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Caballano-Infantes E, Ho-Plágaro A, López-Gómez C, Martín-Reyes F, Rodríguez-Pacheco F, Taminiau B, Daube G, Garrido-Sánchez L, Alcaín-Martínez G, Andrade RJ, García-Cortés M, Lucena MI, García-Fuentes E, Rodríguez-Díaz C. Membrane Vesicles of Toxigenic Clostridioides difficile Affect the Metabolism of Liver HepG2 Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040818. [PMID: 37107193 PMCID: PMC10135135 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) appears to be associated with different liver diseases. C. difficile secretes membrane vesicles (MVs), which may be involved in the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NALFD) and drug-induced liver injury (DILI). In this study, we investigated the presence of C. difficile-derived MVs in patients with and without CDI, and analyzed their effects on pathways related to NAFLD and DILI in HepG2 cells. Fecal extracellular vesicles from CDI patients showed an increase of Clostridioides MVs. C. difficile-derived MVs that were internalized by HepG2 cells. Toxigenic C. difficile-derived MVs decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and increased intracellular ROS compared to non-toxigenic C. difficile-derived MVs. In addition, toxigenic C. difficile-derived MVs upregulated the expression of genes related to mitochondrial fission (FIS1 and DRP1), antioxidant status (GPX1), apoptosis (CASP3), glycolysis (HK2, PDK1, LDHA and PKM2) and β-oxidation (CPT1A), as well as anti- and pro-inflammatory genes (IL-6 and IL-10). However, non-toxigenic C. difficile-derived MVs did not produce changes in the expression of these genes, except for CPT1A, which was also increased. In conclusion, the metabolic and mitochondrial changes produced by MVs obtained from toxigenic C. difficile present in CDI feces are common pathophysiological features observed in the NAFLD spectrum and DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Caballano-Infantes
- Department of Regeneration and Cell Therapy Andalusian, Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER), University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, Junta de Andalucía, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Ailec Ho-Plágaro
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina, IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- UGC de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Carlos López-Gómez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina, IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- UGC de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Flores Martín-Reyes
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina, IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- UGC de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisca Rodríguez-Pacheco
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina, IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- UGC de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Bernard Taminiau
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Department of Food Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Georges Daube
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Department of Food Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Lourdes Garrido-Sánchez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina, IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- UGC de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Alcaín-Martínez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina, IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- UGC de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Raúl J. Andrade
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina, IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- UGC de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miren García-Cortés
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina, IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- UGC de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Isabel Lucena
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina, IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- UICEC IBIMA, Plataforma SCReN (Spanish Clinical Research Network), Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Eduardo García-Fuentes
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina, IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- UGC de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Cristina Rodríguez-Díaz
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina, IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- UGC de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 Málaga, Spain
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Ren Z, Huo Y, Zhang Q, Chen S, Lv H, Peng L, Wei H, Wan C. Protective Effect of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 1201 Combined with Galactooligosaccharide on Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Acute Liver Injury in Mice. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124441. [PMID: 34959993 PMCID: PMC8706614 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute liver injury (ALI) has a high mortality rate of approximately 20–40%, and it is imperative to find complementary and alternative drugs for treating ALI. A carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced ALI mouse model was established to explore whether dietary intervention can alleviate ALI in mice. Intestinal flora, intestinal integrity, biomarkers of hepatic function, systemic inflammation, autophagy, and apoptosis signals were detected through a real-time PCR, hematoxylin-eosin staining, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and so on. The results showed that Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 1201 had a strongly antioxidant ability, and galactooligosaccharide (GOS) could boost its growth. Based on these findings, the combination of L. plantarum 1201 and GOS, the synbiotic, was applied to prevent CCl4-induced ALI in mice. The current research proved that GOS promoted the intestinal colonization of L. plantarum 1201, and the synbiotic improved the antioxidant capacity of the host, regulated the intestinal flora, repaired the intestinal barrier, inhibited the activation of the MAPK/NF-κB pathway, and then inhibited the apoptosis and autophagy pathways, relieving inflammation and liver oxidation; thereby, the ALI of mice was alleviated. These results suggest that synbiotics may become a new research direction for liver-protecting drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyue Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; (Z.R.); (Q.Z.); (S.C.); (H.L.); (L.P.); (H.W.)
| | - Yalan Huo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 W Stadium Ave, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
| | - Qimeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; (Z.R.); (Q.Z.); (S.C.); (H.L.); (L.P.); (H.W.)
| | - Shufang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; (Z.R.); (Q.Z.); (S.C.); (H.L.); (L.P.); (H.W.)
| | - Huihui Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; (Z.R.); (Q.Z.); (S.C.); (H.L.); (L.P.); (H.W.)
| | - Lingling Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; (Z.R.); (Q.Z.); (S.C.); (H.L.); (L.P.); (H.W.)
| | - Hua Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; (Z.R.); (Q.Z.); (S.C.); (H.L.); (L.P.); (H.W.)
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Cuixiang Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; (Z.R.); (Q.Z.); (S.C.); (H.L.); (L.P.); (H.W.)
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-791-8833-4578; Fax: +86-791-8833-3708
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