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Palumbo FS, Calligaris M, Calzà L, Fiorica C, Baldassarro VA, Carreca AP, Lorenzini L, Giuliani A, Carcione C, Cuscino N, Pitarresi G, Scilabra SD, Conaldi PG, Chinnici CM. Topical application of a hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel integrated with secretome of human mesenchymal stromal cells for diabetic ulcer repair. Regen Ther 2024; 26:520-532. [PMID: 39156755 PMCID: PMC11327949 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2024.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
This preclinical proof-of-concept study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of secretome therapy in diabetic mice with pressure ulcers. We utilized a custom-made hyaluronic acid (HA)-based porous sponge, which was rehydrated either with normal culture medium or secretome derived from human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) to achieve a hydrogel consistency. Following application onto skin ulcers, both the hydrogel-only and the hydrogel + secretome combination accelerated wound closure compared to the vehicle group. Notably, the presence of secretome significantly enhanced the healing effect of the hydrogel, as evidenced by a thicker epidermis and increased revascularization of the healed area compared to the vehicle group. Notably, molecular analysis of healed skin revealed significant downregulation of genes involved in delayed wound healing and abnormal inflammatory response in ulcers treated with the hydrogel + secretome combination, compared to those treated with the hydrogel only. Additionally, we found no significant differences in therapeutic outcomes when comparing the use of secretome from fetal dermal MSCs to that from umbilical cord MSCs. This observation is supported by the proteomic profile of the two secretomes, which suggests a shared molecular signature responsible of the observed therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Salvatore Palumbo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Matteo Calligaris
- Proteomic Group, Ri.MED Foundation c/o IRCCS ISMETT, via E. Tricomi 5, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Laura Calzà
- Fondazione IRET, Tecnopolo di Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 41e, 40064, Ozzano dell’Emilia (BO), Italy
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie (FABIT), Università degli Studi di Bologna, Via S. Donato, 15, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Calogero Fiorica
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Vito Antonio Baldassarro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie (DIMEVET), Università degli Studi di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Paola Carreca
- Regenerative Medicine and Immmunotherapy Unit, Ri.MED Foundation c/o IRCCS ISMETT, via E. Tricomi 5, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Luca Lorenzini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie (DIMEVET), Università degli Studi di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Giuliani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie (DIMEVET), Università degli Studi di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudia Carcione
- Cell Therapy Group, Ri.MED Foundation c/o IRCCS ISMETT, via E. Tricomi, 5 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Nicola Cuscino
- Department of Research, IRCCS ISMETT, Via E. Tricomi 5, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanna Pitarresi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Simone Dario Scilabra
- Proteomic Group, Ri.MED Foundation c/o IRCCS ISMETT, via E. Tricomi 5, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Pier Giulio Conaldi
- Department of Research, IRCCS ISMETT, Via E. Tricomi 5, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Cinzia Maria Chinnici
- Cell Therapy Group, Ri.MED Foundation c/o IRCCS ISMETT, via E. Tricomi, 5 90127, Palermo, Italy
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Palumbo FS, Fiorica C, Carreca AP, Iannolo G, Pitarresi G, Amico G, Giammona G, Conaldi PG, Chinnici CM. Modulating the release of bioactive molecules of human mesenchymal stromal cell secretome: Heparinization of hyaluronic acid-based hydrogels. Int J Pharm 2024; 653:123904. [PMID: 38355074 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
An amine derivative of hyaluronic acid (HA) was crosslinked to obtain a 3D dried sponge. The sponge was subsequently rehydrated using secretome from human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), resulting in the formation of a hydrogel. The release kinetics analysis demonstrated that the hydrogel effectively sustained secretome release, with 70% of the initially loaded wound-healing-associated cytokines being released over a 12-day period. Tuning the hydrogel properties through heparin crosslinking resulted in a biomaterial with a distinct mechanism of action. Specifically, the presence of heparin enhanced water uptake capacity of the hydrogel and increased its sensitivity to enzymatic degradation. Notably, the heparin crosslinking also led to a significant retention of cytokines within the hydrogel matrix. Overall, the secretome-rehydrated HA hydrogel holds promise as a versatile device for regenerative medicine applications: the non-heparinized hydrogel may function as a biomaterial with low reabsorption rates, sustaining the release of bioactive molecules contained in MSC secretome. In contrast, the heparinized hydrogel may serve as a depot of bioactive molecules with faster reabsorption rates. Given its patch-like characteristic, the HA-based hydrogel appears suitable as topical treatment for external organs, such as the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Salvatore Palumbo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Calogero Fiorica
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Anna Paola Carreca
- Regenerative Medicine and Immunotherapy Unit, Fondazione Ri.MED c/o IRCCS ISMETT, via E. Tricomi 5, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Gioacchin Iannolo
- Department of Research, IRCCS ISMETT, via E. Tricomi 5, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanna Pitarresi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giandomenico Amico
- Regenerative Medicine and Immunotherapy Unit, Fondazione Ri.MED c/o IRCCS ISMETT, via E. Tricomi 5, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Gaetano Giammona
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Pier Giulio Conaldi
- Department of Research, IRCCS ISMETT, via E. Tricomi 5, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Cinzia Maria Chinnici
- Cell Therapy Group, Fondazione R.MED c/o IRCCS ISMETT, via E. Tricomi 5, 90127 Palermo, Italy.
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Iannolo G, Calascibetta F, D'Arpa S, Amico G, Tinnirello R, Conaldi PG, Chinnici CM. A Nonenzymatic Procedure to Obtain Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from the Dermis. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2835:17-27. [PMID: 39105902 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3995-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have gained significant interest as cell-based therapeutics for organ restoration in the field of regenerative medicine. More recently, substantial attention has been directed toward cell-free therapy, achieved through the utilization of soluble factors possessing trophic and immunomodulatory properties present in the MSC secretome. This collection of soluble factors can be found either freely in the secretome or packed within its vesicular fraction, known as extracellular vesicles (EVs). MSCs can be derived from various tissue sources, each involving different extraction methods and yielding varying cell amounts. In this study, we describe a nonenzymatic procedure for a straightforward isolation of MSCs from the fetal dermis and the adult dermis. The results demonstrate the isolation of a cell population with a uniform MSC immunophenotype from the earliest passages (approximately 90% positive for the classical MSC markers CD90, CD105, and CD73, while negative for the hematopoietic markers CD34 and CD45, as well as HLA-DR). Additionally, we describe the procedures for cell expansion, banking, and secretome collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gioacchin Iannolo
- Department of Research, IRCCS ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad alta specializzazione), Palermo, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Rosaria Tinnirello
- Department of Research, IRCCS ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad alta specializzazione), Palermo, Italy
| | - Pier Giulio Conaldi
- Department of Research, IRCCS ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad alta specializzazione), Palermo, Italy
| | - Cinzia Maria Chinnici
- Department of Research, IRCCS ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad alta specializzazione), Palermo, Italy.
- Regenerative Medicine Unit, Fondazione Ri.MED, Palermo, Italy.
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Luo X, Jean-Toussaint R, Tian Y, Balashov SV, Sacan A, Ajit SK. Small Extracellular Vesicles From Spared Nerve Injury Model and Sham Control Mice Differentially Regulate Gene Expression in Primary Microglia. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2023; 24:1570-1581. [PMID: 37044293 PMCID: PMC10524046 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2023.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Nerve injury outcomes might be predicted by examining small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) in circulation, as their biomolecular cargo facilitates cellular communication and can alter transcriptional state and behavior of recipient cells. We found that sEVs from the serum of spared nerve injury (SNI) model male mice had 7 differentially expressed miRNAs compared to sEVs from sham-operated control mice 4 weeks postsurgery. We investigated how these sEVs alter transcription in primary cortical microglia, a crucial mediator of neuropathic pain, using RNA sequencing. While the uptake of sEVs from both SNI model and sham groups changed gene expression in microglia compared to PBS treatment, sEVs from the sham group induced a more drastic change, particularly in genes involved in immune response. This was recapitulated by increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in microglia incubated with sEVs from sham control compared to sEVs from SNI model, naïve mice, or PBS. However, treating microglia with sEVs from female mice showed that serum sEVs derived from female SNI mice but not from female sham mice induced a more pronounced microglial secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators. Our data demonstrate that the molecular changes induced by sham surgery injuring skin and muscles are reflected in circulating sEVs in male mice 4 weeks later. Thus, when using sEVs from sham mice as control in comparative mechanistic studies after nerve injury, sex of mice should be taken into consideration. PERSPECTIVE: Microglial uptake of sEVs from male sham control mice induces higher pro-inflammatory responses compared to SNI sEVs but the reverse was observed upon treatment with sEVs from female mice. Wound healing may have a long-term impact on sEVs in male mice and should be considered for comparative studies using sEVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Luo
- Pharmacology & Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Renée Jean-Toussaint
- Pharmacology & Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yuzhen Tian
- Pharmacology & Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sergey V Balashov
- Microbiology & Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ahmet Sacan
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science & Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Seena K Ajit
- Pharmacology & Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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Badami E, Carcione C, Chinnici CM, Tinnirello R, Conaldi PG, Iannolo G. HCV Interplay With Mir34a: Implications in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2022; 11:803278. [PMID: 35127513 PMCID: PMC8812294 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.803278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its identification, HCV has been considered one of the main causes of hepatitis and liver cancer. Currently, the molecular mechanisms of HCC development induced by HCV infection have not been sufficiently clarified. The recent discovery of novel treatments that inhibit HCV replication gave rise to new questions concerning HCC mechanisms. In particular, the HCV eradication mediated by new direct-acting antiviral (DAAs) drugs does not exclude the possibility of de novo HCC development; this finding opened more questions on the interplay between liver cells and the virus. Different groups have investigated the pathways leading to cancer recurrence in patients treated with DAAs. For this reason, we tried to gain molecular insights into the changes induced by HCV infection in the target liver cells. In particular, we observed an increase in microRNA34a (miR34a) expression following HCV infection of HCC cell line Huh7.5. In addition, Huh7.5 treated with extracellular vesicles (EVs) from the previously HCV-infected Huh7.5 underwent apoptosis. Since miR34 expression was increased in Huh7.5 EVs, we hypothesized a paracrine mechanism of viral infection mediated by miR34a cargo of EVs. The balance between viral infection and cell transformation may raise some questions on the possible use of antiviral drugs in association with antineoplastic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Badami
- Department of Research, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione (IRCCS ISMETT), Palermo, Italy
- Regenerative Medicine and Immunotherapy Area, Fondazione Ri.MED, Palermo, Italy
| | - Claudia Carcione
- Regenerative Medicine and Immunotherapy Area, Fondazione Ri.MED, Palermo, Italy
| | - Cinzia Maria Chinnici
- Department of Research, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione (IRCCS ISMETT), Palermo, Italy
- Regenerative Medicine and Immunotherapy Area, Fondazione Ri.MED, Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosaria Tinnirello
- Neuroscience Unit, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, Palermo, Italy
| | - Pier Giulio Conaldi
- Department of Research, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione (IRCCS ISMETT), Palermo, Italy
| | - Gioacchin Iannolo
- Department of Research, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione (IRCCS ISMETT), Palermo, Italy
- *Correspondence: Gioacchin Iannolo, ; ; orcid.org/0000-0002-7710-4735
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Damayanti RH, Rusdiana T, Wathoni N. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Secretome for Dermatology Application: A Review. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2021; 14:1401-1412. [PMID: 34675575 PMCID: PMC8502696 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s331044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Secretome, also known as conditioned medium, is a secreted molecule from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that has a variety of biological activities that can be used in various therapies, especially on the skin applications. A lack of conventional therapies makes secretome as a promising alternative therapy. The presence of growth factors, cytokines, and extracellular vesicles including microvesicles and exosomes in secretome has been widely reported, which serves in improving the proliferation and migration of cells to help in skin regeneration. Therefore, we were able to optimize the use of this secretome in a well-needed special review related to its work in addressing various skin problems. So, in this article, we discussed the benefits and biological activity of secretome on the skin application. This review was compiled based on the approval of several sites, such as Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar with the terms "MSC secretome for skin," "secretome for skin," "secretome dermatology," "secretome conditioned medium for skin," "secretome conditioned medium for skin wound," "secretome conditioned medium for aging," "secretome conditioned medium for hair growth," and "secretome conditioned medium for psoriasis." A total of 215 articles were collected for selection, of which 90 articles were used. Based on the results, it was concluded that secretome has a variety of useful activities to regenerate and repair tissue damage that have not been used on the skin, such as for wound healing, photoprotection, promotion of hair growth, psoriasis treatment, and other application as antimicrobial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Restu Harisma Damayanti
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, 45353, Indonesia
| | - Taofik Rusdiana
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, 45353, Indonesia
| | - Nasrul Wathoni
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, 45353, Indonesia
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Chinnici CM, Russelli G, Bulati M, Miceli V, Gallo A, Busà R, Tinnirello R, Conaldi PG, Iannolo G. Mesenchymal stromal cell secretome in liver failure: Perspectives on COVID-19 infection treatment. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:1905-1919. [PMID: 34007129 PMCID: PMC8108038 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i17.1905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their immunomodulatory potential and release of trophic factors that promote healing, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are considered important players in tissue homeostasis and regeneration. MSCs have been widely used in clinical trials to treat multiple conditions associated with inflammation and tissue damage. Recent evidence suggests that most of the MSC therapeutic effects are derived from their secretome, including the extracellular vesicles, representing a promising approach in regenerative medicine application to treat organ failure as a result of inflammation/fibrosis. The recent outbreak of respiratory syndrome coronavirus, caused by the newly identified agent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has forced scientists worldwide to use all available instruments to fight the infection, including the inflammatory cascade caused by this pandemic disease. The use of MSCs is a valid approach to combat organ inflammation in different compartments. In addition to the lungs, which are considered the main inflammatory target for this virus, other organs are compromised by the infection. In particular, the liver is involved in the inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, which causes organ failure, leading to death in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. We herein summarize the current implications derived from the use of MSCs and their soluble derivatives in COVID-19 treatment, and emphasize the potential of MSC-based therapy in this clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Maria Chinnici
- Department of Research, Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies (IRCCS-ISMETT), Palermo 90127, Italy
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Fondazione Ri.MED, Palermo 90127, Italy
| | - Giovanna Russelli
- Department of Research, Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies (IRCCS-ISMETT), Palermo 90127, Italy
| | - Matteo Bulati
- Department of Research, Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies (IRCCS-ISMETT), Palermo 90127, Italy
| | - Vitale Miceli
- Department of Research, Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies (IRCCS-ISMETT), Palermo 90127, Italy
| | - Alessia Gallo
- Department of Research, Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies (IRCCS-ISMETT), Palermo 90127, Italy
| | - Rosalia Busà
- Department of Research, Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies (IRCCS-ISMETT), Palermo 90127, Italy
| | - Rosaria Tinnirello
- Neuroscience Unit, CNR Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, Palermo 90146, Italy
| | - Pier Giulio Conaldi
- Department of Research, Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies (IRCCS-ISMETT), Palermo 90127, Italy
| | - Gioacchin Iannolo
- Department of Research, Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies (IRCCS-ISMETT), Palermo 90127, Italy
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Extracellular Vesicle-Derived microRNAs of Human Wharton's Jelly Mesenchymal Stromal Cells May Activate Endogenous VEGF-A to Promote Angiogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042045. [PMID: 33669517 PMCID: PMC7922033 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite low levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, the secretome of human Wharton’s jelly (WJ) mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) effectively promoted proangiogenic responses in vitro, which were impaired upon the depletion of small (~140 nm) extracellular vesicles (EVs). The isolated EVs shared the low VEGF-A profile of the secretome and expressed five microRNAs, which were upregulated compared to fetal dermal MSC-derived EVs. These upregulated microRNAs exclusively targeted the VEGF-A gene within 54 Gene Ontology (GO) biological processes, 18 of which are associated with angiogenesis. Moreover, 15 microRNAs of WJ-MSC-derived EVs were highly expressed (Ct value ≤ 26) and exclusively targeted the thrombospondin 1 (THBS1) gene within 75 GO biological processes, 30 of which are associated with the regulation of tissue repair. The relationship between predicted microRNA target genes and WJ-MSC-derived EVs was shown by treating human umbilical-vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with appropriate doses of EVs. The exposure of HUVECs to EVs for 72 h significantly enhanced the release of VEGF-A and THBS1 protein expression compared to untreated control cells. Finally, WJ-MSC-derived EVs stimulated in vitro tube formation along with the migration and proliferation of HUVECs. Our findings can contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the proangiogenic responses induced by human umbilical cord-derived MSCs, suggesting a key regulatory role for microRNAs delivered by EVs.
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