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Ghaffarian‐Bahraman A, Mohammadi S, Dini A. Occurrence and risk characterization of aflatoxin M 1 in milk samples from southeastern Iran using the margin of exposure approach. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:7100-7108. [PMID: 37970428 PMCID: PMC10630833 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate Aflatoxin-M1 (AFM1) contamination in pasteurized and raw milk samples consumed in Kerman and Rafsanjan in southeastern Iran. In this cross-sectional study, a total of 100 samples of raw (n = 67) and pasteurized (n = 33) milk were randomly collected from retail stores, supermarkets, and milk transport tankers in the winter of 2020 and the summer of 2021. The level of AFM1 contamination in the collected samples was evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FD). AFM1 was detected in 95% of samples and its median concentration was 17.38 ng/L. The median concentration of AFM1 in the pasteurized milk samples (24.89 ng/L) was significantly higher than in the raw milk samples (13.54 ng/L). The AFM1 contamination level in 20% (raw = 13% and pasteurized = 7%) of the samples was higher than the maximum permitted level (MPL) recommended by the European Union (i.e., 50 ng/L), whilst 4% (raw = 3% and pasteurized = 1%) of the samples was higher than the Iranian maximum standard limit (i.e., 100 ng/L). The hazard index (HI) was higher than 1 in 16%, 18%, and 35% of total milk samples for men, women, and children, respectively. The AFM1 contamination level in the milk samples collected in southeastern Iran was worrying. The margin of exposure (MoE) values were lower than 10,000 for children. Because aflatoxins are among the most potent carcinogens known, prevention of milk contamination in all stages from the farm to the table can considerably reduce the community's exposure to AFM1 and its consequent health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ghaffarian‐Bahraman
- Occupational Environment Research CenterRafsanjan University of Medical SciencesRafsanjanIran
| | - Salman Mohammadi
- Department of Nutrition, School of Health and NutritionLorestan University of Medical SciencesKhorramabadIran
| | - Ali Dini
- Pistachio Safety Research CenterRafsanjan University of Medical SciencesRafsanjanIran
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Carlos JP, Carlos GC, Sergio AS, Lorena GR, Gabriela RS, Mariano GG, Alma CG. Evaluation of the pH effect on complex formation between bovine β-lactoglobulin and aflatoxin M1: a molecular dynamic simulation and molecular docking study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-11. [PMID: 37817538 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2268178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to evaluate interaction between aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and structural models of β-lactoglobulin (β-LG) at pH 4.0 and 6.5. This information would provide an explanation of the variability in AFM1 during cheese production. Once β-LG models were optimized using molecular dynamic (MD) simulation, it was found that a region of the Calyx cavity underwent conformational changes, at the E-F loop, from the closed conformation at pH 6.5 to the open at pH 4.0. No differences in Site C conformation were observed at both pH. The binding free energy (ΔGb) of the β-LG-AFM1 complexes at the different pHs were determined by molecular docking. The ΔGb values obtained for the Calyx cavity showed that at pH 4.0 there is a more stable complex formation compared to pH 6.5 with values of -42.6 and -32.0 kJ mol-1, respectively. On the contrary, in the complexes formed in Site C at both pH´s there were no differences. Likewise, the ΔGb in the dimer interface was evaluated, obtaining a value of -29.3 kJ mol-1, like those obtained at Site C. In addition, by the MD simulations of the β-LG-AFM1 complexes, it was observed that at acidic pH the binding of AFM1 with β-LG is more stable. In conclusion, the computational tools showed that the most stable complex was formed at the Calyx cavity at pH 4.0. This suggests that during cheese production using acidic coagulation, the whey proteins show higher affinity toward AFM1 which may explain the observed variability of mycotoxin.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiménez-Pérez Carlos
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, México, México
| | - Gómez-Castro Carlos
- Área Académica de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Unidad Universitaria, Pachuca-Hidalgo, México
| | | | - Gómez-Ruiz Lorena
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, México, México
| | | | - García-Garibay Mariano
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, México, México
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Lerma. Av, México, México
| | - Cruz-Guerrero Alma
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, México, México
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Yahyapour G, Anvar SAA, Ataee M, Ahari Hamed H, Askari H. Isolation, Identification, and Characterization of the Native Yeast Strains from Homemade Cheese to Assess their Eliminating Impact on the Aflatoxin B1 and M1 of the Simulated Gastrointestinal Fluid. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 21:e3291. [PMID: 37228633 PMCID: PMC10203185 DOI: 10.30498/ijb.2023.330834.3291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Background The occurrence of aflatoxins in food products is a silent threat to human health worldwide. A range of strategies has been introduced to address the bioavailability of aflatoxins, which are considered microbial tools to provide a low-cost and promising approach. Objectives The present study focused on the separation of yeast strains from the homemade cheese rind layer to investigate the ability of native yeasts to eliminate AB1 and AM1 from simulated gastrointestinal fluids. Material and Methods Homemade cheese samples were prepared from different locations in Tehran provinces and yeast strains were isolated and identified through the biochemical methods and molecular analysis of internal transcribed spacer and D1/D2 domain of 26S rDNA regions. Isolated strains were screened using simulated gastrointestinal fluids, and the ability of yeast strains to absorb aflatoxin was evaluated. Results Out of 13 strains, 7 yeast strains were not affected by 5 ppm AFM1 while 11 strains did not show any significant response to 5 mg.L-1 (ppm) of AFB1. On the other hand, 5 strains were able to successfully tolerate 20 ppm AFB1. Candidate yeasts showed different abilities to remove aflatoxins B1 and M1. In addition, C. lusitaniae, G. geotrichum, G. candidum, and C. sanyaensis exhibited a significant ability to detoxify aflatoxins from the gastrointestinal fluid, respectively. Conclusion Our data suggest that yeast communities with essential effects on the quality of homemade cheese appear to be precise candidates for the potential elimination of aflatoxins from the gastrointestinal fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazal Yahyapour
- Department of food hygiene, science and research branch, Islamic Azad university, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Amir Ali Anvar
- Department of food hygiene, science and research branch, Islamic Azad university, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Ataee
- Department of food hygiene, science and research branch, Islamic Azad university, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Ahari Hamed
- Department of food science and technology, science and research branch, Islamic Azad university, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Askari
- Department of Plant Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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Rasouli H, Nayeri FD, Khodarahmi R. May phytophenolics alleviate aflatoxins-induced health challenges? A holistic insight on current landscape and future prospects. Front Nutr 2022; 9:981984. [PMID: 36386916 PMCID: PMC9649842 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.981984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The future GCC-connected environmental risk factors expedited the progression of nCDs. Indeed, the emergence of AFs is becoming a global food security concern. AFs are lethal carcinogenic mycotoxins, causing damage to the liver, kidney, and gastrointestinal organs. Long-term exposure to AFs leads to liver cancer. Almost a variety of food commodities, crops, spices, herbaceous materials, nuts, and processed foods can be contaminated with AFs. In this regard, the primary sections of this review aim to cover influencing factors in the occurrence of AFs, the role of AFs in progression of nCDs, links between GCC/nCDs and exposure to AFs, frequency of AFs-based academic investigations, and world distribution of AFs. Next, the current trends in the application of PPs to alleviate AFs toxicity are discussed. Nearly, more than 20,000 published records indexed in scientific databases have been screened to find recent trends on AFs and application of PPs in AFs therapy. Accordingly, shifts in world climate, improper infrastructures for production/storage of food commodities, inconsistency of global polices on AFs permissible concentration in food/feed, and lack of the public awareness are accounting for a considerable proportion of AFs damages. AFs exhibited their toxic effects by triggering the progression of inflammation and oxidative/nitrosative stress, in turn, leading to the onset of nCDs. PPs could decrease AFs-associated oxidative stress, genotoxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic effects by improving cellular antioxidant balance, regulation of signaling pathways, alleviating inflammatory responses, and modification of gene expression profile in a dose/time-reliant fashion. The administration of PPs alone displayed lower biological properties compared to co-treatment of these metabolites with AFs. This issue might highlight the therapeutic application of PPs than their preventative content. Flavonoids such as quercetin and oxidized tea phenolics, curcumin and resveratrol were the most studied anti-AFs PPs. Our literature review clearly disclosed that considering PPs in antioxidant therapies to alleviate complications of AFs requires improvement in their bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, tissue clearance, and off-target mode of action. Due to the emergencies in the elimination of AFs in food/feedstuffs, further large-scale clinical assessment of PPs to decrease the consequences of AFs is highly required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Rasouli
- Medical Biology Research Center (MBRC), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Dehghan Nayeri
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agricultural and Natural Sciences, Imam Khomeini International University (IKIU), Qazvin, Iran
| | - Reza Khodarahmi
- Medical Biology Research Center (MBRC), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Yunus AW, Lindahl JF, Anwar Z, Ullah A, Ibrahim MNM. Farmer’s knowledge and suggested approaches for controlling aflatoxin contamination of raw milk in Pakistan. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:980105. [PMID: 36338062 PMCID: PMC9630330 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.980105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring of aflatoxin levels in milk is often complicated in developing countries due to the dominance of informal markets channeling milk in raw form. Farmer’s awareness and voluntary participation in aflatoxin mitigation can be critical in such scenarios. Therefore, the present study was conducted to understand the perceptions of dairy farmers about aflatoxins and link it with aflatoxin mitigation programs on milk in Pakistan. Information was collected from 450 peri-urban dairy farmers in seven cities using questionnaires. Majority (77.9%) of the farmers were aware of the negative impact of moldy feed on animal health. However, only 40.6% of the farmers were aware of the transferability of the toxins from moldy feed to milk. The farmers had almost no awareness of aflatoxins as 95% never heard of the term. After receiving an onsite briefing on effects of the toxin on animal and human health, and its transferability to milk, 98.3% farmers showed willingness to buy aflatoxin-safe feedstuffs, while 88.5% showed willingness to control aflatoxin in milk. Around half of the farmers considered aflatoxin control programs as affordable. On average, farmers agreed to pay 10.1% higher price for aflatoxin certified oilseed cakes. Availability of feedstuffs certified of low aflatoxin content was suggested by 22% of the participants as the critical step in reducing aflatoxins in milk. Other important suggestions included; subsidy on quality feeds (18%), raising awareness (18%), and legislation and monitoring (16%). The present results suggest that the current practice of milk monitoring in the country can yield desirable results only if it is coupled with feed certification programs ensuing availability of aflatoxin-safe feeds. Further, awareness can positively impact participation of producers in aflatoxin control programs. In this regard, awareness about effects of aflatoxins on animal health was found to be a more powerful trigger of voluntary control compared with the awareness of the toxin’s transferability to milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agha Waqar Yunus
- Animal Sciences Institute, National Agricultural Research Center, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Animal Genomics and Biotechnology, PARC Institute of Advanced Studies in Agriculture, Islamabad, Pakistan
- *Correspondence: Agha Waqar Yunus,
| | - Johanna Frida Lindahl
- International Livestock Research Institute, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Zahid Anwar
- Department of Animal Genomics and Biotechnology, PARC Institute of Advanced Studies in Agriculture, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aman Ullah
- Animal Sciences Institute, National Agricultural Research Center, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Animal Genomics and Biotechnology, PARC Institute of Advanced Studies in Agriculture, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Mokhtari SA, Nemati A, Fazlzadeh M, Moradi-Asl E, Ardabili VT, Seddigh A. Aflatoxin M1 in distributed milks in northwestern Iran: occurrence, seasonal variation, and risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:41429-41438. [PMID: 35088262 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18212-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin is one of the dangerous fungal toxins that is produced in the presence of humidity and heat and lack of proper storage conditions and is considered as a dangerous substance threatening human health. The work aimed to determination of aflatoxin M1 (AFM) level in raw, pasteurized, and sterilized milks offered in the study area and to evaluate the risk of its consumption. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 60 samples of milk types supplied in the region were collected during two series of sampling (cold and hot seasons) and analyzed by ELISA method. LCR, MoE, and HI indices were used to assess the possible risk of consuming milk containing AFM. In all taken samples AFM was found, the toxin concentration range in the first and second series of sampling was 57.5-270.6 ng/L and 57-185.9 ng/L, respectively. The level of toxin in pasteurized and sterilized milks in both sampling series was higher than raw milks. Based on the obtained data and in order to assess the risk of milk consumption in the target population, associated values with EDI, LCR, MoE, and HI were also calculated and obtained in the range of 0.145-0.3 ng/k.d b.w, 0.0008-0.0017 additional case per one million population, 1892.9-3921.6 and 0.72-1.5 ng/kg b.w, respectively. According to the findings, all samples tested are contaminated and although it is within the range of the WHO recommendation, however, based on the calculated indicators, the risk of liver cancer threatens the consumers of these milks. Therefore, it is necessary to manage this issue through educational control and monitoring measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed Ahmad Mokhtari
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Ali Nemati
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Fazlzadeh
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
| | - Eslam Moradi-Asl
- Department of Public Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Vahid Taefi Ardabili
- Food and Drug Administration, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Anoshirvan Seddigh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
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Design and Evaluation of a Competitive Phosphorescent Immunosensor for Aflatoxin M1 Quantification in Milk Samples Using Mn:ZnS Quantum Dots as Antibody Tags. CHEMOSENSORS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors10020041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is one of the most widespread aflatoxins that can be present in the milk of lactating mammals. It can cause carcinogenicity, mutagenesis, teratogenesis, genotoxicity and immunosuppression. The WHO recommends reducing the AFM1 concentration in food products, so the European Commission has set a maximum allowable limit of 0.05 µg L−1 in milk and its products. Thus, there is a need to develop new methodologies to satisfy the demand for reliable, cost-effective, robust and sensitive AFM1 routine controls. In the present work, a competitive phosphorescent immunosensor for AFM1 quantification in milk, based on antibody–antigen recognition and Mn:ZnS quantum dots (d-QDs) as photoluminescent labels, has been developed. Two different assay strategies based on the use of d-QDs as labels of secondary antibodies (direct assay), or of a derivative species of the antigen AFM1-Bovine Serum Albumin (indirect assay) were compared in terms of analytical performance for AFM1 quantification. The best analytical results were obtained with the immunoassay format that uses d-QDs as tags of secondary antibodies (direct assay), and said design was finally selected. The selected immunosensor provided a detection limit for AFM1 quantification of only 0.002 µg L−1, which greatly satisfied the maximum tolerable limit of AFM1 in milk of 0.05 µg L−1. The accuracy, calculated as recovery of AFM1 in fortified skimmed milk samples, ranged from 81 to 90%, with relative standard deviations from 3% to 14%. These results bring to light the good performance of such phosphorescent biosensors as simple and fast alternatives to conventional chromatographic analytical methods.
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Jahanmard E, Keramat J, Nasirpour A, Emadi R. Efficiency of calcined Aluminum-Magnesium layered double hydroxide for adsorption of aflatoxin M 1 from solution and matrix of milk. J Food Sci 2021; 86:5200-5212. [PMID: 34773402 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Detoxification of aflatoxin M1 from solution and milk using layered double hydroxides was investigated. The Aluminum-Magnesium layered double hydroxide (Al-Mg LDH) and Iron-Magnesium layered double hydroxide (Fe-Mg LDH) were selected in their calcined and non-calcined forms to evaluate the effect of the calcination on detoxification. These materials were produced using the co-precipitation method. Preliminary adsorption tests confirmed use of Al-Mg LDH as the selected adsorbent. Characteristics of the adopted adsorbent were studied and confirmed by XRD, FTIR, SEM, and BET methods. Effects of the initial content of aflatoxin, amount of the adsorbents and detoxification time were investigated. Influence of the adsorbents on the nutritional aspects of milk were also studied. The study showed that while the non-calcined forms of LDH were not able to adsorb aflatoxin M1 more than 23%, the calcined form of Al-Mg LDH exhibited 100% adsorption in the solutions and about 70-100% in the contaminated milk samples. The reason is pointed to the fact that calcination of Al-Mg LDH considerably increased the surface area, the total pore volume, and the pore size of the material. Multivariate regression analysis and calculation of the Pearson correlation factor showed that the remained aflatoxin at each time was more strongly correlated with the initial amount of aflatoxin and the elapsed time and less strongly with the amount of the adsorbent. It was found that the adsorption isotherms fitted to the Freundlich equation with a high adsorption capacity of 555.5 mg g-1. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study is focused on examining ability of layered double hydroxides (LDH) for adsorbing AFM1 . LDHs are promising layered materials due to some of their interesting characteristics, such as ease of synthesis and uniqueness of structure. In practice, results of this study can be used for detoxification of aflatoxin, especially in milk, at high efficiency in shorter time durations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Jahanmard
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Javad Keramat
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Ali Nasirpour
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Rahmatollah Emadi
- Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
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Jiménez-Pérez C, Alatorre-Santamaría S, Tello-Solís SR, Gómez-Ruiz L, Rodríguez-Serrano G, García-Garibay M, Cruz-Guerrero A. Analysis of aflatoxin M1 contamination in milk and cheese produced in Mexico: a review. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2021. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2020.2668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Due to the carcinogenic character of aflatoxins when present in foods, these compounds are considered a risk to human health. This systematic review aimed at compiling the available research data on detection and quantification of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk and common types of cheese produced in Mexico in the past two decades. A limited number of studies were found that matched the purpose of our review. Only ten research works focused on the evaluation of AFM1 content in milk while three studies analysed the occurrence of this mycotoxin in oaxaca and panela cheeses. HPLC-FD and ELISA were the methods of choice utilised to detect AFM1. Concentrations higher than 0.5 μg AFM1/kg, a maximum limit set in current food regulation in Mexico, were found in major dairy brands consumed in Mexico. Analysis of raw milk produced during the rainy season in the states of Jalisco (2007) and Chiapas (2013) showed mycotoxin levels within the regulation limits while milk samples obtained during the dry season in the Mexico City and the State of Mexico (2008) exceeded that threshold. For cheeses, 33% of the artisanal produced oaxaca type samples from Veracruz (2016) and 55% of those acquired in Mexico City (2019) were found above the limit set for milk. In contrast, the panela cheese samples obtained in Baja California and Guanajuato (2009) complied with the AFM1 regulation. Additionally, the presence of AFB1 and its hydroxylated metabolites other than AFM1 were determined in the major milk brands at concentrations that could be of high risk for human health. Similar results were reported for both artisan and industrially produced oaxaca cheese. Finally, mycotoxins enter human food chain through animals fed with contaminated fodder. Our systematic review demonstrated the urgent need to amend the existing food regulation in Mexico to include mycotoxins as potent contaminants in cheese.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Jiménez-Pérez
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Ciudad de México, 09340, México
| | - S. Alatorre-Santamaría
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Ciudad de México, 09340, México
| | - S. R. Tello-Solís
- Departamento de Química, División de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Colonia Vicentina, Ciudad de México, 09340, México
| | - L. Gómez-Ruiz
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Ciudad de México, 09340, México
| | - G. Rodríguez-Serrano
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Ciudad de México, 09340, México
| | - M. García-Garibay
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Ciudad de México, 09340, México
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Alimentación, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Lerma, Av. Hidalgo Poniente 46, Col. La Estación, Lerma de Villada, Edo. de México, 52006, México
| | - A. Cruz-Guerrero
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, Ciudad de México, 09340, México
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Gao J, He S, Nag A, Wong JWC. A Review of the Use of Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene-Based Sensors for the Detection of Aflatoxin M1 Compounds in Milk. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:3602. [PMID: 34064254 PMCID: PMC8196808 DOI: 10.3390/s21113602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a comprehensive review of the detection of aflatoxin compounds using carbon allotrope-based sensors. Although aflatoxin M1 and its derivative aflatoxin B1 compounds have been primarily found in milk and other food products, their presence above a threshold concentration causes disastrous health-related anomalies in human beings, such as growth impairment, underweight and even carcinogenic and immunosuppressive effects. Among the many sensors developed to detect the presence of these compounds, the employment of certain carbon allotropes, such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene, has been highly preferred due to their enhanced electromechanical properties. These conductive nanomaterials have shown excellent quantitative performance in terms of sensitivity and selectivity for the chosen aflatoxin compounds. This paper elucidates some of the significant examples of the CNTs and graphene-based sensors measuring Aflatoxin M1 (ATM1) and Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) compounds at low concentrations. The fabrication technique and performance of each of the sensors are shown here, as well as some of the challenges existing with the current sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingrong Gao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China;
| | - Shan He
- Institute for NanoScale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park 5042, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Anindya Nag
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 251600, China
| | - Jonathan Woon Chung Wong
- Institute of Bioresource and Agriculture, Hong Kong Baptist University, 224 Waterloo Road, Kowloon Tong 999077, Hong Kong, China;
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