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Akokuwebe ME, Osuafor GN, Idemudia ES. Prevalence and association of HIV and tuberculosis status in older adults in South Africa: an urgent need to escalate the scientific and political attention to aging and health. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1245553. [PMID: 38560442 PMCID: PMC10978742 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1245553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study examined the prevalence and sociodemographic factors among older adults with HIV and TB status in South Africa. Methods This data was cross-sectional and obtained from the 2019 General Household Surveys in South Africa. Adults 50 years and over with reported HIV and TB status were included (N = 9,180,047). We reported statistical analyses of the descriptive, Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests, and binary logistic regression. Results The study has found a prevalence rate of HIV to be 5.3% and TB to be 2.9% among older adults aged 50 years and above in South Africa. However, the study found HIV and TB to be highest among older adults residing in Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal and Eastern Cape provinces. For HIV status, the female gender [AOR = 0.80*, CI 95% = 0.80-0.80] and secondary education [AOR = 0.57, CI 95% = 0.56-0.58] have lower odds of association among older adults with HIV. Regarding TB status, primary education [AOR = 1.08*, CI 95% = 1.06-1.10] and diabetes [AOR = 1.87*, CI 95% = 1.82-1.91] have lower likelihoods of associations among older adults with TB. Conclusion There is an urgent need to escalate scientific and political attention to address the HIV/TB burden in older adults and, public health policymakers need to take cognizance of the interdependence of inequality, mobility, and behavioural modification among this high-risk population.
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Dana NINDREAR, Rika SUSANTI, M INDIKAP, Alexander MAISAB, Muthia SUKMA, Linda ROSALINA, Astri WIDYA, Zuhrah TAUFIQA, Rahman AGUSTIAND, Rahmi FITHRIA, Nomira PUTRI, Setia NINGSIHDAW, Arif LUBISBL, Ainil MARDIAH, Octarini EZEDDINM, Nova LINDA, Tamia MARISAY, Sri RAHMIA, Permata SARIA, Mimin OKTAVIANA, Puspa HUMANIF, Fariz AMSALM. MODIFIABLE AND NON-MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS FOR TUBERCULOSIS AMONG ADULTS IN INDONESIA: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS. Afr J Infect Dis 2024; 18:19-28. [PMID: 38606192 PMCID: PMC11004781 DOI: 10.21010/ajidv18i2.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Controlling tuberculosis (TB) determinant factors in Indonesia is one way to control TB in the community. A review is needed to explore risk factors for TB in Indonesia as the key strategies for accelerating the TB preventive program.The purpose of this review was to determine modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for TB among adults in Indonesia. Materials and Methods A meta-analysis was undertaken to review current studies related to modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for TB among adults in Indonesia. A search of PubMed, ProQuest, and Google Scholar for related articles published (January 2000 until December 2023). The Pooled Odds Ratio (POR) from the acquired data were calculated with a 95% CI. The fixed and random effects analysis was performed. The results were presented as forest plots, and Begg's test and Egger's test were used to examine study bias. Review Manager (RevMan) 5.4 and Stata 14.2 were used to process and analyze all of the data. Results This study results revealed the POR of non-modifiable risk factor (family history of TB) for TB among adults in Indonesia was 6.08 (95% CI 2.99-12.34). Based on modifiable risk factors, it is known that household contact have the highest POR (6.01, 2.57-14.04), followed by malnutrition (5.86, 2.50-13.69), inappropriate ventilation (5.57, 1.74-17.86), diabetes mellitus (4.92, 3.04-7.96), smoking behavior (3.24, 2.22-4.72), and low-income level (2.34, 1.42-3.87). Conclusion Based on significant factors that are related to TB incidence, the results of this review may be valuable to the government in identifying the optimal strategy for TB prevention among adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- NINDREA Ricvan Dana
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Negeri Padang, Bukittinggi, 26181, Indonesia
| | - SUSANTI Rika
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Negeri Padang, Bukittinggi, 26181, Indonesia
- Department of Forensic and Medicolegal, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Andalas, Padang, Indonesia, 25127
| | - INDIKA Pudia M
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Negeri Padang, Bukittinggi, 26181, Indonesia
| | - MAISA Benny Alexander
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Negeri Padang, Bukittinggi, 26181, Indonesia
| | - SUKMA Muthia
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Negeri Padang, Bukittinggi, 26181, Indonesia
| | - ROSALINA Linda
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Negeri Padang, Bukittinggi, 26181, Indonesia
| | - WIDYA Astri
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Negeri Padang, Bukittinggi, 26181, Indonesia
| | - TAUFIQA Zuhrah
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Negeri Padang, Bukittinggi, 26181, Indonesia
| | - AGUSTIAN Dede Rahman
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Negeri Padang, Bukittinggi, 26181, Indonesia
| | - FITHRIA Rahmi
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Negeri Padang, Bukittinggi, 26181, Indonesia
| | - PUTRI Nomira
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Negeri Padang, Bukittinggi, 26181, Indonesia
| | | | | | - MARDIAH Ainil
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Negeri Padang, Bukittinggi, 26181, Indonesia
| | - EZEDDIN Maudy Octarini
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Negeri Padang, Bukittinggi, 26181, Indonesia
| | - LINDA Nova
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Negeri Padang, Bukittinggi, 26181, Indonesia
| | - MARISA Yosa Tamia
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Negeri Padang, Bukittinggi, 26181, Indonesia
| | - RAHMI Afriyeni Sri
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Negeri Padang, Bukittinggi, 26181, Indonesia
| | - SARI Anggun Permata
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Negeri Padang, Bukittinggi, 26181, Indonesia
| | - OKTAVIANA Mimin
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Negeri Padang, Bukittinggi, 26181, Indonesia
| | - HUMANI Flori Puspa
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Negeri Padang, Bukittinggi, 26181, Indonesia
| | - AMSAL Mochammad Fariz
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Negeri Padang, Bukittinggi, 26181, Indonesia
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Segala FV, Nigussa W, Guido G, Kenate B, Facci E, Tsegaye A, Gulo B, Manenti F, Bobosha K, Cotugno S, Asmare AB, Cavallin F, Tilahun M, Miccio M, Abdissa A, Putoto G, Saracino A, Di Gennaro F. Active close contact investigation of tuberculosis through computer-aided detection and stool Xpert MTB/RIF among people living in Oromia Region, Ethiopia (CADOOL Study): protocol for a prospective, cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e074968. [PMID: 38135314 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-074968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease with high incidence in low-income countries (LICs); it remains one of the infectious diseases with the highest mortality in the world, especially in LICs. It is crucial to recognise and diagnose TB as soon as possible, but microbiological tests on sputum are not always sensitive enough. New methods for an early diagnosis of TB are needed. In this study, we will investigate the role of two different tests to detect TB in Ethiopia (where the prevalence of TB is high): molecular search for TB in stool samples with Xpert assay and detection of pulmonary TB signs on chest X-rays with CAD4TB technology. METHODS AND ANALYSIS A prospective diagnostic test accuracy study during TB active contact investigation will be conducted. In the referral hospital in Southwest Shoa Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia, patients with pulmonary TB and a sputum sample positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and household contacts of at least 4 years of age will be enrolled, with a target sample size of 231 patients. Trained staff will label household contacts as 'possible TB' cases or not according to their symptoms; when TB is possible, a stool Xpert and computer-aided detection on chest X-ray will be performed, alongside standard diagnostic methods, assessing the diagnostic accuracy of CAD4TB compared with Xpert MTB/RIF during TB contact investigation and the accuracy of stool Xpert compared with sputum Xpert. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study has been approved by the Oromia Health Bureau Research Ethics Committee (ref no BFO/MBTFH/1-16/100023). All information obtained will be kept confidential. Selected investigators will have access to data, while international partners will sign a dedicated data protection agreement. Eligible participants will receive brief information about the study before being asked to participate and they will provide written informed consent. Results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT05818059.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Vladimiro Segala
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | | | | | - Birhanu Kenate
- Health Research Team, Oromia Regional Health Bureau, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Enzo Facci
- St Luke Catholic Hospital, Wolisso, Ethiopia
| | - Ademe Tsegaye
- Doctors with Africa CUAMM, Addis Ababa Coordination Office, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Kidist Bobosha
- Mycobacterial Diseases Research, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Sergio Cotugno
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | | | | | - Melaku Tilahun
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | | | | | - Annalisa Saracino
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Gennaro
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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Wolde HF, Clements ACA, Alene KA. Development and validation of a risk prediction model for pulmonary tuberculosis among presumptive tuberculosis cases in Ethiopia. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e076587. [PMID: 38101842 PMCID: PMC10729072 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-076587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis (TB) is one of the key strategies to achieve the WHO End TB targets. This study aimed to develop and validate a simple, convenient risk score to diagnose pulmonary TB among presumptive TB cases. METHODS This prediction model used Ethiopian national TB prevalence survey data and included 5459 presumptive TB cases from all regions of Ethiopia. Logistic regression was used to determine which variables are predictive of pulmonary TB. A risk prediction model was developed, incorporating significant variables (p<0.05). The Youden Index method was used to choose the optimal cut-off point to separate the risk score of the patients as high and low. Model performance was assessed using discrimination power and calibration. Internal validation of the model was assessed using Efron's enhanced bootstrap method, and the clinical utility of the risk score was assessed using decision curve analysis. RESULTS Of total participants, 94 (1.7%) were confirmed to have TB. The final prediction model included three factors with different scores: (1) TB contact history, (2) chest X-ray (CXR) abnormality and (3) two or more symptoms of TB. The optimal cut-off point for the risk score was 6 and was found to have a good discrimination accuracy (c-statistic=0.70, 95% CI: 0.65 to 0.75). The risk score has sensitivity of 51.1%, specificity of 79.9%, positive predictive value of 4.3% and negative predictive value of 98.9%. After internal validation, the optimism coefficient was 0.003, which indicates the model is internally valid. CONCLUSION We developed a risk score that combines TB contact, number of TB symptoms and CXR abnormality to estimate individual risk of pulmonary TB among presumptive TB cases. Though the score is easy to calculate and internally validated, it needs external validation before widespread implementation in a new setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haileab Fekadu Wolde
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Geospatial and Tuberculosis Research Team, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | | | - Kefyalew Addis Alene
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Geospatial and Tuberculosis Research Team, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Pitaloka DAE, Kusuma IY, Pratiwi H, Pradipta IS. Development and validation of assessment instrument for the perception and attitude toward tuberculosis among the general population in Indonesia: a Rasch analysis of psychometric properties. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1143120. [PMID: 37841718 PMCID: PMC10568030 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1143120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Tuberculosis (TB)-related knowledge is an important evaluation metric for health education interventions. Factor analysis is limited when used on ordinal scales and does not provide in-depth item function examinations, whereas Rasch analysis addresses these limitations and offers potential advantages such as generalizability, testing of unidimensionality, producing an ordered set of items, and identifying poorly functioning items. Therefore, this research aims to develop a reliable and valid measure of perception and attitude toward TB (PATT) for public application use Rasch Analysis. Methods A questionnaire-based survey was conducted on the Indonesian general population using the Google Form platform. Rasch analysis was then employed to examine the psychometric properties and develop the final items of PATT. Results Experts from across the TB community participated in the PATT development, producing an initial scale of 16 items. Up to 1,616 participants completed the PATT questionnaire, where 74.8% were female, and 5% had a TB history. The final unidimensional 16-item scale has an item reliability of 1.00 for the two components (perception and attitude), a person reliability index of 0.87 and 0.60, as well as a Cronbach's test reliability of 0.88 and 0.88 for perception and attitude, respectively. Conclusion The PATT is a unidimensional scale with good construct validity and internal consistency. It has the potential to be useful for the assessment of TB perception and attitude in research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian Ayu Eka Pitaloka
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia
- Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia
| | - Ikhwan Yuda Kusuma
- Pharmacy Study Program, Faculty of Health, Universitas Harapan Bangsa, Purwokerto, Indonesia
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Hening Pratiwi
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman, Purwokerto, Indonesia
| | - Ivan Surya Pradipta
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia
- Drug Utilization and Pharmacoepidemiology Research Group, Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia
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Mantefardo B, Sisay G, Awlachew E. Assessment of Smear-Positive Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Associated Factors among Patients Visiting Health Facilities of Gedeo Zone, Southern Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Tuberc Res Treat 2023; 2023:2502314. [PMID: 37032733 PMCID: PMC10081912 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2502314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Tuberculosis (TB) was one of the top causes of ill health and the leading cause of deaths worldwide until the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Hence, this study is aimed at assessing the prevalence of sputum smear-positive TB and associated factors among TB-suspected patients attending in Gedeo Zone health facilities, Southern Ethiopia. Methods. A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 220 TB-suspected patients in Gedeo Zone health facilities from July 01 to Sep 30, 2021. Patients were grouped as smear positive if one sputum out of two was positive or two sputum smears became positive. Various descriptive statistics were computed using the SPSS-25, and factors to smear positivity were identified by multivariable logistic regression analysis. Odds ratio at 95% CI and
values < 0.05 were considered as indicators of statistical association. Results. The overall prevalence of smear-positive TB in Gedeo Zone health facilities was 18.2%, which is significantly high, and the MTB detection rate of GeneXpert was 29.5%. Contact with a TB patient, cigarette smoking, and previously treatment for TB were factors significantly associated with smear-positive TB. Conclusion. The prevalence rate of smear-positive PTB in the study area was 18.2% and 29.5% by direct sputum AFB and sputum GeneXpert, respectively. As a result, we recommend intervention on the identified associated risk factors and further studies to ascertain risk factors and their magnitude at the community level.
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Assessment of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP): Public Health and Economic Burden of Tuberculosis in Jarso District of West Wollega Zone, Oromia, Western Ethiopia. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:3314725. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/3314725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a communicable mycobacterial disease of humans and animals caused by members of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, highly impacting the public health and economy of the country in endemic areas. Retrospective and cross-sectional study was conducted between March and August 2021. For knowledge, attitude, and practices study, five villages were randomly selected using simple random sampling. To quantify the public health burden, one-year data were collected from Jarso Health Center, and unregistered patients were identified using snowball method, and the estimation was based on disability-adjusted life years. Younger age groups (18-40 years) had shown 105.8 times more odds of knowledge towards tuberculosis than the older (>60 years). Moreover, tertiary levels of education had 9395.1 times more odds of knowledge towards tuberculosis compared to illiterates. The estimated economic burden was 7,731.25US$. Of the 51 tuberculosis patients, two died from the disease, resulting in 45.03 disability-adjusted life years. Communities of the study district were heard about tuberculosis, however, unaware of the cause and sources of the infection. Therefore, further strategic and continuous community-based health education and awareness should be given for effective control and prevention of tuberculosis in the study area.
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Seid G, Alemu A, Dagne B, Sinshaw W, Gumi B. Tuberculosis in Household Contacts of Tuberculosis Patients in sub-Saharan African countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis 2022; 29:100337. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jctube.2022.100337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Bikom PM, Nwankwo IO, Nwanta JA. Prevalence and Retrospective Insight on Tuberculosis in Human Patients in Cross River State, Nigeria; One Health Approach to its Control. Curr Microbiol 2022; 79:345. [PMID: 36209340 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-03046-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a major zoonotic disease of public health importance worldwide. Its burden is more in developing countries due to inadequate surveillance, co-infection with HIV/AIDS and poor social amenities; hence consumption of unpasteurized milk, contaminated meat and inhalation of infected droplets from animals or patients with active TB are the major risk practices. A survey was conducted on TB prevalence from 2013 to 2014 while patients records from TB and Leprosy units of hospitals in the three Agricultural zones (Ogoja, Ikom and Calabar) of Cross River State, Nigeria were assessed from 2000 to 2010. Out of 1,170 sampled patients, 8 (0.7%) were positive, of which 6 and 2 isolates were identified as M. tuberculosis and M. bovis, respectively. Out of 52,558 studied patients files, 235 (0.4%) were positive with varied annual prevalence; the highest (1.0%) and lowest (0.2%) in 2009 and 2011, respectively. The prevalence was higher in dry (0.9% and 0.5%) than the rainy season (0.5% and 0.4%), in females (0.9% and 0.5%) than the males (0.4% and 0.4%) in the survey and retrospective studies, respectively. The age distribution of TB among the patients were; (0% and 0.3%), (0.4% and 0.4%), (0.7% and 0.4%) and (1.5% and 0.7%) for those (≤ 18), (19-40), (41-60) and (> 60) yrs old in the survey and retrospective study, respectively. TB is prevalent in human patients in Cross River State hence, the need for sustainable campaign, continuous surveillance and private/ public health partnership in accurate and early diagnosis, treatment and one health approach to its control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Bikom
- Department of Animal Science, Cross River State University of Technology, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria
| | - Innocent O Nwankwo
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.
| | - John A Nwanta
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
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Dey A, Roy I, Chakrabartty AK, Choudhury A, Lahiri A. Changing patterns of household transmission of tuberculosis in an eastern state of India: The impact of COVID19 pandemic. Indian J Tuberc 2022; 69:682-689. [PMID: 36460408 PMCID: PMC8913430 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijtb.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 Pandemic has affected many components of the Tuberculosis (TB) control program. Due to lockdown and restrictions, people, including TB patients, might have spent more time in the household. There might be an increased TB transmission among the household contacts (HHC). The current study was conducted to measure the household transmission of TB and also find out the relationship with several clinico-social factors. METHODS Contact tracing data of West Bengal, India, was extracted from Nikshay portal of Central TB Division, Government of India. The anonymized data was divided into two parts, firstly before the lockdown initiation in India and secondly during the lockdown. A modified Poisson regression model was developed to determine the statistical association between clinico-social variables and the pandemic with household-level secondary TB cases. RESULTS There was a 30% reduction in daily TB case notification, but the proportion of HHC screened was 4% higher during the pandemic than the pre-pandemic period. The secondary attack rate of household TB disease transmission was 34% lower during the pandemic period. Index TB patients aged under ten years, microbiologically positive, Drug-Resistant TB, having three or more HHCs, treatment delay more than seven days, notified from the private sector, and diagnosis during the pre-pandemic period was found to be independently associated with a higher risk of having a secondary TB case at household. CONCLUSION The risk of household TB transmission was significantly lower during the pandemic period compared to the pre-pandemic period, which may be due to better infection prevention and control practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Dey
- World Health Organization, Technical Support Network for National Tuberculosis Elimination Program in India, West Bengal, India
| | - Isita Roy
- Joint Effort for Elimination of TB, Madurdaha, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Anuradha Choudhury
- Joint Effort for Elimination of TB, Madurdaha, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Arista Lahiri
- Dr. B. C. Roy Multi-Speciality Medical Research Centre, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, India.
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Diriba K, Churiso G. The prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis using Gene Xpert among tuberculosis suspected patients in Gedeo Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Eur J Med Res 2022; 27:24. [PMID: 35151350 PMCID: PMC8840317 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-022-00650-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis (TB) is a communicable disease remains a major global health problem and the leading cause of death from a single infectious agent. Even though many of the WHO recommended TB control strategies were implemented; there is still a major gap in TB case detection and treatment. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis among presumptive TB patients in Gedeo Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on 384 TB suspected patients in Gedeo Zone from February to July 2021. Data were collected using a pretested structured questionnaire. Laboratory examination was processed using Xpert-MTB/RIF assay. Data entry was made using Epi info version 7 and analyzed by SPSS version 24. Logistic regression models were used to determine the risk factors. Results Out of 384 study participants suspected with TB, M. tuberculosis was isolated from 103 giving an overall prevalence of 26.8%. Males (AOR) = 1.95; 95% CI 1.56–2.65, P = 0.01) were more likely to develop TB than females. Study participants who were illiterate (AOR 2.10; 95% CI 1.17–2.51, P = 0.014) were more likely to develop TB than the educated ones. Cigarette smokers (AOR 2.89; 95% CI 2.10–3.84, P = 0.01), khat chewers (AOR 2.86; 95% CI 1.28–3.79, P = 0.01), vaccination (AOR 0.52; 95% CI 0.21–0.88, P = 0.02), close contact (AOR 3.42; 95% CI 2.24–4.50, P = 0.01) and being positive for HIV (AOR 2.01; 95% CI 1.07–3.52, 0.01) were more likely to develop TB. Conclusion Despite implementation of national and international TB control strategies, TB still remains one of the major public health problems in the country especially in the study area. The high prevalence of MTB was reported different risk groups. Early case detection and management of TB should be given special attention to strengthen and an appropriate control and prevention methods to reduce the emergence and increasing of MTB cases.
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Tenriola A, Hidayah N, Subair S, Massi MN, Handayani I, Natzir R, Djaharuddin I, Halik H. The Significance of Differences in Melanocortin 3 Levels and their Relationship with Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Body Mass Index. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2021.6517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Melanocortin 3 Receptors (MC3R) levels plays a role in many biological systems, including energy homeostasis and regulation of fat metabolism. However, very few have researched the relationship between MC3R and tuberculosis (TB) and body mass index.
AIM: This study explores the differences in serum MC3R levels in active TB, household contacts, and control groups, as well as at different body mass index status. This study tries to find out the relationship between MC3R and other variables.
METHODS AND MATERIALS: Blood samples were taken from 53 active TB patients, 49 household contacts, and 30 healthy people as controls. The 132 samples were subjected to IGRA and ELISA examinations to determine differences in MC3R levels in all groups.
RESULTS: The highest mean of MC3R levels were found in the active TB group at 1.259.55 (p = 0.028) and had a positive correlation with a value of p = 0.008. In the sex group, men had the highest levels (p = 0.551). In the 30–49 year age group, the median value increased significantly in the three groups (p = 0.028), and there was a correlation between MC3R and the 17–29 year age group, although the correlation was negative (p = 0.021), in the 30–49 year age group with a positive correlation (p = 0.050). The mean MC3R value increased significantly in the overweight group in the three groups (p = 0.006) but did not significantly correlate.
CONCLUSION: The high level of MC3R in TB patients is related to its role as a defence against microbes that enter the body through the immune process to prevent further infection and inflammation. Meanwhile, high levels of MC3R in excess Body mass index were associated with the function of MC3R as an inhibitor of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons to release α-MSH.
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Tesfaye L, Lemu YK, Tareke KG, Chaka M, Feyissa GT. Exploration of barriers and facilitators to household contact tracing of index tuberculosis cases in Anlemo district, Hadiya zone, Southern Ethiopia: Qualitative study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233358. [PMID: 32442201 PMCID: PMC7244140 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis [TB] is the second leading cause of death from an infectious disease in the world. Intensifying tuberculosis screening and contact investigation strategy is recommended to ensure early diagnosis among household contacts of TB patients. Studies showed that there is low TB contact tracing. There was limited evidence on barriers and facilitators of household contact tracing. Therefore, this study was aimed at exploring barriers and facilitators for household contact tracing of index TB cases. METHODS A descriptive qualitative study was conducted at Anlemo district, Hadiya zone, Ethiopia from March 12-April 9, 2019. Purposive sampling technique was used to recruit study participants. A total of 16 participants were involved in the study which included health extension workers [HEWs], index TB patients, household contacts of TB patients, health center TB focal and district TB coordinator. Data were collected through in-depth interviews using a semi-structured guide, transcribed verbatim and translated into English. Inductive thematic analysis was employed using ATLAS.ti7.1 software and the findings were presented on major themes, categories, and quotations. RESULTS This study found low TB contact tracing and investigation, and explored barriers and facilitators such as monitoring and supervision, training of health workers, logistics and infrastructure, waiting time and institutional readiness, referral, feedback and linkage, human resource, charge for some laboratory, transportation, budget, knowledge, commitment and motivation, workload, distance, social support, economic constrain, and stigma and discrimination for household contact tracing of index TB cases under four themes. CONCLUSIONS From this study, it was understood that there was a gap in addressing all household contacts. Also, the study explored a wide range of possible barriers and facilitators for it. Explored barriers outweigh the facilitators which might have an implication facilitating the dissemination of TB silently within the community. This underscores the importance of taking action to avert those barriers by developing different strategies to increase TB contact tracing. Therefore, health care providers should have to improve the implementation of contact tracing by designing and developing appropriate strategies that should fit the local context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Legesse Tesfaye
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Mulugeta Chaka
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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