subsequently inhibiting PEPCK and FBP1 expression via phosphorylation of Foxo1. In addition, PI3K/Akt deactivated p-GSK3β through phosphorylation, thereby promoting GS expression and increasing glycogen synthesis.

CONCLUSIONS

SHXXD can target the liver to cooperate with the insulin/PI3K-Akt/FoxO signaling pathway to inhibit HGP to alleviate T2DM.

Mechanisms of Xuefu Zhuyu Decoction in the treatment of coronary heart disease based on integrated metabolomics and network pharmacology approach

Coronary heart disease (CHD) has become the leading cause of mortality, morbidity, and disability worldwide. Though the therapeutic effect of Xuefu Zhuyu Decoction (XFZY) on CHD has been demonstrated in China, the active ingredients and molecular mechanisms of XFZY have not been elucidated. The purpose of the current study is to explore the molecular mechanisms of XFZY in the treatment of CHD via network pharmacology, metabolomics, and experimental validation. First, we established a CHD rat model by permanently ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD), and evaluated the therapeutic effect of XFZY by hemorheology and histopathology. Second, network pharmacology was employed to screen the active ingredients and potential targets of XFZY for the treatment of CHD. Metabolomic was applied to identify the molecules present in the serum after XFZY treatment. Third, the results of network pharmacology and metabolomics were further analyzed by Cytoscape to elucidate the core ingredients and pathways. Finally, the obtained key pathways were verified by transmission electron microscopy and immunofluorescence assay. The results showed that XFZY was effective in the treatment of CHD in the rat model, and the highest dose exerted the best effect. Network pharmacology analysis revealed 215 active ingredients and 129 key targets associated with XFZY treatment of CHD. These targets were enriched in pathways of cancer, lipid and atherosclerosis, fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis, proteoglycans in cancer, chemical carcinogenesis - receptor activation, HIF-1 signaling, et al. Serum metabolomic identified 1081 metabolites involved in the therapeutic effect of XFZY on CHD. These metabolites were enriched in taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, histidine metabolism, retrograde endocannabinoid signaling pathways, et al. Cytoscape analysis combining the data from serum metabolomic and network pharmacology revealed that energy metabolism as the core pathway for XFZY treatment of CHD. Electron microscope observation identified changes in the level of autophagy in the mitochondrial structure of cardiomyocytes. Immunofluorescence assay showed that the expression levels of autophagy-related proteins LC3-B and P62/SQSTM1 were consistent with the levels of autophagy observed in mitochondria. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the possible mechanisms of XFZY in the treatment of CHD are reducing the level of autophagy, improving energy metabolism, and maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis in cardiomyocytes. Our study also shows that the combined strategies of network pharmacology, metabolomics, and experimental validation may provide a powerful approach for TCM pharmacology study.

Research progress on pyroptosis-mediated immune-inflammatory response in ischemic stroke and the role of natural plant components as regulator of pyroptosis: A review

Ischemic stroke (IS) is one of the leading causes of death and disability. Its pathogenesis is not completely clear, and inflammatory cascade is one of its main pathological processes. The current clinical practice of IS is to restore the blood supply to the ischemic area after IS as soon as possible through thrombolytic therapy to protect the vitality and function of neurons. However, blood reperfusion further accelerates ischemic damage and cause ischemia-reperfusion injury. The pathological process of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury involves multiple mechanisms, and the exact mechanism has not been fully elucidated. Pyroptosis, a newly discovered form of inflammatory programmed cell death, plays an important role in the initiation and progression of inflammation. It is a pro-inflammatory programmed death mediated by caspase Caspase-1/4/5/11, which can lead to cell swelling and rupture, release inflammatory factors IL-1β and IL-18, and induce an inflammatory cascade. Recent studies have shown that pyroptosis and its mediated inflammatory response are important factors in aggravating ischemic brain injury, and inhibition of pyroptosis may alleviate the ischemic brain injury. Furthermore, studies have found that natural plant components may have a regulatory effect on pyroptosis. Therefore, this review not only summarizes the molecular mechanism of pyroptosis and its role in ischemic stroke, but also the role of natural plant components as regulator of pyroptosis, in order to provide reference information on pyroptosis for the treatment of IS in the future.

Study on the Antioxidant Effect of Tanshinone IIA on Diabetic Retinopathy and Its Mechanism Based on Integrated Pharmacology

AIM

To explore the effect of tanshinone IIA on diabetic retinopathy (DR) and its mechanism.

METHODS

GeneCards and OMM databases were used to mine DR-related genes. The chemical structure of tanshinone IIA was searched by PubChem, and the potential target was predicted by PharmMapper. Cystape 3.8.2 was used to visualize and analyze the tanshinone IIA-DR protein interaction network. DAVID ver 6.8 data were used to perform enrichment analysis of the tanshinone IIA-DR protein interaction network. Then animal experiments were carried out to further explore the mechanism of tanshinone IIA in the treatment of DR. Male SD rats were intraperitoneally injected with streptozotocin to establish a diabetes model and were randomly divided into a model group, a low-dose tanshinone IIA group and a high-dose group. Normal rats served as the control group. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was used to observe the structural changes of the retina; the SOD, GSH-Px, and MDA levels in the retina were detected by the xanthine oxidase method; the expression of VEGF, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and caspase-3 mRNA were detected by qRT-PCR; and the Bcl-2, Bax, and VEGFA proteins were determined by the western blot.

RESULTS

A total of 213 tanshinone IIA potential targets and 223 DR-related genes were obtained. The enrichment analysis showed that tanshinone IIA may regulate hypoxia, oxidative stress, positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade, steroid hormone-mediated signaling pathway, inflammatory response, angiogenesis, VEGF signaling pathway, apoptosis, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway, and biological processes and signaling pathways. The structure of the retina in the normal control group was clear, the retina in the model group was not clear, the nerve fiber layer was edema, the retinal cell layers of the tanshinone IIA low-dose group are arranged neatly, the inner and outer nuclear layers are slightly disordered, and the tanshinone IIA low-dose group was large. The structure of the mouse retina was further improved compared with the low-dose tanshinone IIA group. Compared with the model group, the retinal tissue SOD and GSH-PX of rats in the tanshinone IIA group increased, and the MDA level decreased (P < 0.05). Compared with the model group, the expression of VEGF, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and caspase-3 mRNA in the retina of tanshinone IIA groups was significantly reduced (P < 0.01). Compared with the model group, the Bcl-2 protein in the tanshinone IIA groups increased, while the Bax and VEGFA proteins decreased (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Tanshinone IIA may improve the morphological performance of the retina of diabetic rats and inhibit DR, the mechanism of which may be anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenesis, etc.

The mechanism of ferroptosis regulating oxidative stress in ischemic stroke and the regulation mechanism of natural pharmacological active components

Cerebrovascular diseases, such as ischemic stroke, pose serious medical challenges worldwide due to their high morbidity and mortality and limitations in clinical treatment strategies. Studies have shown that reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated inflammation, excitotoxicity, and programmed cell death of each neurovascular unit during post-stroke hypoxia and reperfusion play an important role in the pathological cascade. Ferroptosis, a programmed cell death characterized by iron-regulated accumulation of lipid peroxidation, is caused by abnormal metabolism of lipids, glutathione (GSH), and iron, and can accelerate acute central nervous system injury. Recent studies have gradually uncovered the pathological process of ferroptosis in the neurovascular unit of acute stroke. Some drugs such as iron chelators, ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) and liproxstatin-1 (Lip-1) can protect nerves after neurovascular unit injury in acute stroke by inhibiting ferroptosis. In addition, combined with our previous studies on ferroptosis mediated by natural compounds in ischemic stroke, this review summarized the progress in the regulation mechanism of natural chemical components and herbal chemical components on ferroptosis in recent years, in order to provide reference information for future research on ferroptosis and lead compounds for the development of ferroptosis inhibitors.

Hedysarum multijugum Maxim treats ulcerative colitis through the PI3K-AKT and TNF signaling pathway according to network pharmacology and molecular docking

BACKGROUND

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that prevails mainly in western countries. Due to the unknown etiology of UC, the purpose of treatments has predominantly comprised symptomatic and pain relief. With extensive research focusing on the pathogenesis of UC, various novel treatments have emerged, although their efficiency has remained unsatisfactory. Hedysarum multijugum Maxim (HMM), a crucial constituent of traditional Chinese medicine, has a broad application in many diseases and has been found beneficial for UC patients.

METHODS

In this study, network pharmacology and molecular docking analyses were applied to explore the potential mechanism of HMM treating UC. Active ingredients of HMM and target genes were acquired from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP). UC-related genes were obtained from three disease databases. Common genes were selected from these two gene sets, and a compound-genes network was drawn by Cytoscape. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment, and protein-protein interaction (PPI) analyses were performed to identify the essential pathways and proteins in UC.

RESULTS

A total of 121 genes were found related to UC and targeted by HMM. The GO and KEGG analyses showed that these genes were associated with inflammation and immune signaling pathways and inflammation-related biological processes (BP) such as the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and PI3K-AKT signaling pathways. Four active ingredients (quercetin, kaempferol, formononetin, and isorhamnetin) and five genes (RELA, MAPK14, MAPK1, JUN, AKT1) were reserved after screening. Molecular docking further showed that the receptor had a high binding affinity with HMM active ingredients.

CONCLUSIONS

This study revealed that HMM treats UC through four active ingredients (quercetin, kaempferol, formononetin, and isorhamnetin) targeting five hub genes (RELA, MAPK14, MAPK1, JUN, AKT1) by regulating the PI3K-AKT1 and TNF signaling pathways.

Network pharmacology approach and molecular docking to explore the potential mechanism of Wu-Wei-Wen-Tong Chubi capsules in rheumatoid arthritis

Network pharmacology, a holistic approach based on the theory of biological network technology, integrates information from biological systems, drugs, and diseases. Here, this theory was used to predict the targets of Wu-Wei-Wen-Tong Chubi capsule (WWWT) to explore the mechanism in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The ingredients of each herbal medicine in WWWT were collected from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP), and the active ingredients were screened through bioavailability (OB) ≥30% and drug-likeness (DL) ≥ 0.18. SwissTargetPrection and TCMSP were utilized to calculate and predict the targets of active ingredients. RA-related targets were obtained by searching the Genecards and OMIM databases. The common targets of RA and WWWT were used for gene ontology (GO), KEGG pathway enrichment, protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis, and molecular docking. And then, four key genes were screened for subsequent verification experiments. In total, 90 active compounds and 330 potential targets of WWWT, 1310 targets of RA, and 135 intersection targets were found. Additionally, GO and pathway analysis identified 4610 significant GO terms and 147 significant KEGG pathways. Based on the PPI network, 11 key genes including IL-6, MMP-9, and TNF-α were screened out for molecular docking. Molecular docking showed that these key genes have good binding activities to active compounds of WWWT such as oroxylin a, kaempferol, and luteolin. Simultaneously, Western blot experimental validation demonstrated that the protein expressions of IL-6, MMP-9, TNF-α, and VEGFA significantly decreased after WWWT treatment. The mechanism of WWWT in treating RA involves multiple active compounds acting on multiple targets, and multiple pathways, which provides an important reference for further elucidation the mechanism and clinical applications of WWWT in the treatment of RA.

Urolithin A as a Potential Drug for the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injuries: A Mechanistic Study Using Network Pharmacology Approaches

Objective

This research was focused to examine the potential targets, action network, and mechanism of urolithin A (UA) in spinal cord injury (SCI) management exploiting the network pharmacology (NP).

Methods

We used the SwissTargetPrediction, PharmMapper, and TargetNet databases to obtain UA action targets. We searched the OMIM, GeneCards, CTD, and DrugBank databases to screen selected target genes for SCI treatment. The intersection of target genes between the UA and SCI databases was obtained by constructing Venn diagrams, which led to the identification of common druggable targets for the disease. The relationship network of the targets was built with Cytoscape 3.7.2, and the protein interaction network was analyzed with the STRING platform. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network can be built on the STRING database. Gene Ontology (GO) function and KEGG pathway analyses of target intersections were completed with the DAVID 6.8 database. We constructed preliminary network targets for actions underlying UA-SCI interactions. Using the AutoDock software, we examined the molecular docking interactions between UA and its target proteins and further verified the mechanism of the action of UA.

Results

We obtained 318 UA drug targets and 1492 SCI disease targets. We identified a total of 118 common UA-SCI targets. Based on the PPI analysis, we identified MAPK1, SRC, AKT1, HRAS, MAPK8, HSP90AA1, MAPK14, JAK2, ESR1, and NF-κB1 as possible therapeutic targets. Enrichment analysis revealed that the PI3K-AKT, VEGF, and TNF signaling pathways could be critical for the NP analysis. Molecular docking indicated that UA had a strong affinity for docked proteins (binding energy range: -6.3 to -9.3 kcal mol-1).

Conclusions

We employed an NP approach to validate and predict the underlying mechanisms associated with UA therapy for SCI. An additional purpose of this study was to provide a theoretical basis for further experimental studies on UA's potential in SCI treatment.

Study on the Mechanism of Üstikuddus Sherbiti in Ischemic Cerebrovascular Diseases: Based on Network Pharmacology

This paper aims to study the potential biological mechanism of Üstikuddus Sherbiti (ÜS) in the treatment of ischemic cerebrovascular diseases (ICVD) by the network pharmacology method. Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP) database was used to obtain effective constituents of ÜS by screening eligible oral utilization, drug similarity, and blood-brain barrier permeability threshold. By drug target prediction and stroke treatment target mining, 2 target data sets were analyzed to find intersection targets and the corresponding constituents were used as active constituents. An active constituent target network and an effective constituent target network were constructed by using Cytoscape 3.7.2 software. Degree parameters of the effective constituent target network were analyzed to find important effective constituents and targets. Through protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis/Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis, potential signaling pathways of ÜS in ischemic stroke were found out. AutoDock was used for molecular docking verification. A total of 90 active constituents of ÜS were screened out. There were 10 active constituents against ICVD, including quercetin, luteolin, kaempferol, and naringenin, and 10 important targets for anticerebral ischemia, namely, PIK3CA, APP, PIK3R1, MAPK1, MAPK3, AKT1, PRKCD, Fyn, RAC1, and NF-κB1. Based on the protein interaction network, the important targets of ÜS were significantly enriched in PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathway, Ras signaling pathway, etc. ÜS in ICVD has characteristics like multiple targets, multiple approaches, and multiple pathways. Results of molecular docking showed that the active components in ICVD had a good binding ability with the key targets. Its main biological mechanism may be related to the PI3K-Akt and Ras-MAPK centered signaling pathway. Our study demonstrated that ÜS exerted the effect of treating ICVD by regulating multiple targets and multiple channels with multiple components through the method of network pharmacology and molecular docking.

Uncovering the Neuroprotective Effect of Hedysarum multijugum Maxim-Chuanxiong Rhizoma Compound on Cerebral Infarction through Quantitative Proteomics

Objective

To uncover the neuroprotective effect of Hedysarum multijugum Maxim-Chuanxiong Rhizoma compound (Huangqi-Chuanxiong Compound (HCC)) on cerebral infarction (CI) through quantitative proteomics.

Method

CI model was established by the modified Zea Longa intracavitary suture blocking method. After modeling, the rats were given intragastric administration for 7 days, once a day. After the 7-day intervention, the neurological function score was performed, the brain tissue was pathologically observed, and the total serum protein was extracted. Then, these proteins were analyzed by LC-MS/MS to identify the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in the HCC/CI group and CI/sham operation group. Finally, bioinformatics analysis was used to analyze DEPs, including gene ontology (GO) analysis, pathway analysis, and protein interaction analysis. ELISA and Western blotting were used to verify the proteomics results.

Result

The neurological function scores of the HCC group were lower than those of the CI group. HE staining showed that the pathological results of the HCC group were improved. A total of 1340 proteins were identified by LC-MS/MS, of which 1138 proteins contain quantitative information. There are 122 DEPs in the CI/sham operation group and 25 DEPs in the HCC/CI group with fold change >1.3 or <0.77 and FDR<0.05. The 12 upregulated proteins in HCC/CI group include Protein Actn2, Kelch-like protein 41, Alpha-1, 4 glucan phosphorylase, Protein Lrtm2, Dystrophin, Galectin-1, and C4b-binding protein beta chain. The 13 downregulated proteins include Alpha-2 antiplasmin, Arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase, Carbonic anhydrase 2, Complement factor I, angiotensinogen, catalase, Protein LOC103691744, and Anionic trypsin-1. The bioinformatics analysis showed that HCC may treat CI through regulating cell-substrate adhesion and regulation, reactive oxygen species metabolic process, angiotensin response (cellular response to angiotensin), positive regulation of the occurrence of nerves and neurons (positive regulation of neurogenesis), inflammatory response, response to hypoxia (response to hypoxia, response to decreased oxygen levels), and cellular calcium homeostasis (cellular calcium ion homeostasis). The results of ELISA and Western blot also showed that, compared with model group, the angiotensinogen and catalase in HCC group were decreased (P < 0.05), which is consistent with the findings of proteomics.

Conclusion

The therapeutic mechanism of HCC in the treatment of CI may involve fibrinolysis, cell-matrix adhesion, inflammation, hypoxia, and oxidative stress.

Clinical Study of Clopidogrel Combined with Huoxue Tongluo Prescription in Improving Transient Ischemic Attack and the Effect on MMP-9, Hcy, and CRP

Background. This study aimed to explore the clinical study of clopidogrel combined with Huoxue Tongluo prescription in improving transient ischemic attack (TIA) and the effect on MMP-9, Hcy, and CRP. Methods. A total of 84 patients with TIA admitted to our hospital from December 2019 to February 2021 were selected. The patients were divided into the control group (42 cases: not treated with Huoxue Tongluo prescription) and study group (42 cases: treatment with Huoxue Tongluo prescription). The clinical efficacy, adverse reactions, the levels of blood pressure and lipid, blood rheology and cerebral hemodynamics, neurological function-related indicators, MMP-9, Hcy, and CRP of the two groups were compared. Results. The total effective rate in the study group was higher than the control group. Compared with before treatment, the levels of SBP and DBP in both groups decreased memorably after treatment, and those in the study group decreased more particularly than the control group. The levels of LDL, HDL, TC, and TG in the study group were significantly better than those in the control group. The plasma viscosity, whole blood high shear viscosity, whole blood low shear viscosity, and hematocrit of patients in the study group were lower than those in the control group, and the maximum blood flow velocity, minimum blood flow velocity, average blood flow velocity, and average blood flow were higher than those in the control group. The levels of NSE, MBP, and S100β in the study group were more memorably lower than those in the control group. After treatment, the levels of MMP-9, Hcy, and CRP in the study group were significantly lower than those in the control group. There was no obvious difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the study group and control group. Conclusion. Clopidogrel combined with Huoxue Tongluo prescription can significantly improve the therapeutic effect and reduce the levels of MMP-9, Hcy, and CRP in patients with TIA.

Wenfei Buqi Tongluo Formula Against Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis by Inhibiting TGF-β/Smad3 Pathway

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is the end stage of various chronic and progressive interstitial lung diseases. TGF-β, a profibrotic cytokine, can promote epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation, and fibroblast proliferation, which contribute to progressive lung remodeling in PF. The Wenfei Buqi Tongluo (WBT) formula has been certified to be effective in the prevention and treatment of PF in clinical practice and has inhibitory effects on EMT, inflammation, and profibrotic factors. However, the pharmacological mechanisms of WBT against PF need to be further explored. In this study, we first analyzed the chemical components of the WBT formula using the UHPLC/Q-TOF-MS analysis. The potential targets of the identified compounds from WBT were predicted by the network pharmacology, which was confirmed by in vivo and in vitro study. After screening by the PubChem database, we first identified the 36 compounds of WBT and predicted the TGF-β signaling pathway, with ECM degradation as potential mechanism of WBT against PF by the network pharmacology. Furthermore, WBT treatment inhibited the levels of TGF-β and Smad3 phosphorylation and subsequently alleviated EMT and ECM accumulation in the bleomycin-induced mouse model and TGF-β1–induced cell model. These findings indicate that WBT can block the progressive process of PF by inhibiting EMT and promoting ECM degradation via the TGF-β/Smad3 pathway. This study may provide new insights into the molecular mechanism of WBT for the prevention and treatment of PF in the clinical application.

Systematic Pharmacology-Based Strategy to Explore the Molecular Network Mechanism of Modified Taohong Siwu Decoction in the Treatment of Premature Ovarian Failure

OBJECTIVE

To explore the molecular network mechanism of modified Taohong Siwu Decoction (MTHSWD) to interfere with premature ovarian failure based on systematic pharmacological strategy.

METHODS

The network pharmacology strategy was used to explore the potential mechanism of MTHSWD intervention in POF, and then it was verified through animal experiments. Mouse zona pellucida 3 was used as an antigen to subcutaneously immunize BALB/c female mice to establish an immune POF model. Mice were divided into MTHSWD low-, medium-, and high-dose groups, positive control group, model group, and normal group. After 30 days of drug intervention, ovarian tissue was taken for pathological hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, and immunohistochemical methods were used to detect the expression of TGF-β1 and TGF-βRII and Smad2/3 protein expression in follicular wall granular cells and ovarian tissue, respectively.

RESULTS

Network pharmacology studies have shown that MTHSWD may interfere with the TGF-β signaling pathway. Animal experimental research shows that, compared with the model group, the number of ovarian mature follicles in the MTHSWD groups and the positive group was significantly increased, and the number of atresia follicles decreased. Immunohistochemistry showed that, compared with the control group, the expression of TGF-β1, TGF-βRII, and Smad2/3 in the follicular wall granulosa cells and ovarian tissues of MTHSWD groups was significantly higher than that of the model group (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

MTHSWD may improve the ovarian function of POF mice by upregulating the protein expression of granulosa cells TGF-β1, TGF-βRII, and Smad2/3.

To explore the Radix Paeoniae Rubra-Flos Carthami herb pair's potential mechanism in the treatment of ischemic stroke by network pharmacology and molecular docking technology

To explore the Radix Paeoniae Rubra-Flos Carthami herb pair's (RPR-FC) potential mechanism in treating ischemic stroke (IS) by network pharmacology and molecular docking technology.The Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database was used to screen the active components of the RPR-FC, and Cytoscape 3.8 software was used to construct a network map of its active components and targets of action. The GeneCards and OMIM databases were used to identify disease targets of IS, and the common targets were chosen as research targets and imported into the STRING database to construct a protein-protein interaction network map of these targets. R language software was used to analyze the enrichment of GO terms and KEGG pathways, and explore the mechanisms of these targets. Molecular docking technology was used to verify that the RPR-FC components had a good bonding activity with their potential targets.A total of 44 active components, which corresponded to 197 targets, were identified in the RPR-FC. There were 139 common targets between the herb pair and IS. GO functional enrichment analysis revealed 2253 biological process entries, 72 cellular components entries, and 183 molecular functions entries. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis was mainly related to the NF-kappa B signaling pathway, the TNF signaling pathway, apoptosis, the MAPK signaling pathway, the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, the VEGF signaling pathway, etc. The molecular docking results showed the components that docked well with key targets were quercetin, luteolin, kaempferol, and baicalein.The active components (quercetin, luteolin, kaempferol, and baicalein) of the RPR-FC and their targets act on proteins such as MAPK1, AKT1, VEGFA, and CASP3, which are closely related to IS.1 These targets are closely related to the NF-kappa B signaling pathway, the MAPK signaling pathway, the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, the VEGF signaling pathway, and other signaling pathways. These pathways are involved in the recovery of nerve function, angiogenesis, and neuronal apoptosis and the regulation of inflammatory factors, which may have a therapeutic effect on IS.

Verapamil ameliorates proximal tubular epithelial cells apoptosis and fibrosis in diabetic kidney

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a severe complication of diabetes mellitus for which there is still no effective treatment. We previously showed that upregulation of thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP), an endogenous inhibitor of thioredoxin (TRX), accelerates the progression of DKD. In this study, we hypothesized whether verapamil, a calcium channel blocker and an established TXNIP inhibitor, might exert a renal-protective effect on DKD by regulating TXNIP expression. Herein, a systemic pharmacological network study was performed and multiple molecules and pathways targeted by verapamil on DKD were characterized. Furthermore, diabetic mice were induced by streptozotocin (STZ), and verapamil (100 mg/kg/day) or saline was intraperitoneally injected into the mice. After 16 weeks, mice were analyzed for blood glucose, blood pressure, and functional parameters followed by sacrifice and evaluation of renal tubular injury, alterations in TXNIP, apoptosis and fibrosis markers. Additionally, the effects of treatment with verapamil (50 μM, 100 μM, 150 μM) under high glucose conditions on the expression of TXNIP and signaling pathway components in proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTEC, HK-2 cells) were explored. According to these findings, we conclude that verapamil might serve as a potential agent for the prevention and treatment of DKD.

Exploring the Effect of Jiawei Buguzhi Pills on TGF-β-Smad Pathway in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis Based on Integrated Pharmacological Strategy

Objective

To explore the effect of Jiawei Buguzhi Pills (JWBGZP) on the TGF-β-Smad pathway in postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO) based on integrated pharmacological strategy.

Method

The ETCM database was used to collect JWBGZP. GeneCards and OMIM databases were utilized to obtain PMO-related genes. Cytoscape was used for network construction and analysis, and DAVID was used for GO and KEGG enrichment analysis of key targets. Animal experiments and cell experiments were conducted to further explore the mechanism. The bone mass density was detected by dual-energy X-ray bone densitometer. The TGF-β1 and Smad4 mRNA in bone tissue were detected by RT-qPCR. The TGF-β1 and Smad4 protein in bone tissue were detected by the western blot. The TGF-β1 and Smad4 protein in osteoblasts were determined by immunohistochemistry.

Result

A total of 721 JWBGZP potential targets and 385 PMO-related genes were obtained. The enrichment analysis showed that JWBGZP may regulate the TGF-beta signaling pathway, oxidation-reduction process, aging, response to hypoxia, response to ethanol, negative regulation of cell proliferation, PI3K-Akt, HIF-1, and other signaling pathways. The animal experiments showed that compared with the model group, the femoral bone mineral density and lumbar bone mineral density of the JWBGZP group increased (P < 0.05); the expression levels of TGF-β1 and Smad mRNA and proteins in the JWBGZP group were significantly higher (P < 0.05). The cell experiment results showed a large number of osteoblast stained blue-purple and orange-red calcified nodules. The expression levels of TGF-β1 and Smad proteins in the JWBGZP group were significantly higher than those in the blank control group and the sham operation group, and the protein expression levels in the model group were the lowest (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

JWBGZP may be involved in PI3K-Akt, HIF-1, estrogen, prolactin, and other signaling pathways and regulate MAPK1, AKT1, PIK3CA, JAK2, and other gene targets, regulate bone metabolism, and thereby treat PMO.

Mechanisms and Molecular Targets of Compound Danshen Dropping Pill for Heart Disease Caused by High Altitude Based on Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking

Compound Danshen dropping pill (CDDP), a famous Chinese medicine formula, has been widely used to treat high-altitude heart disease in China. However, its molecular mechanisms, potential targets, and bioactive ingredients remain elusive. In this study, network pharmacology, molecular docking, and validation experiments were combined to investigate the effective active ingredients and molecular mechanisms of CDDP in the treatment of high-altitude heart disease. Tan IIA may be the main active component of CDDP in the treatment of high-altitude heart disease via HIF-1/PI3K/Akt pathways.

Chemical Constituents from the Rhizome of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. and Their Nrf2 Inducing Activity

The rhizome of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. has been widely used for the therapy of diabetic nephropathy (DN) in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). The nuclear transcription factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) is a potential target for treating DN. The purpose of this research was to study the chemical constituents from the rhizome of L. chuanxiong, evaluate their Nrf2 inducing activity, and find the molecules with potential therapeutic effect against DN. In this study, two new phthalides (1-2) along with twenty-seven known constituents were obtained from the rhizome of L. chuanxiong. Their structures were elucidated through various spectroscopic methods. Twelve constituents, including eight phthalides (2, 5, 6,10-13, 14) and four other compounds (17, 18, 20,28), stimulated NAD(P)H: quinone reductase (QR) activity, suggesting that these bioactive constituents were potential Nrf2 activators. Among the isolated compounds, phthalide levistolide A (LA, 14) upregulated the protein levels of Nrf2, NQO1, and γ-GCS in a dose-dependent manner. Our results implied that the clinical application of the rhizome of L. chuanxiong as an anti-DN drug in TCM might be attributed to the Nrf2 inducing effect of phthalides. Thus, phthalides is a group of promising leading molecules for discovering anti-DN agents.

Deciphering Pharmacological Mechanism of Buyang Huanwu Decoction for Spinal Cord Injury by Network Pharmacology Approach

Objective

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism of action of the Chinese herbal formula Buyang Huanwu Decoction (BYHWD), which is commonly used to treat nerve injuries, in the treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI) using a network pharmacology method.

Methods

BYHWD-related targets were obtained by mining the TCMSP and BATMAN-TCM databases, and SCI-related targets were obtained by mining the DisGeNET, TTD, CTD, GeneCards, and MalaCards databases. The overlapping targets of the abovementioned targets may be potential therapeutic targets for BYHWD anti-SCI. Subsequently, we performed protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis, screened the hub genes using Cytoscape software, performed Gene Ontology (GO) annotation and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis, and finally achieved molecular docking between the hub proteins and key active compounds.

Results

The 189 potential therapeutic targets for BYHWD anti-SCI were overlapping targets of 744 BYHWD-related targets and 923 SCI-related targets. The top 10 genes obtained subsequently included AKT1, IL6, MAPK1, TNF, TP53, VEGFA, CASP3, ALB, MAPK8, and JUN. Fifteen signaling pathways were also screened out after enrichment analysis and literature search. The results of molecular docking of key active compounds and hub target proteins showed a good binding affinity for both.

Conclusion

This study shows that BYHWD anti-SCI is characterized by a multicomponent, multitarget, and multipathway synergy and provides new insights to explore the specific mechanisms of BYHWD against SCI.

Exploring the Oxidative Stress Mechanism of Buyang Huanwu Decoction in Intervention of Vascular Dementia Based on Systems Biology Strategy

OBJECTIVE

To explore the oxidative stress mechanism of modified Buyang Huanwu decoction (MBHD) in intervention of vascular dementia (VD) based on systems biology strategy.

METHODS

In this study, through the reverse virtual target prediction technology and transcriptomics integration strategy, the active ingredients and potential targets of MBHD treatment of VD were analyzed, and the drug-disease protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed. Then, bioinformatics analysis methods are used for Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and pathway enrichment analysis, and finally find the core biological process. After that, in animal models, low-throughput technology is used to detect gene expression and protein expression of key molecular targets in oxidative stress-mediated inflammation and apoptosis signaling pathways to verify the mechanism of MBHD treatment of VD rats. Finally, the potential interaction relationship between MBHD and VD-related molecules is further explored through molecular docking technology.

RESULTS

There are a total of 54 MBHD components, 252 potential targets, and 360 VD genes. The results of GO enrichment analysis and pathway enrichment analysis showed that MBHD may regulate neuronal apoptosis, nitric oxide synthesis and metabolism, platelet activation, NF-κB signaling pathway-mediated inflammation, oxidative stress, angiogenesis, etc. Among them, SIRT1, NF-κB, BAX, BCL-2, CASP3, and APP may be important targets for MBHD to treat VD. Low-throughput technology (qRT-PCR/WB/immunohistochemical technology) detects oxidative stress-mediated inflammation and apoptosis-related signaling pathway molecules. The molecular docking results showed that 64474-51-7, cycloartenol, ferulic acid, formononetin, kaempferol, liquiritigenin, senkyunone, wallichilide, xanthinin, and other molecules can directly interact with NF-κB p65, BAX, BCL-2, and CASP3.

CONCLUSION

The active compounds of MBHD interact with multiple targets and multiple pathways in a synergistic manner, and have important therapeutic effects on VD mainly by balancing oxidative stress/anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic, enhancing metabolism, and enhancing the immune system.

Systematically Deciphering the Pharmacological Mechanism of Fructus Aurantii via Network Pharmacology

Fructus Aurantii (FA) is a traditional herbal medicine that has been widely used for thousands of years in China and possesses a variety of pharmacological effects. However, the active ingredients in FA and the potential mechanisms of its therapeutic effects have not been fully explored. Here, we applied a network pharmacology approach to explore the potential mechanisms of FA. We identified 5 active compounds from FA and a total of 209 potential targets to construct a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 (PTGS2), heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), cell division protein kinase 6 (CDK6), caspase 3 (CASP3), apoptosis regulator Bcl-2 (Bcl-2), and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) were identified as key targets of FA in the treatment of multiple diseases. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment demonstrated that FA was highly related to transcription initiation from RNA polymerase II promoter, DNA-templated transcription, positive regulation of transcription, regulation of apoptosis process, and regulation of cell proliferation. Various signaling pathways involved in the treatment of FA were identified, including pathways in cancer and pathways specifically related to prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, PI3K-Akt, apoptosis, and non-small-cell lung cancer. TP53, AKT1, caspase 3, MAPK3, PTGS2, and BAX/BCL2 were related key targets in the identified enriched pathways and the PPI network. In addition, our molecular docking results showed that the bioactive compounds in FA can tightly bind to most target proteins. This article reveals via network pharmacology research the possible mechanism(s) by which FA exerts its activities in the treatment of various diseases and lays a foundation for further experiments and the development of a rational clinical application of FA.