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Baky NAA, Fouad LM, Ahmed KA, Alzokaky AA. Mechanistic insight into the hepatoprotective effect of Moringa oleifera Lam leaf extract and telmisartan against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis: plausible roles of TGF-β1/SMAD3/SMAD7 and HDAC2/NF-κB/PPARγ pathways. Drug Chem Toxicol 2024:1-14. [PMID: 38835191 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2024.2358066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence and limited therapeutic options for liver fibrosis necessitates more medical attention. Our study aims to investigate the potential molecular targets by which Moringa oleifera Lam leaf extract (Mor) and/or telmisartan (Telm) alleviate carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver fibrosis in rats. Liver fibrosis was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by intraperitoneal injection of 50% CCl4 (1 ml/kg) every 72 hours, for 8 weeks. Intoxicated rats with CCl4 were simultaneously orally administrated Mor (400 mg/kg/day for 8 weeks) and/or Telm (10 mg/kg/day for 8 weeks). Treatment of CCl4-intoxicated rats with Mor/Telm significantly reduced serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities compared to CCl4 intoxicated group (P < 0.001). Additionally, Mor/Telm treatment significantly reduced the level of hepatic inflammatory, profibrotic, and apoptotic markers including; nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), transforming growth factor-βeta1 (TGF-β1), and caspase-3. Interestingly, co-treatment of CCl4-intoxicated rats with Mor/Telm downregulated m-RNA expression of histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) (71.8%), and reduced protein expression of mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 (p-SMAD3) (70.6%) compared to untreated animals. Mor/Telm regimen also elevated p-SMAD7 protein expression as well as m-RNA expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) (3.6 and 3.1 fold, respectively p < 0.05) compared to CCl4 intoxicated group. Histopathological picture of the liver tissue intoxicated with CCl4 revealed marked improvement by Mor/Telm co-treatment. Conclusively, this study substantiated the hepatoprotective effect of Mor/Telm regimen against CCl4-induced liver fibrosis through suppression of TGF-β1/SMAD3, and HDAC2/NF-κB signaling pathways and up-regulation of SMAD7 and PPARγ expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayira A Abdel Baky
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Lamiaa M Fouad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Kawkab A Ahmed
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amany A Alzokaky
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University, New Damietta, Egypt
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Attia SH, Saadawy SF, El-Mahroky SM, Nageeb MM. Alleviation of pulmonary fibrosis by the dual PPAR agonist saroglitazar and breast milk mesenchymal stem cells via modulating TGFß/SMAD pathway. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-03004-y. [PMID: 38376539 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03004-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a complex disorder with high morbidity and mortality. Limited efficacies of the available drugs drive researchers to seek for new therapies. Saroglitazar (Saro), a full (PPAR α/γ) agonist, is devoid of known PPAR-mediated adverse effects. Breast milk mesenchymal stem cells (BrMSCs) are contemplated to be the ideal cell type harboring differentiation/anti-inflammatory/immunosuppressive properties. Accordingly, our aims were to investigate the potential roles of Saro and/or BrMSCs in PF and to spot their underlying protective mechanisms. In this study, PF was induced by bleomycin (BLM) via intratracheal instillation. Treatment started 14 days later. Animals were treated with oral saroglitazar (3 mg/kg daily) or intraperitoneal single BrMSCs injection (0.5 ml phosphate buffer saline (PBS) containing 2 × 107 cells) or their combination with same previous doses. At the work end, 24 h following the 6 weeks of treatment period, the levels of oxidative (MDA, SOD), inflammatory (IL-1ß, IL-10), and profibrotic markers (TGF-ß, αSMA) were assessed. The autophagy-related genes (LC3, Beclin) and the expression of PPAR-α/γ and SMAD-3/7 were evaluated. Furthermore, immunohistochemical and histological work were evaluated. Our study revealed marked lung injury influenced by BLM with severe oxidative/inflammatory/fibrotic damage, autophagy inhibition, and deteriorated lung histology. Saro and BrMSCs repaired the lung structure worsened by BLM. Treatments greatly declined the oxidative/inflammatory markers. The pro-fibrotic TGF-ß, αSMA, and SMAD-3 were decreased. Contrarily, autophagy markers were increased. SMAD-7 and PPAR α/γ were activated denoting their pivotal antifibrotic roles. Co-administration of Saro and BrMSCs revealed the top results. Our findings support the study hypothesis that Saro and BrMSCs can be proposed as potential treatments for IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seba Hassan Attia
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
| | - Sara F Saadawy
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Samaa M El-Mahroky
- Medical Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mahitab M Nageeb
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Verma S, Ishteyaque S, Washimkar KR, Verma S, Nilakanth Mugale M. Mitochondrial-mediated nuclear remodeling and macrophage polarizations: A key switch from liver fibrosis to HCC progression. Exp Cell Res 2024; 434:113878. [PMID: 38086504 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a significant health burden worldwide and has emerged as the leading cause of Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) incidence. Mitochondria are the dynamic organelles that regulate the differentiation, survival, and polarization of macrophages. Nuclear-DNA-associated proteins, micro-RNAs, as well as macrophage polarization are essential for maintaining intracellular and extra-cellular homeostasis in the liver parenchyma. Dysregulated mitochondrial coding genes (ETS complexes I, II, III, IV, and V), non-coding RNAs (mitomiRs), and nuclear alteration lead to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammation which are implicated in the transition of liver fibrosis into HCC. Recent findings indicated the protecting effect of E74-like factor 3/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (Elf-3/PPAR-γ). HDAR-y inhibits the deacetylation of PPAR-y and maintains the PPAR-y pathway. Elf-3 plays a tumor suppressive role through epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related gene and zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 2 (ZEB-2) domain. Additionally, the development of HCC includes the PI3K/Akt/mTOR and transforming Growth Factor β (TGF-β) pathway that promotes the Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) through Smad/Snail/Slug signaling cascade. In contrast, the TLR2/NOX2/autophagy axis promotes M2 polarization in HCC. Thus, a thorough understanding of the mitochondrial and nuclear reciprocal relationship related to macrophage polarization could provide new research opportunities concerning diseases with a significant impact on liver parenchyma towards developing liver fibrosis or liver cancer. Moreover, this knowledge can be used to develop new therapeutic strategies to treat liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shobhit Verma
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sharmeen Ishteyaque
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Kaveri R Washimkar
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Smriti Verma
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Madhav Nilakanth Mugale
- Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Peng X, Yang H, Tao L, Xiao J, Zeng Y, Shen Y, Yu X, Zhu F, Qin J. Fluorofenidone alleviates liver fibrosis by inhibiting hepatic stellate cell autophagy via the TGF-β1/Smad pathway: implications for liver cancer. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16060. [PMID: 37790613 PMCID: PMC10542821 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Liver fibrosis is a key stage in the progression of various chronic liver diseases to cirrhosis and liver cancer, but at present, there is no effective treatment. This study investigated the therapeutic effect of the new antifibrotic drug fluorofenidone (AKF-PD) on liver fibrosis and its related mechanism, providing implications for liver cancer. Materials and Methods The effects of AKF-PD on hepatic stellate cell (HSC) autophagy and extracellular matrix (ECM) expression were assessed in a carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced rat liver fibrosis model. In vitro, HSC-T6 cells were transfected with Smad2 and Smad3 overexpression plasmids and treated with AKF-PD. The viability and number of autophagosomes in HSC-T6 cells were examined. The protein expression levels of Beclin-1, LC3 and P62 were examined by Western blotting. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database was used for comprehensively analyzing the prognostic values of SMAD2 and SMAD3 in liver cancer. The correlation between SMAD2, SMAD3, and autophagy-related scores in liver cancer was explored. The drug prediction of autophagy-related scores in liver cancer was explored. Results AKF-PD attenuated liver injury and ECM deposition in the CCl4-induced liver fibrosis model. In vitro, the viability and number of autophagosomes in HSCs were reduced significantly by AKF-PD treatment. Meanwhile, the protein expression of FN, α-SMA, collagen III, Beclin-1 and LC3 was increased, and P62 was reduced by the overexpression of Smad2 and Smad3; however, AKF-PD reversed these effects. SMAD2 and SMAD3 were hazardous factors in liver cancer. SMAD2 and SMAD3 correlated with autophagy-related scores in liver cancer. Autophagy-related scores could predict drug response in liver cancer. Conclusions AKF-PD alleviates liver fibrosis by inhibiting HSC autophagy via the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1/Smadpathway. Our study provided some implications about how liver fibrosis was connected with liver cancer by SMAD2/SMAD3 and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongqun Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
| | - Huixiang Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lijian Tao
- Department of Nephropathy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jingni Xiao
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
| | - Ya Zeng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
| | - Yueming Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
| | - Xueke Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
| | - Fei Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
| | - Jiao Qin
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, China
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Li T, Yang C, Cao H, Mo S, Li B, Huang Z, Zhang R, Wu J, Zhang K, Gao Y. The Effect of Bergenin on Isonicotinic Acid Hydrazide and Rifampicin-Induced Liver Injury Revealed by RNA Sequencing. Molecules 2023; 28:5496. [PMID: 37513369 PMCID: PMC10386747 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Bergenin (BER), a natural component of polyphenols, has a variety of pharmacological activities, especially in improving drug metabolism, reducing cholestasis, anti-oxidative stress and inhibiting inflammatory responses. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of BER on liver injury induced by isonicotinic acid hydrazide (INH) and rifampicin (RIF) in mice. The mice model of liver injury was established with INH (100 mg/kg)+RIF (100 mg/kg), and then different doses of BER were used to intervene. The pathological morphology and biochemical indicators of mice were detected. Meanwhile, RNA sequencing was performed to screen the differentially expressed genes and signaling pathways. Finally, critical differentially expressed genes were verified by qRT-PCR and Western blot. RNA sequencing results showed that 707 genes were significantly changed in the INH+RIF group compared with the Control group, and 496 genes were significantly changed after the BER intervention. These differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in the drug metabolism, bile acid metabolism, Nrf2 pathway and TLR4 pathway. The validation results of qRT-PCR and Western blot were consistent with the RNA sequencing. Therefore, BER alleviated INH+RIF-induced liver injury in mice. The mechanism of BER improving INH+RIF-induced liver injury was related to regulating drug metabolism enzymes, bile acid metabolism, Nrf2 pathway and TLR4 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- Pharmacology Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence of Disease, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Chaoyue Yang
- Pharmacology Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence of Disease, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Houkang Cao
- Pharmacology Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence of Disease, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Siyi Mo
- Pharmacology Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence of Disease, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Bo Li
- Pharmacology Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence of Disease, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Zhipeng Huang
- Pharmacology Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence of Disease, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Ruobing Zhang
- Pharmacology Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence of Disease, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Jianzhao Wu
- Pharmacology Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence of Disease, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Kefeng Zhang
- Pharmacology Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence of Disease, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Ya Gao
- Pharmacology Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence of Disease, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
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Sun C, Bai S, Liang Y, Liu D, Liao J, Chen Y, Zhao X, Wu B, Huang D, Chen M, Wu D. The role of Sirtuin 1 and its activators in age-related lung disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 162:114573. [PMID: 37018986 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is a major driving factor in lung diseases. Age-related lung disease is associated with downregulated expression of SIRT1, an NAD+-dependent deacetylase that regulates inflammation and stress resistance. SIRT1 acts by inducing the deacetylation of various substrates and regulates several mechanisms that relate to lung aging, such as genomic instability, lung stem cell exhaustion, mitochondrial dysfunction, telomere shortening, and immune senescence. Chinese herbal medicines have many biological activities, exerting anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation, anti-tumor, and immune regulatory effects. Recent studies have confirmed that many Chinese herbs have the effect of activating SIRT1. Therefore, we reviewed the mechanism of SIRT1 in age-related lung disease and explored the potential roles of Chinese herbs as SIRT1 activators in the treatment of age-related lung disease.
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7
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Zhang L, Zhang H, Gu J, Xu W, Yuan N, Sun J, Li H. Glabridin inhibits liver fibrosis and hepatic stellate cells activation through suppression of inflammation and oxidative stress by activating PPARγ in carbon tetrachloride-treated mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 113:109433. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Singla RK, Dhonchak K, Sodhi RK, Arockia Babu M, Madan J, Madaan R, Kumar S, Sharma R, Shen B. Bergenin ameliorates cognitive deficits and neuropathological alterations in sodium azide-induced experimental dementia. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:994018. [PMID: 36249784 PMCID: PMC9556967 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.994018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Bergenin, 4-O-methyl gallic acid glucoside, is a bioactive compound found in the cortex of Mallotus japonicus (L.f.) Müll.Arg. along with many other natural resources including that from Bergenia species. The present study delineates the neuroprotective potential of bergenin through the modulation of PPAR-γ receptors. Method: Dementia was induced in the Wistar rats by intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of sodium azide (12.5 mg/kg for the first 5 days followed by 10 mg/kg for the next 9 days). The rats were then exposed to the Morris water maze test to assess the effect on cognitive abilities followed by a series of biochemical and histopathological evaluations. Results: Sodium azide-treated rats exhibited a severe deterioration of memory as suggested by poor performance in the spatial learning task in addition to the enhancement of brain acetylcholinesterase potential, oxidative stress, inflammation, and amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation. Administration of bergenin to sodium azide-treated rats significantly recovered cognition and related biochemical variations. Further, co-administration of Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE), a PPAR-γ antagonist with bergenin challenged its neuroprotective effects. Conclusions: The findings of our study exhibit that the cognitive restoration potential of bergenin may be attributed to its modulatory effects against cholinesterase, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers, as well as its neuroprotective actions, thus aligning it as a possible therapy for Alzheimer’s disease-related dementia. The study also fortifies the significance of PPAR-γ receptors in dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev K. Singla
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Konika Dhonchak
- Department of Pharmacology, Chandigarh College of Pharmacy, Mohali, India
| | - Rupinder K. Sodhi
- Department of Pharmacology, Chandigarh College of Pharmacy, Mohali, India
- *Correspondence: Rupinder K. Sodhi, ; Bairong Shen,
| | - M. Arockia Babu
- Department of Pharmacology, Chandigarh College of Pharmacy, Mohali, India
| | - Jitender Madan
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Reecha Madaan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bairong Shen
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- *Correspondence: Rupinder K. Sodhi, ; Bairong Shen,
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Zhang Y, Hua L, Lin C, Yuan M, Xu W, Raj D. A, Venkidasamy B, Cespedes-Acuna CL, Nile SH, Yan G, Zheng H. Pien-Tze-Huang alleviates CCl4-induced liver fibrosis through the inhibition of HSC autophagy and the TGF-β1/Smad2 pathway. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:937484. [PMID: 36188553 PMCID: PMC9523731 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.937484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethnopharmacological relevance: Pien-Tze-Huang (PZH)—a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) compound—has been employed to treat various liver inflammation and tumors for over 10 decades. Interestingly, most of the pharmacological effects had been validated and explored toward liver ailment along with pro-inflammatory conditions and cancer at the cellular and molecular level to date. Aim of the study: The present study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of PZH on autophagy and TGF-β1 signaling pathways in rats with liver fibrosis and hepatic stellate cell line (HSC). Materials and methods: Male SD rats with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver fibrosis were used as the animal model. Next, PZH treatment was given for 8 weeks. Afterward, the therapeutic effects of PZH were analyzed through a hepatic tissue structure by hematoxylin-eosin (H&E), Van Gieson (VG) staining, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), activity of ALT and AST by enzyme-associated immunosorbent assay as well. Subsequently, mRNA and protein expression were examined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Then, the cell vitality of PZH-treated HSC and the expression of key molecules prevailing to autophagy were studied in vitro. Meanwhile, SM16 (a novel small molecular inhibitor which inhibits TGFβ-induced Smad2 phosphorylation) was employed to confirm PZH’s effects on the proliferation and autophagy of HSC. Results: PZH pharmacologically exerted anti-hepatic fibrosis effects as demonstrated by protecting hepatocytes and improving hepatic function. The results revealed the reduced production of extracellular collagen by adjusting the balance of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2, MMP9, and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP1) in PZH-treated CCl4-induced liver fibrosis. Interestingly, PZH inhibited the activation of HSC by down-regulating TGF-β1 and phosphorylating Smad2. Furthermore, PZH down-regulated yeast Atg6 (Beclin-1) and microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) toward suppressing HSC autophagy, and PZH exhibited similar effects to that of SM16. Conclusion: To conclude, PZH alleviated CCl4-induced liver fibrosis to reduce the production of extracellular collagen and inhibiting the activation of HSC. In addition, their pharmacological mechanisms related to autophagy and TGF-β1/Smad2 signaling pathways were revealed for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Zhang
- Pharmacy College, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Liping Hua
- Pharmacy College, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Chunfeng Lin
- College of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Mingzhou Yuan
- College of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Pharmacy College, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Anand Raj D.
- Department of Biotechnology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Baskar Venkidasamy
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Carlos L. Cespedes-Acuna
- Plant Biochemistry and Phytochemical Ecology Lab, Basic Sciences Department University of Bio Bio, Chillan, Chile
| | - Shivraj Hariram Nile
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Shivraj Hariram Nile, ; Guohong Yan, ; Haiyin Zheng,
| | - Guohong Yan
- Affiliated People’s Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- *Correspondence: Shivraj Hariram Nile, ; Guohong Yan, ; Haiyin Zheng,
| | - Haiyin Zheng
- College of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- *Correspondence: Shivraj Hariram Nile, ; Guohong Yan, ; Haiyin Zheng,
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Shang Q, Yang Y, Li H. LINC01605 knockdown induces apoptosis in human Tenon's capsule fibroblasts by inhibiting autophagy. Exp Ther Med 2022; 23:343. [PMID: 35401799 PMCID: PMC8988162 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is an irreversible disease that causes blindness. Formation of a hypertrophic scar (HS) is the main cause of failure of glaucoma surgery. The long non-coding RNA LINC01605 is closely associated with the formation of HS; however, the function of LINC01605 in the formation and development of HS remains unclear. For this study, firstly, human Tenon's capsule fibroblasts (HTFs) and corneal epithelial cells (control cells) were collected from patients (n=5) with POAG who underwent glaucoma filtration surgery at Fuyang People's Hospital. Immunofluorescence analysis was performed to detect the expression levels of vimentin (one of the main components of medium fiber and plays an important role in the cytoskeleton and motility), keratin (the main component of cytoskeletal proteins) and LC3 (an autophagy marker). In addition, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR analysis was performed to detect LINC01605 expression. Besides, the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay was performed to assess the viability of human Tenon's capsule fibroblasts (HTFs). Next, flow cytometry was performed to detect HTF apoptosis. Furthermore, western blot analysis was performed for Bax, Bcl-2, Pro-caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3, phosphorylated (p-)Smad2, Smad2, α-SMA, MMP9, ATG7, p62, beclin 1, p-AMPK and AMPK in HTFs to determine the mechanism by which LINC01605 regulates the formation and development of HS. Moreover, a Transwell assay was performed to detect the migratory ability of HTFs. The results demonstrated that LINC01605 was significantly upregulated in HS tissues compared with that in normal (control/healthy) tissues. In addition, vimentin was highly expressed in HTFs, whereas keratin was expressed at a low level. Also, in HTFs, LINC01605 knockdown inhibited cell viability by inducing apoptosis, decreasing Smad2 activation and inhibiting autophagy. Furthermore, LINC01605 knockdown significantly inhibited the migratory ability of HTFs. Transfection with LINC01605 small interference RNAs significantly downregulated the expression levels of p-Smad2, α-SMA and MMP9 in HTFs. Furthermore, LINC01605 knockdown notably inhibited the viability and migration, and induced the apoptosis of HTFs, the effects of which were reversed following treatment with TGF-β. Taken together, the results of the present study suggested that LINC01605 knockdown may inhibit the viability of HTFs by inducing the apoptotic pathway. These findings may provide novel directions for the treatment of HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifei Shang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fuyang People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, P.R. China
| | - Yanhua Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fuyang People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, P.R. China
| | - Hangzhu Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fuyang People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311400, P.R. China
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11
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Insights into the cytoprotective potential of Bergenia ligulata against oxalate-induced oxidative stress and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) via TGFβ1/p38MAPK pathway in human renal epithelial cells. Urolithiasis 2022; 50:259-278. [PMID: 35174397 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-022-01315-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Oxalate exposure to human renal epithelial cells triggers a vicious cycle of oxidative stress leading to cellular injury and deposition of calcium oxalate crystals on the injured cells. This results in further oxidative damage causing inflammation and loss of cell-cell adhesion factors, ultimately leading to irreparable kidney damage. However, these events can be attenuated or prevented by plants rich in antioxidants used in the traditional system of medicine for treatment of kidney stones. To delineate the mechanism by which Bergenia ligulata extract exerts its cytoprotective role in oxalate-induced injury we designed this study. Our results revealed that oxalate-injured HK2 cells cotreated with ethanolic extract of Bergenia ligulata displayed increased viability, reduced oxidative stress due to lowered production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreased apoptosis. We also observed lowered markers of inflammation, along with increased expression of epithelial marker E-cadherin and decreased expression of mesenchymal markers Vimentin, F-actin, Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) and EMT-related proteins in renal tubular epithelial cells through immunocytochemistry, real-time PCR and western blotting. Our findings collectively suggest that by reducing oxidative stress, modulating crystal structure and preventing crystal-cell adhesion, B. ligulata inhibits the EMT pathway by downregulating the various mediators and thereby exerts its cytoprotective effect.
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12
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Zhang G, Wang H, Zhang Q, Zhao Z, Zhu W, Zuo X. Bergenin alleviates H 2 O 2 -induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in nucleus pulposus cells: Involvement of the PPAR-γ/NF-κB pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2021; 36:2541-2550. [PMID: 34499403 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bergenin is a C-glucoside of 4-O-methyl gallic acid with a variety of biological activities, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. Herein, we investigated the involvement of bergenin in the protective effect against H2 O2 -induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in human nucleus pulposus cells (HNPCs) and the underlying mechanisms. HNPCs were cotreated with various concentrations of bergenin and 200 μM H2 O2 for 24 h. Cell viability was detected by Cell Counting Kit-8 and lactate dehydrogenase release assays. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) was evaluated utilizing 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein-diacetate. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities and glutathione (GSH) levels were measured to assess oxidative stress. Apoptosis was evaluated using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling and caspase-3/7 activity assays. Expression of protein was determined by western blotting. Results indicated that treatment with bergenin significantly alleviated H2 O2 -induced viability reduction and ROS overproduction in HNPCs in a dose-dependent manner. Bergenin alleviated H2 O2 -induced oxidative stress in HNPCs by increased activity of superoxide dismutase and level of glutathione peroxidase. H2 O2 -induced apoptosis and activity of caspase-3/7 were also suppressed by bergenin treatment in HNPCs. Western blotting showed that H2 O2 -induced decrease in expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ) and increase in nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) were inhibited by bergenin. However, the inhibitory effect of bergenin on H2 O2 -induced viability reduction, oxidative stress and apoptosis were noticeably abrogated in PPAR-γ knockdown HNPCs. In conclusion, our results indicated that bergenin alleviates H2 O2 -induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in HNPCs by activating PPAR-γ and suppressing NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaofeng Zhang
- Spondyloarthropathy Department, Nanyang Nanshi Hospital of He'nan Province, Nanyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai Wang
- Department of Image, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University and The Second People's Hospital of Huai'an, Huai'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianxi Zhang
- Department of Pain Management, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University and The Second People's Hospital of Huai'an, Huai'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengyu Zhao
- Department of Image, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University and The Second People's Hospital of Huai'an, Huai'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyang Zhu
- Department of Image, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University and The Second People's Hospital of Huai'an, Huai'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Zuo
- Department of Pain Management, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University and The Second People's Hospital of Huai'an, Huai'an, People's Republic of China
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13
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Madaan R, Singla RK, Kumar S, Dubey AK, Kumar D, Sharma P, Bala R, Singla S, Shen B. Bergenin - a biologically active scaffold: Nanotechnological perspectives. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 22:132-149. [PMID: 34649489 DOI: 10.2174/1568026621666211015092654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bergenin, 4-O-methyl gallic acid glucoside, is a bioactive compound present in various plants belonging to different families. The present work compiles scattered information on pharmacology, structure activity relationship and nanotechnological aspects of bergenin, collected from various electronic databases such as Sci Finder, PubMed, Google scholar, etc. Bergenin has been reported to exhibit hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, neuroprotective, antiviral and antimicrobial activities. Molecular docking studies have shown that isocoumarin pharmacophore of bergenin is essential for its bioactivities. Bergenin holds a great potential to be used as lead molecule and also as a therapeutic agent for development of more efficacious and safer semisynthetic derivatives. Nanotechnological concepts can be employed to overcome poor bioavailability of bergenin. Finally, it is concluded that bergenin can be emerged as clinically potential medicine in modern therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reecha Madaan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University Punjab. India
| | - Rajeev K Singla
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan. China
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala- Punjab. India
| | - Ankit Kumar Dubey
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600036, Tamil Nadu. India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai-600036, Tamil Nadu. India
| | - Pooja Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala- Punjab. India
| | - Rajni Bala
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University Punjab. India
| | - Shailja Singla
- iGlobal Research and Publishing Foundation, New Delhi. India
| | - Bairong Shen
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan. China
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Park JS, Ma H, Roh YS. Ubiquitin pathways regulate the pathogenesis of chronic liver disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 193:114764. [PMID: 34529948 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic liver disease (CLD) is considered the leading cause of global mortality. In westernized countries, increased consumption of alcohol and overeating foods with high fat/ high glucose promote progression of CLD such as alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and non-alcoholic liver disease (NAFLD). Accumulating evidence and research suggest that ubiquitin, a 75 amino acid protein, plays crucial role in the pathogenesis of CLD through dynamic post-translational modifications (PTMs) exerting diverse cellular outcomes such as protein degradation through ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy, and regulation of signal transduction. In this review, we present the function of ubiquitination and latest findings on diverse mechanism of PTMs, UPS and autophagy which significantly contribute to the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease (ALD), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), cirrhosis, and HCC. Despite its high prevalence, morbidity, and mortality, there are only few FDA approved drugs that could be administered to CLD patients. The goal of this review is to present a variety of pathways and therapeutic targets involving ubiquitination in the pathogenesis of CLD. Further, this review summarizes collective views of pharmaceutical inhibition or activation of recent drugs targeting UPS and autophagy system to highlight potential targets and new approaches to treat CLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Su Park
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, South Korea
| | - Hwan Ma
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, South Korea
| | - Yoon-Seok Roh
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, South Korea.
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15
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Monroy-Ramirez HC, Galicia-Moreno M, Sandoval-Rodriguez A, Meza-Rios A, Santos A, Armendariz-Borunda J. PPARs as Metabolic Sensors and Therapeutic Targets in Liver Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158298. [PMID: 34361064 PMCID: PMC8347792 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrates and lipids are two components of the diet that provide the necessary energy to carry out various physiological processes to help maintain homeostasis in the body. However, when the metabolism of both biomolecules is altered, development of various liver diseases takes place; such as metabolic-associated fatty liver diseases (MAFLD), hepatitis B and C virus infections, alcoholic liver disease (ALD), and in more severe cases, hepatocelular carcinoma (HCC). On the other hand, PPARs are a family of ligand-dependent transcription factors with an important role in the regulation of metabolic processes to hepatic level as well as in other organs. After interaction with specific ligands, PPARs are translocated to the nucleus, undergoing structural changes to regulate gene transcription involved in lipid metabolism, adipogenesis, inflammation and metabolic homeostasis. This review aims to provide updated data about PPARs’ critical role in liver metabolic regulation, and their involvement triggering the genesis of several liver diseases. Information is provided about their molecular characteristics, cell signal pathways, and the main pharmacological therapies that modulate their function, currently engaged in the clinic scenario, or in pharmacological development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Christian Monroy-Ramirez
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular en Medicina, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (H.C.M.-R.); (M.G.-M.); (A.S.-R.)
| | - Marina Galicia-Moreno
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular en Medicina, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (H.C.M.-R.); (M.G.-M.); (A.S.-R.)
| | - Ana Sandoval-Rodriguez
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular en Medicina, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (H.C.M.-R.); (M.G.-M.); (A.S.-R.)
| | - Alejandra Meza-Rios
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Zapopan 45138, Jalisco, Mexico; (A.M.-R.); (A.S.)
| | - Arturo Santos
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Zapopan 45138, Jalisco, Mexico; (A.M.-R.); (A.S.)
| | - Juan Armendariz-Borunda
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular en Medicina, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (H.C.M.-R.); (M.G.-M.); (A.S.-R.)
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Zapopan 45138, Jalisco, Mexico; (A.M.-R.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence:
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16
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Fenofibrate Ameliorates Hepatic Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Mice: Involvements of Apoptosis, Autophagy, and PPAR- α Activation. PPAR Res 2021; 2021:6658944. [PMID: 33603777 PMCID: PMC7870311 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6658944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic ischemia and reperfusion injury is characterized by hepatocyte apoptosis, impaired autophagy, and oxidative stress. Fenofibrate, a commonly used antilipidemic drug, has been verified to exert hepatic protective effects in other cells and animal models. The purpose of this study was to identify the function of fenofibrate on mouse hepatic IR injury and discuss the possible mechanisms. A segmental (70%) hepatic warm ischemia model was established in Balb/c mice. Serum and liver tissue samples were collected for detecting pathological changes at 2, 8, and 24 h after reperfusion, while fenofibrate (50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally 1 hour prior to surgery. Compared to the IR group, pretreatment of FF could reduce the inflammatory response and inhibit apoptosis and autophagy. Furthermore, fenofibrate can activate PPAR-α, which is associated with the phosphorylation of AMPK.
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Apigenin Alleviates Liver Fibrosis by Inhibiting Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation and Autophagy via TGF- β1/Smad3 and p38/PPAR α Pathways. PPAR Res 2021; 2021:6651839. [PMID: 33574836 PMCID: PMC7861947 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6651839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study is to confirm the hepatocellular protective functions of apigenin and the molecular mechanism on liver fibrosis in mice. Methods Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and bile duct ligature (BDL) mouse fibrosis models were used to investigate the effects of apigenin on liver fibrosis. Sixty-six male C57 mice were randomly divided into eight groups, including the vehicle group, CCl4 group, CCl4+L-apigenin (20 mg/kg) group, CCl4+H-apigenin (40 mg/kg) group, sham group, BDL group, BDL+L-apigenin(20 mg/kg) group, and BDL+H-apigenin(40 mg/kg) group. Serum liver enzymes (ALT and AST), proteins associated with autophagy, and indicators linked with the TGF-β1/Smad3 and p38/PPARα pathways were detected using qRT-PCR, immunohistochemical staining, and western blotting. Results Our findings confirmed that apigenin could decrease the levels of ALT and AST, suppress the generation of ECM, inhibit the activation of HSCs, regulate the balance of MMP2 and TIMP1, reduce the expression of autophagy-linked protein, and restrain the TGF-β1/Smad3 and p38/PPARα pathways. Conclusion Apigenin could alleviate liver fibrosis by inhibiting hepatic stellate cell activation and autophagy via TGF-β1/Smad3 and p38/PPARα pathways.
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Wu L, Li J, Feng J, Ji J, Yu Q, Li Y, Zheng Y, Dai W, Wu J, Guo C. Crosstalk between PPARs and gut microbiota in NAFLD. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 136:111255. [PMID: 33485064 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most common liver disorder in both China and worldwide. It ranges from simple steatosis and progresses over time to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), advanced liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, or hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC). Furthermore, NAFLD and its complications impose a huge health burden to society. The microbiota is widely connected and plays an active role in human physiology and pathology, and it is a hidden 'organ' in determining the state of the host, in terms of homeostasis, or disease. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the nuclear receptorsuperfamily and can regulate multiple pathways involved in metabolism, and serve as effective targets forthe treatment of many types of metabolic syndromes, including NAFLD. The purpose of this review is to integrate related articles on gut microbiota, PPARs and NAFLD, and present a balanced overview on how the microbiota can possibly influence the development of NAFLD through PPARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Putuo People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200060, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People'sHospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Putuo People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200060, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People'sHospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Jiao Feng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People'sHospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Jie Ji
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People'sHospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Qiang Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People'sHospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People'sHospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People'sHospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Weiqi Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Putuo People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200060, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People'sHospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China
| | - Jianye Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Putuo People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200060, China.
| | - Chuanyong Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People'sHospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072, China.
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Yu Q, Cheng P, Wu J, Guo C. PPARγ/NF-κB and TGF-β1/Smad pathway are involved in the anti-fibrotic effects of levo-tetrahydropalmatine on liver fibrosis. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:1645-1660. [PMID: 33438347 PMCID: PMC7875896 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a necessary stage in the development of chronic liver diseases to liver cirrhosis. This study aims to investigate the anti‐fibrotic effects of levo‐tetrahydropalmatine (L‐THP) on hepatic fibrosis in mice and cell models and its underlying mechanisms. Two mouse hepatic fibrosis models were generated in male C57 mice by intraperitoneal injection of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) for 2 months and bile duct ligation (BDL) for 14 days. Levo‐tetrahydropalmatine was administered orally at doses of 20 and 40 mg/kg. An activated LX2 cell model induced by TGF‐β1 was also generated. The results showed that levo‐tetrahydropalmatine alleviated liver fibrosis by inhibiting the formation of extracellular matrix (ECM) and regulating the balance between TIMP1 and MMP2 in the two mice liver fibrosis models and cell model. Levo‐tetrahydropalmatine inhibited activation and autophagy of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) by modulating PPARγ/NF‐κB and TGF‐β1/Smad pathway in vivo and in vitro. In conclusion, levo‐tetrahydropalmatine attenuated liver fibrosis by inhibiting ECM deposition and HSCs autophagy via modulation of PPARγ/NF‐κB and TGF‐β1/Smad pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Putuo People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Cheng
- Department of Gerontology, Shanghai Minhang District Central Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianye Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Putuo People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuanyong Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Putuo People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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