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Javed S, Mangla B, Sultan MH, Almoshari Y, Sivadasan D, Alqahtani SS, Madkhali OA, Ahsan W. Pharmaceutical applications of therapeutic deep eutectic systems (THEDES) in maximising drug delivery. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29783. [PMID: 38694051 PMCID: PMC11058303 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The issue of poor solubility of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) has been a salient area of investigation and novel drug delivery systems are being developed to improve the solubility of drugs, enhance their permeability and thereby their efficacy. Several techniques for solubilization enhancement of poorly soluble drugs are often employed at various stages of pharmaceutical drug product development. One such delivery system is the therapeutic deep eutectic system (THEDES), which showed great potential in the enhancement of solubility and permeability of drugs and ultimately augmenting their bioavailability. THEDES are made by mixing drugs with deep eutectic solvents (DESs) in a definite molar ratio by the hit and trial method. The DESs are a new class of green solvents which are non-toxic, cheap, easy to prepare, biodegradable and have multiple applications in the pharmaceutical industry. The terminologies such as ionic liquids (ILs), DES, THEDES, and therapeutic liquid eutectic systems (THELES) have been very much in use recently, and it is important to highlight the pharmaceutical applications of these unexplored reservoirs in drug solubilization enhancement, drug delivery routes, and in the management of various diseases. This review is aimed at discussing the components, formulation strategies, and routes of administration of THEDES that are used in developing the formulation. Also, the major pharmaceutical applications of THEDES in the treatment of various metabolic and non-metabolic diseases are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamama Javed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bharti Mangla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Muhammad H. Sultan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yosif Almoshari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Durgaramani Sivadasan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad S. Alqahtani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama A. Madkhali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waquar Ahsan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
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Zheng G, Wu W, Liu Z, Lv Y, Luo Y, Che X, Wang L. Quercetin nanocrystals prepared using a microfluidic chip with improved in vitro dissolution. Pharm Dev Technol 2024; 29:143-152. [PMID: 38353125 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2024.2315444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In order to improve the dissolution property of quercetin (QCT), the quercetin nanocrystals (QNCs) were prepared in this study. METHODS QNCs were prepared by a 100 μm diameter Y-shape microfluidic channel. Some impact factors affecting the generation of QNCs such as concentration and flow rate were investigated. Furthermore, the fluid mixing in the microfluidic channel was simulated by fluid software. RESULTS XRPD and DSC analyses indicated that the prepared QNCs were amorphous. Stable QNCs with a particle size of 77.9 ± 3.63 nm and polydispersity index of 0.26 ± 0.02 were obtained. TEM showed that the as-prepared QNCs had a uniform spherical shape with an average particle size of about 100-300 nm. In the dissolution medium without cosolvent Tween -80, the dissolution of QCT was poor, its final accumulated dissolution was only 3.95%, while that of QNCs was 66%. CONCLUSION When QCT was changed to QNCs by microfluidic technology, its dissolution property could be obviously improved. Therefore, microfluidic technology as a new method to prepare nanocrystals has a good applying prospect in improving dissolution property for poorly water-soluble drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyan Zheng
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Wenli Wu
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Zemei Liu
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Yuanju Lv
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Yongming Luo
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Xin Che
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Lihong Wang
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
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Zhao X, Li M, Li M, Li W, Li A, Cheng Y, Pei D. Adhesive and biodegradable polymer mixture composed of high -biosafety pharmaceutical excipients as non-setting periodontal dressing. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:7067-7076. [PMID: 37724849 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01314f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Periodontal dressing is a surgical dressing applied to oral wounds after periodontal surgery. Currently, all commercially available setting periodontal dressings are stiff, uncomfortable, with poor aesthetics, and need to be removed at the patient's follow-up visit, which may cause secondary damage. A periodontal dressing with soft texture, biodegradable properties, and that could balance both comfort and aesthetics is urgently desired. Hence, non-setting and degradable dressings were developed using sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, Eudragit S 100 and povidone K30, which were compared with the commercial degradable dressing Reso-pac®. The mucosal adhesion of the dressings was evaluated by lap shear tests, which indicated adequate adhesion. The in vitro swelling rates of the dressings were approximately half that of Reso-pac®, which led to less saliva adsorption and better dimensional stability. The dressings also exhibited satisfactory biocompatibility according to the results of CCK-8, Live/Dead staining, hemolysis, and subcutaneous implantation assays. Moreover, the dressing promoted the healing of full-thickness mucosal wounds in the palatal gingivae of SD rats and contributed to better therapeutic effect than Reso-pac®. Considering the multiple advantages and the pure pharmaceutical excipient formula, we anticipate that this dressing could be a promising product and may enter clinical practice in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Meiwen Li
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Meng Li
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Wenbo Li
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Ang Li
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Yilong Cheng
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Dandan Pei
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
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Liu L, Zhang H. Milk Thistle Oil Extracted by Enzyme-Mediated Assisted Solvent Extraction Compared with n-Hexane and Cold-Pressed Extraction. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062591. [PMID: 36985564 PMCID: PMC10057341 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Silymarin and milk thistle oil have unique biological benefits; however, applying silymarin to milk thistle oil remains a challenge. In this research, the content of silymarin in milk thistle oil conditions using enzyme-mediated solvent extraction was investigated and optimized by response surface methodology. The optimal extraction conditions using enzyme-mediated solvent extraction were as follows: the enzyme-added content was 3.06 mg/mL, the enzymatic hydrolysis temperature was 55.09 °C, and the enzymatic hydrolysis time was 66.28 min. Oil extracted by the enzyme-mediated assisted solvent was further compared with those extracted with n-hexane and cold pressing. Results indicated that the oil extraction using the enzyme-mediated assisted solvent had a lower acid value (2.20 ± 0.01 mg/g) and the highest α-tocopherol content (0.62 ± 0.00 mg/g), total phenols (7.67 ± 0.01 mg/g), and flavonoids (1.06 ± 0.13 mg/g). Furthermore, the antioxidant capacity of milk thistle oils was further investigated. The results showed that the enzyme-mediated assisted solvent-extracted oil had the strongest antioxidant capacity with lower lipid oxide content. Therefore, enzyme-mediated solvent extraction is an excellent method for extracting milk thistle oil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hua Zhang
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-433-15567600103; Fax: +86-433-243-5510
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Jabeen N, Sohail M, Shah SA, Mahmood A, Khan S, Kashif MUR, Khaliq T. Silymarin nanocrystals-laden chondroitin sulphate-based thermoreversible hydrogels; A promising approach for bioavailability enhancement. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 218:456-472. [PMID: 35872320 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogels has gained tremendous interest as a controlled release drug delivery. However, currently it is a big challenge to attain high drug-loading as well as stable and sustained release of hydrophobic drugs. The poor aqueous solubility and low bioavailability of many drugs have driven the need for research in new formulations. This manuscript hypothesized that incorporation of nanocrystals of hydrophobic drug, such as silymarin into thermoreversible hydrogel could be a solution to these problems. Herein, we prepared nanocrystals of silymarin by antisolvent precipitation technique and characterized for morphology, particle size, polydispersity index (PDI) and zeta potential. Moreover, physical cross-linking of hydrogel formulations based on chondroitin sulphate (CS), kappa-Carrageenan (κ-Cr) and Pluronic® F127 was confirmed by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The hydrogel gelation time and temperature of optimized hydrogel was 14 ± 3.2 s and 34 ± 0.6 °C, respectively. The release data revealed controlled release of silymarin up to 48 h and in-vivo pharmacokinetic profiling was done in rabbits and further analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). It is believed that the nanocrystals loaded thermoreversible injectable hydrogel system fabricated in this study provides high drug loading as well as controlled and stable release of hydrophobic drug for extended period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazish Jabeen
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, 22010, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sohail
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, 22010, Pakistan.
| | - Syed Ahmed Shah
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, 22010, Pakistan; Faculty of Pharmacy, Superior University, Lahore, Punjab-Pakistan
| | - Arshad Mahmood
- Collage of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; AAU Health and Biomedical Research Center, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shahzeb Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Lower Dir, KPK, Pakistan
| | | | - Touba Khaliq
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, 22010, Pakistan
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Shriram RG, Moin A, Alotaibi HF, Khafagy ES, Al Saqr A, Abu Lila AS, Charyulu RN. Phytosomes as a Plausible Nano-Delivery System for Enhanced Oral Bioavailability and Improved Hepatoprotective Activity of Silymarin. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15070790. [PMID: 35890088 PMCID: PMC9318442 DOI: 10.3390/ph15070790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Silymarin, a phyto-constituent derived from the plant Silybum marianum, has been widely acknowledged for its hepatoprotective activities. Nevertheless, its clinical utility is adversely hampered by its poor water-solubility and its limited oral bioavailability. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of phospholipid-based phytosomes for enhancing the oral bioavailability of silymarin. The phytosomes were prepared using the solvent evaporation technique and were optimized using a full factorial design. The optimized silymarin phytosomal formulation was then characterized for particle size, surface morphology, aqueous solubility, and in vitro drug release. Furthermore, in vivo antioxidant activity, hepatoprotective activity and oral bioavailability of the optimized formula were investigated in a rat model. The prepared silymarin phytosomes were discrete particles with a porous, nearly smooth surface and were 218.4 ± 2.54 nm in diameter. In addition, the optimized silymarin phytosomal formulation showed a significant improvement in aqueous solubility (~360 µg/mL) compared to pure silymarin and manifested a higher rate and extent of silymarin release from the optimized formula in dissolution studies. The in vivo assessment studies revealed that the optimized silymarin phytosomal formulation efficiently exerted a hepatoprotective effect in a CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity rat model via restoring the normal levels of antioxidant enzymes and ameliorating cellular abnormalities caused by CCl4-intoxication. Most notably, as compared to pure silymarin, the optimized silymarin phytosomal formulation significantly improved silymarin oral bioavailability, as indicated by a 6-fold increase in the systemic bioavailability. Collectively, phytosomes might represent a plausible phospholipid-based nanocarrier for improving the oral bioavailability of phyto-constituents with poor aqueous solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Gundadka Shriram
- Department of Pharmaceutics, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India;
| | - Afrasim Moin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 81442, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hadil Faris Alotaibi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdul Rahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - El-Sayed Khafagy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; (E.-S.K.); (A.A.S.)
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Al Saqr
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; (E.-S.K.); (A.A.S.)
| | - Amr Selim Abu Lila
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
- Correspondence: (A.S.A.L.); (R.N.C.)
| | - Rompicherla Narayana Charyulu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nitte (Deemed to be University), Mangalore 575018, Karnataka, India;
- Correspondence: (A.S.A.L.); (R.N.C.)
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Rath P, Ranjan A, Ghosh A, Chauhan A, Gurnani M, Tuli HS, Habeeballah H, Alkhanani MF, Haque S, Dhama K, Verma NK, Jindal T. Potential Therapeutic Target Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase-1B for Modulation of Insulin Resistance with Polyphenols and Its Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationship. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27072212. [PMID: 35408611 PMCID: PMC9000704 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase in the number of cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the complications associated with the side effects of chemical/synthetic drugs have raised concerns about the safety of the drugs. Hence, there is an urgent need to explore and identify natural bioactive compounds as alternative drugs. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) functions as a negative regulator and is therefore considered as one of the key protein targets modulating insulin signaling and insulin resistance. This article deals with the screening of a database of polyphenols against PTP1B activity for the identification of a potential inhibitor. The research plan had two clear objectives. Under first objective, we conducted a quantitative structure–activity relationship analysis of flavonoids with PTP1B that revealed the strongest correlation (R2 = 93.25%) between the number of aromatic bonds (naro) and inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of PTP1B. The second objective emphasized the binding potential of the selected polyphenols against the activity of PTP1B using molecular docking, molecular dynamic (MD) simulation and free energy estimation. Among all the polyphenols, silydianin, a flavonolignan, was identified as a lead compound that possesses drug-likeness properties, has a higher negative binding energy of −7.235 kcal/mol and a pKd value of 5.2. The free energy-based binding affinity (ΔG) was estimated to be −7.02 kcal/mol. MD simulation revealed the stability of interacting residues (Gly183, Arg221, Thr263 and Asp265). The results demonstrated that the identified polyphenol, silydianin, could act as a promising natural PTP1B inhibitor that can modulate the insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prangya Rath
- Amity Institute of Environmental Sciences, Amity University, Noida 201303, India; (P.R.); (M.G.)
| | - Anuj Ranjan
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, 344006 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (A.G.); Tel.: +91-999-090-7571 (A.R.); +91-967-862-9146 (A.G.)
| | - Arabinda Ghosh
- Microbiology Division, Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Guwahati 781014, India
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (A.G.); Tel.: +91-999-090-7571 (A.R.); +91-967-862-9146 (A.G.)
| | - Abhishek Chauhan
- Amity Institute of Environmental Toxicology Safety and Management, Amity University, Noida 201303, India; (A.C.); (T.J.)
| | - Manisha Gurnani
- Amity Institute of Environmental Sciences, Amity University, Noida 201303, India; (P.R.); (M.G.)
| | - Hardeep Singh Tuli
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala 133207, India;
| | - Hamza Habeeballah
- Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh Branch, Rabigh 25732, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mustfa F. Alkhanani
- Emergency Service Department, College of Applied Sciences, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh 11597, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
- Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludağ University Görükle Campus, Nilüfer 16059, Turkey
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India;
| | - Naval Kumar Verma
- Homeopathy, Ministry of Ayush, Ayush Bhawan, B Block, GPO Complex INA, New Delhi 110023, India;
| | - Tanu Jindal
- Amity Institute of Environmental Toxicology Safety and Management, Amity University, Noida 201303, India; (A.C.); (T.J.)
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