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Okazaki E, Barion BG, da Rocha TRF, Di Giacomo G, Ho YL, Rothschild C, Fatobene G, de Carvalho Moraes BDG, Stefanello B, Villaça PR, Rocha VG, Orsi FA. Persistent hypofibrinolysis in severe COVID-19 associated with elevated fibrinolysis inhibitors activity. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2024; 57:721-729. [PMID: 38523179 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-024-02961-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Hypercoagulability and reduced fibrinolysis are well-established complications associated with COVID-19. However, the timelines for the onset and resolution of these complications remain unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate, in a cohort of COVID-19 patients, changes in coagulation and fibrinolytic activity through ROTEM assay at different time points during the initial 30 days following the onset of symptoms in both mild and severe cases. Blood samples were collected at five intervals after symptoms onset: 6-10 days, 11-15 days, 16-20 days, 21-25 days, and 26-30 days. In addition, fibrinogen, plasminogen, PAI-1, and alpha 2-antiplasmin activities were determined. Out of 85 participants, 71% had mild COVID-19. Twenty uninfected individuals were evaluated as controls. ROTEM parameters showed a hypercoagulable state among mild COVID-19 patients beginning in the second week of symptoms onset, with a trend towards reversal after the third week of symptoms. In severe COVID-19 cases, hypercoagulability was observed since the first few days of symptoms, with a tendency towards reversal after the fourth week of symptoms onset. A hypofibrinolytic state was identified in severe COVID-19 patients from early stages and persisted even after 30 days of symptoms. Elevated activity of PAI-1 and alpha 2-antiplasmin was also detected in severe COVID-19 patients. In conclusion, both mild and severe cases of COVID-19 exhibited transient hypercoagulability, reverted by the end of the first month. However, severe COVID-19 cases sustain hypofibrinolysis throughout the course of the disease, which is associated with elevated activity of fibrinolysis inhibitors. Persistent hypofibrinolysis could contribute to long COVID-19 manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Okazaki
- University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Sao Paulo da USP, 255 - Cerqueira César, Sao Paulo, SP, 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Gomes Barion
- University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Sao Paulo da USP, 255 - Cerqueira César, Sao Paulo, SP, 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Tania Rubia Flores da Rocha
- Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Sao Paulo da USP, 255 - Cerqueira César, Sao Paulo, SP, 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Di Giacomo
- Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Sao Paulo da USP, 255 - Cerqueira César, Sao Paulo, SP, 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Yeh-Li Ho
- Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Sao Paulo da USP, 255 - Cerqueira César, Sao Paulo, SP, 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Cynthia Rothschild
- Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Sao Paulo da USP, 255 - Cerqueira César, Sao Paulo, SP, 05403-000, Brazil
| | | | | | - Bianca Stefanello
- Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Sao Paulo da USP, 255 - Cerqueira César, Sao Paulo, SP, 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Paula Ribeiro Villaça
- Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Sao Paulo da USP, 255 - Cerqueira César, Sao Paulo, SP, 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Vanderson Geraldo Rocha
- Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Sao Paulo da USP, 255 - Cerqueira César, Sao Paulo, SP, 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Andrade Orsi
- Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Sao Paulo da USP, 255 - Cerqueira César, Sao Paulo, SP, 05403-000, Brazil.
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil.
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Serebriakoff P, Cafferkey J, de Wit K, Horner DE, Reed MJ. Pulmonary embolism management in the emergency department: part 2. J Accid Emerg Med 2023; 40:69-75. [PMID: 35383107 DOI: 10.1136/emermed-2021-212001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary embolism (PE) can present with a range of severity. Prognostic risk stratification is important for efficacious and safe management. This second of two review articles discusses the management of high-, intermediate- and low-risk PE. We discuss strategies to identify patients suitable for urgent outpatient care in addition to identification of patients who would benefit from thrombolysis. We discuss specific subgroups of patients where optimal treatment differs from the usual approach and identify emerging management paradigms exploring new therapies and subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Cafferkey
- Emergency Medicine Research Group Edinburgh (EMERGE), NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kerstin de Wit
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel E Horner
- Emergency Department, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK.,Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Matthew J Reed
- Emergency Medicine Research Group Edinburgh (EMERGE), NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK .,Acute Care Group, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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