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Elebiyo TC, Oluba OM, Adeyemi OS. Anti-malarial and haematological evaluation of the ethanolic, ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions of Chromolaena odorata. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:402. [PMID: 37946127 PMCID: PMC10634035 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04200-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a global health challenge with endemicity in sub-Saharan Africa, where there are multiple drug-resistant strains and limited access to modern health care facilities, especially in rural areas. Studies indicate that African traditional medicine could make a substantial contribution to the reduction of malaria-related deaths and achievement of universal health coverage (UHC), particularly in these regions. Thus, this study evaluated the curative antimalarial effects of Chromolaena odorata leaf extract using mouse model. Forty-five (45) albino mice weighing between 18 and 22 g were grouped into nine groups of 5 animals each. Animals in groups 2-9 were infected with the chloroquine-resistant strain of Plasmodium berghei, while animals in groups 3-9 were subsequently treated with 10 mg/kg chloroquine, a combination of 1.4 mg/kg artemether and 8.75 mg/kg lumefantrine (Coartem), and varying concentrations of the fraction from the aqueous leaf extract of C. odorata at day 3 post-infection. The findings from this study indicate that treatment with 400 mg/kg of the ethanolic fraction of the crude extract resulted in a significant decrease in parasite load (97.6%), which was comparable to the activities of the conventional drugs chloroquine (98.6%) and Coartem (98.8%). The ethyl acetate and ethanolic fractions at 400 mg/kg also ameliorated the significant alterations in the red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets of the infected animals. The high antimalarial activity displayed by the ethanolic fraction could be due to the presence of quercetin and kaempferol, as detected by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. The findings suggest that the fractions from C. odorata could serve as an alternative source of malaria therapy, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobiloba Christiana Elebiyo
- SDG 03 Group - Good Health & Well-being, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, 251101, Kwara State, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Landmark University, PMB 1001, Omu-Aran, 251101, Nigeria
| | | | - Oluyomi Stephen Adeyemi
- SDG 03 Group - Good Health & Well-being, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, 251101, Kwara State, Nigeria.
- Department of Biochemistry, Landmark University, PMB 1001, Omu-Aran, 251101, Nigeria.
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Medicinal Biochemistry, Nanomedicine, & Toxicology, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria.
- Laboratory of Sustainable Animal Environment, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 232-3 Yomogida, Naruko-Onsen, Osaki, Miyagi, 989-6711, Japan.
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Bezerra JJL, Pinheiro AAV, Dourado D. Antimalarial potential of Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae): A review of the ethnomedicinal, pharmacological, toxicological, and phytochemical evidence. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2023; 29:e20220079. [PMID: 37266375 PMCID: PMC10231345 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2022-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Several regions of the world frequently use the species Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae) in traditional medicine. This situation is even more common in African countries. Many literature reports point to the antimalarial potential of this species, indicating the efficacy of its chemical compounds against malaria-causing parasites of the genus Plasmodium. From this perspective, the present study reviews the ethnobotanical, pharmacological, toxicological, and phytochemical (flavonoids) evidence of M. oleifera, focusing on the treatment of malaria. Scientific articles were retrieved from Google Scholar, PubMed®, ScienceDirect®, and SciELO databases. Only articles published between 2002 and 2022 were selected. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, this review used a total of 72 articles. These documents mention a large use of M. oleifera for the treatment of malaria in African and Asian countries. The leaves (63%) of this plant are the main parts used in the preparation of herbal medicines. The in vivo antimalarial activity of M. oleifera was confirmed through several studies using polar and nonpolar extracts, fractions obtained from the extracts, infusion, pellets, and oils obtained from this plant and tested in rodents infected by the following parasites of the genus Plasmodium: P. berghei, P. falciparum, P. yoelii, and P. chabaudi. Extracts obtained from M. oleifera showed no toxicity in preclinical tests. A total of 46 flavonoids were identified in the leaves and seeds of M. oleifera by different chromatography and mass spectrometry methods. Despite the scarcity of research on the antimalarial potential of compounds isolated from M. oleifera, the positive effects against malaria-causing parasites in previous studies are likely to correlate with the flavonoids that occur in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Jailson Lima Bezerra
- Graduate Program in Plant Biology, Department of Botany, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | - Douglas Dourado
- Graduate Program in Biosciences and Biotechnology in Health, Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães-Fiocruz Institute, Recife, PE, Brazil
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Kayani SI, Shen Q, Rahman SU, Fu X, Li Y, Wang C, Hassani D, Tang K. Transcriptional regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis in Artemisia annua by AaYABBY5. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:257. [PMID: 34848710 PMCID: PMC8632904 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00693-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Artemisia annua is a medicinal plant rich in terpenes and flavonoids with useful biological activities such as antioxidant, anticancer, and antimalarial activities. The transcriptional regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis in A. annua has not been well-studied. In this study, we identified a YABBY family transcription factor, AaYABBY5, as a positive regulator of anthocyanin and total flavonoid contents in A. annua. AaYABBY5 was selected based on its similar expression pattern to the phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), chalcone synthase (CHS), chalcone isomerase (CHI), and flavonol synthase (FLS) genes. A transient dual-luciferase assay in Nicotiana bethamiana with the AaYABBY5 effector showed a significant increase in the activity of the downstream LUC gene, with reporters AaPAL, AaCHS, AaCHI, and AaUFGT. The yeast one-hybrid system further confirmed the direct activation of these promoters by AaYABBY5. Gene expression analysis of stably transformed AaYABBY5 overexpression, AaYABBY5 antisense, and control plants revealed a significant increase in the expression of AaPAL, AaCHS, AaCHI, AaFLS, AaFSII, AaLDOX, and AaUFGT in AaYABBY5 overexpression plants. Moreover, their total flavonoid content and anthocyanin content were also found to increase. AaYABBY5 antisense plants showed a significant decrease in the expression of flavonoid biosynthetic genes, as well as a decrease in anthocyanin and total flavonoid contents. In addition, phenotypic analysis revealed deep purple-pigmented stems, an increase in the leaf lamina size, and higher trichome densities in AaYABBY5 overexpression plants. Together, these data proved that AaYABBY5 is a positive regulator of flavonoid biosynthesis in A. annua. Our study provides candidate transcription factors for the improvement of flavonoid concentrations in A. annua and can be further extended to elucidate its mechanism of regulating trichome development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf-Ilyas Kayani
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Shen
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Saeed-Ur Rahman
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueqing Fu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongpeng Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Danial Hassani
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, China
| | - Kexuan Tang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, China.
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Dual Anti-Malarial and GSK3β-Mediated Cytokine-Modulating Activities of Quercetin Are Requisite of Its Potential as a Plant-Derived Therapeutic in Malaria. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14030248. [PMID: 33803419 PMCID: PMC7999989 DOI: 10.3390/ph14030248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although death in malaria is attributed to cerebrovascular blockage and anaemia, overwhelming cytokine production can contribute to the severity of the disease. Therefore, mitigation of dysregulated inflammatory signalling may provide further benefit for malaria treatment. Quercetin (3,3′,4′,5,7-pentahydroxyflavone) is known to inhibit glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β), a potent regulator of both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects. Quercetin is therefore a potential therapeutic to modulate the imbalanced cytokine production during malarial infection. Anti-malarial effects of quercetin were evaluated in murine models of severe and cerebral malaria using Plasmodium berghei NK65 and ANKA strains, respectively. Western blotting and analysis of cytokines were carried out to determine the GSK3β-mediated cytokine-modulating effects of quercetin in infected animals. Quercetin (25 mg/kg BW) treatment in P. berghei NK65-infected animals resulted in 60.7 ± 2.4% suppression of parasitaemia and significantly decreased serum levels of TNF-α and IFN-γ, whilst levels of IL-10 and IL-4 were elevated significantly. Western analysis revealed that pGSK3β (Ser9) increased 2.7-fold in the liver of quercetin-treated NK65-infected animals. Treatment of P. berghei ANKA-infected mice with quercetin (15 mg/kg BW) increased (2.3-fold) pGSK3β (Ser9) in the brains of infected animals. Quercetin is a potential plant-derived therapeutic for malaria on the basis that it can elicit anti-malarial and GSK3β-mediated cytokine-modulating effects.
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