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Guizolfi T, Zardo G, Barbieri RA, Aguzzoli C, Kramer A, de Almeida RM, Moura S. What's in drugs freely used by Brazilian truck drivers - "Rebites"? Determination of target and nontarget compounds by high-resolution mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. J Forensic Sci 2024; 69:1449-1455. [PMID: 38706115 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Highways, the lifeline of the Brazilian economy, transport approximately 75% of the country's economic activity, highlighting its importance. However, professional drivers, accustomed to long daily journeys, make use of tablets widely available in Gas Station, which are known as "Rebites," which could contain a mixture of legal and illegal compounds. Thus, this study aims at the chemical characterization of these through different analytical methods. Initially, we performed a comprehensive screening of compounds present in seven samples collected across the country using high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). The findings revealed caffeine as the main compound, alongside theophylline, lidocaine, and clobenzorex, among others. In the next step, we employ quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (qNMR) to quantify the caffeine content in the tablets. The results indicated a caffeine concentration ranging between 14% and 31% (m/m), which may imply a daily overdose of this compound from around four tablets. In summary, this investigation provides a chemical characterization of real samples of "Rebites" freely obtained along Brazilian highways. Caffeine emerged as the predominant active compound, with its concentration determined by qNMR analysis. The notable presence of caffeine, combined with other stimulants, depressants, and hallucinogens, underscores the need for strict quality control measures regarding "Rebites" to safeguard public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tainara Guizolfi
- LBIOP - Laboratory of Biotechnology of Natural and Synthetics Products, Technology Department, Biotechnology Institute, University of Caxias Do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Brazil
| | - Giovana Zardo
- LBIOP - Laboratory of Biotechnology of Natural and Synthetics Products, Technology Department, Biotechnology Institute, University of Caxias Do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A Barbieri
- Laboratório Central de Microscopia - LCMIC, Universidade de Caxias Do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cesar Aguzzoli
- Laboratório Central de Microscopia - LCMIC, Universidade de Caxias Do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Brazil
| | - Airton Kramer
- Instituto Geral de Perícia - Governo Do Estado Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rafael Menck de Almeida
- Innovatox Análises e Pesquisas LTDA, Sorocaba, Brazil
- Synthetica Pesquisa e Análises Técnicas, Capela do Alto, Brazil
| | - Sidnei Moura
- LBIOP - Laboratory of Biotechnology of Natural and Synthetics Products, Technology Department, Biotechnology Institute, University of Caxias Do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Brazil
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Yosef T, Shifera N. Personal Protective Equipment Utilization and Associated Factors among Industry Park Construction Workers in Northwest Ethiopia. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2023; 17:11786302231185683. [PMID: 37434665 PMCID: PMC10331180 DOI: 10.1177/11786302231185683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Equipment that safeguards the user from the risk of accidents or harmful health effects is known as personal protective equipment. Reports show personal protective equipment utilization is low in Africa. Workers are exposed to a wide range of physical, chemical, and incidental hazards because of low utilization of personal protective equipment. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the magnitude and factors associated with personal protective equipment utilization among Bure Industrial Park construction workers, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study involving 368 construction workers was carried out. The questionnaire was prepared to collect data on sociodemographic, work-related, and behavioral characteristics. Personal protective equipment usage was assessed by observation. Descriptive statistics' frequencies, proportions, and means were computed, and the analysis results were presented in text and tables. To find independent variables associated with personal protective equipment utilization, bi-variable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed. Results The proportion of workers at the Bure Industrial Park who utilized personal protective equipment was 47.8%, 95% CI (47.7-47.9). After adjusting employment type as a confounding factor; not being a substance user [AOR = 9.52, 95% CI (5.07-17.8)], regular workplace supervision [AOR = 4.09, 95% CI (1.26-5.48)], having occupational safety training [AOR = 6.01, 95% CI (2.05-17.6)], and provision of personal protective equipment at workplace [AOR = 7.36, 95% CI (3.97-13.6)] were the factors associated with personal protective equipment utilization. Conclusion and recommendation Nearly 1 in 2 workers wear PPE at work. Lack of PPE utilization is a public health problem in the study area. According to the study, personal protective equipment utilization was influenced by behavioral and occupational factors. To increase the utilization of personal protective equipment, training in safety procedures and regular workplace supervision must be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tewodros Yosef
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Australia
| | - Nigusie Shifera
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia
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Akande RO, Akande JO, Babatunde OA, Ajayi AO, Ajayi AA, Ige RO, Saliu AS, Akande A, Olatunji MB. Psychoactive substance abuse among commercial bus drivers in Umuahia, Abia State, South-Eastern Nigeria: an uncontrolled "epidemic" with attendant road traffic crashes. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:250. [PMID: 36747140 PMCID: PMC9901138 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15039-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION The unprecedented depletion of the productive workforce has been majorly attributed to road traffic crashes (RTCs). The attendant consequences of this depletion have been found to constitute a serious global public health challenge, with the use of psychoactive substances among drivers implicated in every three of five motor vehicle accidents. Hence, this study assessed the pattern and explored the determinants of substance abuse among commercial bus drivers in Umuahia, Abia State. METHODS A descriptive cross-sectional design was used for the study. Four hundred commercial bus drivers were recruited from selected motor parks in Abia-state, using a multistage sampling technique from October to December 2020. A pretested, interviewer-administered questionnaire was administered to obtain socio-demographics and information on substance abuse. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 25; bivariate analysis was done using Chi-square. The level of significance was at 5%. RESULTS The mean age of the respondents was 40.03 ± 10.50 years. The proportion of respondents who had ever abused a psychoactive substance was 74.6%. The most commonly abused substances among drivers include alcohol (51%), cigarettes (27%), and alcoholic herbal mixtures (16%). The study participants had poor knowledge (54.5%) and poor perception (63.2%) about psychoactive substance abuse. Among the factors found to be significantly associated with substance abuse among respondents were ethnicity (p = 0.002), religion (p = 0.009) and monthly income (p = 0.013) of the respondents, poor knowledge (p < 0.001) and poor perception (p < 0.001). However, this study found religion (p = 0.031; OR = 5.469; CI = 1.170 to 25.555), knowledge (p < 0.001; OR = 4.21; CI = 2.201 to 8.287) and perception (p < 0.001; OR = 9.828; CI = 15.572 to 65.052) as factors that were associated with the higher likelihood of psychoactive substance abuse. CONCLUSION Religion, poor knowledge and perception were associated with the higher likelihood of psychoactive substance abuse among commercial bus drivers. Targeting commercial bus drivers for educational interventions and using religious leaders as conveyor belts may reduce the use of psychoactive substances among them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roseline Oluyemisi Akande
- grid.411270.10000 0000 9777 3851Department of Community Medicine, LAUTECH, Ogbomoso, Oyo State Nigeria
| | - Joel Olufunminiyi Akande
- grid.411270.10000 0000 9777 3851Department of Chemical Pathology, LAUTECH, Ogbomoso, Oyo State Nigeria
| | - Olaniyan Akintunde Babatunde
- Oyo State Primary Health Care Board, State Secretariat, Agodi, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. .,Oriire Local Government Health Authority, Ikoyi-Ile, Oyo State, Nigeria.
| | | | - Akindele Amos Ajayi
- Department of Family Medicine, Uniosun Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Osun State Nigeria
| | - Roseline Olabisi Ige
- grid.411274.50000 0001 0583 749XDepartment of Community Medicine, LAUTECH Teaching Hospital, Ogbomoso, Oyo State Nigeria
| | | | - Abayomi Akande
- grid.9582.60000 0004 1794 5983Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Oyo State Ibadan, Nigeria
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Yosef T, Sineshaw E, Shifera N. Occupational injuries and contributing factors among industry park construction workers in Northwest Ethiopia. Front Public Health 2023; 10:1060755. [PMID: 36703838 PMCID: PMC9872008 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1060755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Construction business is currently the second greatest source of injuries in Ethiopia after automotive accidents, with a risk of fatality that is five times higher than that of other industrial sectors. To establish measures for injury prevention, it is crucial to assess the severity of occupational injuries and identify the variables that contribute to them. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the magnitude and factors associated with occupational injuries among Bure Industrial Park construction workers, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 372 construction workers at Bure Industrial Park. The study participants were selected using a simple random sampling method. The data were collected using interviewer-administered structured questionnaire and work environment observation using structured checklist. In the descriptive statistic, frequencies, proportion, and mean were calculated and the results of the analysis were presented in text and tables. The bi-variable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were carried out to identify independent factors having associations with the occurrence of occupational injury. Results The overall prevalence of occupational injuries among Bure industrial park construction workers was 39.4%, 95%C.I (34.4%-44.4%). Factors such as sex (being male) [AOR = 1.74, 95%CI (1.02-2.97)], being married [AOR = 2.79, 95%CI (1.50-5.17)], no use of personal protective equipment [AOR = 1.67, 95%CI (1.12-2.85)], no training on occupational safety [AOR = 1.45, 95%CI (1.06-2.98)], and not satisfied with the job [AOR = 5.97, 95%CI (3.48-10.2)] were the factors associated with occupational injuries. Conclusion and recommendation The finding shows the public health importance of occupational injury among construction workers in the study area. Numerous factors have been linked to workplace injuries, including sex, marital status, the usage of personal protection equipment, training in occupational safety, and job satisfaction. As a result, in order to lower the rate of occupational injury, employers should prioritize offering safety training, encouraging the use of personal protective equipment while working, conducting routine workplace inspections, and ensuring that their staff members are happy at work by providing comfortable workspaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tewodros Yosef
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia,*Correspondence: Tewodros Yosef ✉
| | - Enawgaw Sineshaw
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Nigusie Shifera
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia,Nigusie Shifera ✉
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Kassew T, Tarekegn GE, Alamneh TS, Kassa SF, Liyew B, Terefe B. The prevalence and determinant factors of substance use among the youth in Ethiopia: A multilevel analysis of Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1096863. [PMID: 37032924 PMCID: PMC10076630 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1096863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In Ethiopia, the youth are more exposed to substances such as alcohol, Khat, and tobacco than other populations. Despite the seriousness of the situation, low- and middle-income nations, particularly Ethiopia, have intervention gaps. Service providers must be made more aware of relevant evidence to combat these problems. This research focused on finding out how common substance abuse is among teenagers and the factors that influence it. Methods The 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey data were used for secondary data analysis. This survey includes all young people aged 15 to 24 years. The total sample size was 10,594 people. Due to the hierarchical nature of the survey data, a multilevel logistic regression model was employed to uncover the individual- and community-level characteristics related to substances. Results In Ethiopia, the overall current prevalence of occasional or daily substance use 30 days prior to the survey was 46.74%. Of the participants, 36.34, 12.56, and 0.95% were drinking alcohol, chewing Khat, and smoking cigarettes/any tobacco products, respectively. Male sex, 20-24 years of age, exposure to media, having a job, and living in large central and metropolitan regions were the factors associated with the problem. Conclusion According to the 2016 EDHS, substance use among young people is widespread in Ethiopia. To lower the prevalence of substance use among youth, policymakers must increase the implementation of official rules, such as restricting alcohol, Khat, and tobacco product marketing to minors, prohibiting smoking in public places, and banning mass-media alcohol advertising. Specific interventions targeting at-risk populations, such as youth, are mainly required in prominent central and metropolitan locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilahun Kassew
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
- *Correspondence: Tilahun Kassew
| | - Gebrekidan Ewnetu Tarekegn
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfa Sewunet Alamneh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Selam Fisiha Kassa
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Bikis Liyew
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Critical Care Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Bewuketu Terefe
- Department of Community Health Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Yosef T, Wondimu W, Nigussie T, Asefa A, Qanche Q, Mekonnen B, Mesafint G, Shifera N, Amsalu H, Bekele BB. Factors Associated With HIV Preventive Behavior Among Adults in Majang Zone of Gambella Region, Southwest Ethiopia. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:807730. [PMID: 35514750 PMCID: PMC9063449 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.807730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HIV-positive people can spread the virus through unprotected sex; however, HIV can be avoided if populations are educated about the risks. In underdeveloped nations, evidence suggests that the ABC method for HIV prevention is quite effective. As a result, the goal of this study was to determine the magnitude of HIV prevention behavior among adults in the Majang zone of Southwest Ethiopia, as well as the factors that influence it. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was carried out from March 1st to May 31st, 2019. The data were collected through a face-to-face interview using a modified validated questionnaire among systematically selected study participants. The collected data were coded and entered using Epidata manager version 4.0.2.101 and analyzed using SPSS version 21. A logistic regression analysis was computed to determine the association using crude and adjusted odds ratios at 95% confidence intervals. The level of significance was declared at a p-value less than 0.05. Results Of the 772 adults interviewed, the proportion of adults who had good HIV preventive behavior was 51.8%, 95% CI [48.3–55.3%]. Two hundred forty (31.9%) were used abstinence as a type of HIV preventive behavior followed by being faithful (16.1%) and consistent condom use (7.3%). The study also found that respondents with the age group ≥27 years old (AOR = 1.56, 95% CI [1.3–3.12]), marital status (being married (AOR = 6.30, 95% CI [4.48–11.4]), and divorced/widowed (AOR = 5.50, 95% CI [2.60–12.4]) and having good knowledge of HIV prevention methods (AOR = 2.18, 95% CI [1.71–4.00]) were the factors associated with good HIV preventive behavior. Conclusion and Recommendation In the study area, overall HIV prevention behavior was average. The characteristics linked with successful HIV prevention behavior among adults in the Majang community included increasing age, being married or divorced/widowed, and having a solid understanding of HIV prevention approaches. As a result, policy-level and multi-sectorial intervention approaches from all stakeholders are necessary to develop short- and long-term strategies to address the problem and improve the community’s quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tewodros Yosef
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan-Aman, Ethiopia
- *Correspondence: Tewodros Yosef, , orcid.org/0000-0002-3173-6753
| | - Wondimagegn Wondimu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan-Aman, Ethiopia
| | - Tadesse Nigussie
- Department of Nutrition and Reproductive Health, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan-Aman, Ethiopia
| | - Adane Asefa
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan-Aman, Ethiopia
| | - Qaro Qanche
- Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan-Aman, Ethiopia
| | - Besufekad Mekonnen
- Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan-Aman, Ethiopia
| | - Gebremeskel Mesafint
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan-Aman, Ethiopia
| | - Nigusie Shifera
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan-Aman, Ethiopia
| | - Hailemariam Amsalu
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan-Aman, Ethiopia
| | - Bayu Begashaw Bekele
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan-Aman, Ethiopia
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Bogale B, Wolde A, Mohammed N, Midaksa G, Bekele BB. Poor Sleep Quality and Factors Among Reproductive-Age Women in Southwest Ethiopia. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:913821. [PMID: 35911253 PMCID: PMC9326157 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.913821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adequate sleep is vital for physical and mental wellbeing. Sleep-related problems including poor quality of sleep have been increasing throughout the world among reproductive-aged women. Poor sleep quality has been related with number of diseases and health problems However, evidences are scarce regarding poor sleep quality and its associated factors among women of the reproductive age group in Ethiopia. OBJECTIVE To assess sleep quality and associated factors among women of reproductive age group in Mizan Aman town, Southwest Ethiopia. METHOD Community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 606 reproductive-aged women from 06 November to 20 December 2020, in Mizan Aman town. Data were collected using structured interview administered questionnaires. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used to assess sleep quality. Multivariable logistic regression was applied using an adjusted odds ratio with a corresponding 95% confidence interval to evaluate the statistical significance of associated factors. RESULT The overall prevalence of poor sleep quality was 71.3%. The late age group of 42-49 (AOR, 95% CI; 1.21 (1.08-5.76), palpable/visible thyroid gland (AOR, 95% CI; 2. 12 (1.08-3.82), current substance use (AOR, 95% CI; 1.76 (1.11-6.10) and having premenstrual syndrome (AOR, 95% CI; 1.86 (1.38-3.12) were significantly associated with poor sleep quality among reproductive age group women. CONCLUSION Significant majority of reproductive age group women faced poor sleep quality. Therefore, screening of sleep patterns among this particular age group is warranted. Moreover, education about sleep hygiene needs to be given considering the identified factors to improve sleep quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biruk Bogale
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan Aman, Ethiopia
| | - Asrat Wolde
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mizan Tepi University, Mizan Aman, Ethiopia
| | - Nuredin Mohammed
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mizan Tepi University, Mizan Aman, Ethiopia
| | - Gachana Midaksa
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan Aman, Ethiopia
| | - Bayu Begashaw Bekele
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mizan-Tepi University, Mizan Aman, Ethiopia.,Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Abreu ÂMM, Costa RMFD, Jomar RT, Portela LF. Factors associated with psychoactive substance use among professional truck drivers. Rev Bras Enferm 2022; 75Suppl 3:e20210187. [DOI: 10.1590/0034-7167-2021-0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Objectives: to identify factors associated with the use of psychoactive substances among professional truck drivers. Methods: cross-sectional study that investigated the use of at least one psychoactive substance and its association with sociodemographic, occupational, and health characteristics in 354 professional truck drivers. Researchers collected data through face-to-face interviews using forms. Multiple regression analyzes estimated prevalence ratios (PR) and respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Results: lower family income (PR: 2.03; 95%CI: 1.08-3.83), symptoms of insomnia (PR: 2.18, 95%CI: 1.46-3.26), and long working hours (PR: 1.95, 95%CI: 1.30-2.92) independently associated with the use of at least one psychoactive substance. Conclusions: a set of sociodemographic, occupational, and health variables acts at distinct levels and is independently associated with the use of psychoactive substances among professional truck drivers.
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