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Costa JP, Sousa SA, Leitão JH, Marques F, Alves MM, Carvalho MFNN. Insights into the Dual Anticancer and Antibacterial Activities of Composites Based on Silver Camphorimine Complexes. J Funct Biomater 2024; 15:240. [PMID: 39330216 PMCID: PMC11433458 DOI: 10.3390/jfb15090240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is a widely used biocompatible material in orthopedic composite preparations. However, HAp composites that exhibit both anticancer and antibacterial activities through bioactive coordination complexes are relatively rare. To explore orthopedic applications, we blended several silver camphorimine compounds with HAp to create [Ag(I)] composites. All compounds [Ag(NO3)(L)n] (n = 1,2) based on camphorimine (LA), camphor sulfonimine (LB) or imine bi-camphor (LC) ligands demonstrated significant cytotoxic activity (IC50 = 0.30-2.6 μgAg/mL) against osteosarcoma cancer cells (HOS). Based on their structural and electronic characteristics, four complexes (1-4) were selected for antibacterial evaluation against Escherichia coli, Burkholderia contaminans, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. All complexes (1-4) revealed combined anticancer and antibacterial activities; therefore, they were used to prepare [Ag(I)]:HAp composites of 50:50% and 20:80% weight compositions and the activities of the composites were assessed. Results showed that they retain the dual anticancer and antibacterial characteristics of their precursor complexes. To replicate the clinical context of bone-filling applications, hand-pressed surfaces (pellets) were prepared. It is worth highlighting that no agglutination agent was necessary for the pellet's consistency. The biological properties of the so-prepared pellets were assessed, and the HOS cells and bacteria spreading on the pellet's surface were analyzed by SEM. Notably, composite 4B, derived from the bicamphor (LC) complex [Ag(NO3)(OC10H14N(C6H4)2NC10H14O)], exhibited significant anticancer activity against HOS cells and antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa, fostering potential clinical applications on post-surgical OS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana P Costa
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences and Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida António José de Almeida, n.º 12, 1000-043 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sílvia A Sousa
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida António José de Almeida, n.º 12, 1000-043 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jorge H Leitão
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida António José de Almeida, n.º 12, 1000-043 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Marques
- C2TN-Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares and Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, EN 10, km 139.7, Bobadela, 2695-066 Loures, Portugal
| | - Marta M Alves
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences and Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida António José de Almeida, n.º 12, 1000-043 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Fernanda N N Carvalho
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences and Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida António José de Almeida, n.º 12, 1000-043 Lisboa, Portugal
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2
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De Luca A, Capuana E, Carbone C, Raimondi L, Carfì Pavia F, Brucato V, La Carrubba V, Giavaresi G. Three-dimensional (3D) polylactic acid gradient scaffold to study the behavior of osteosarcoma cells under dynamic conditions. J Biomed Mater Res A 2024; 112:841-851. [PMID: 38185851 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
This study adopts an in vitro method to recapitulate the behavior of Saos-2 cells, using a system composed of a perfusion bioreactor and poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) scaffold fabricated using the low-cost thermally-induced phase separation (TIPS) technique. Four distinct scaffold morphologies with different pore sizes were fabricated, characterized by Scanning electron microscopy and micro-CT analysis and tested with osteosarcoma cells under static and dynamic environments to identify the best morphology for cellular growth. In order to accomplish this purpose, cell growth and matrix deposition of the Saos-2 osteosarcoma cell line were assessed using Picogreen and OsteoImage assays. The obtained data allowed us to identify the morphology that better promotes Saos-2 cellular activity in static and dynamic conditions. These findings provided valuable insights into scaffold design and fabrication strategies, emphasizing the importance of the dynamic culture to recreate an appropriate 3D osteosarcoma model. Remarkably, the gradient scaffold exhibits promise for osteosarcoma applications, offering the potential for targeted tissue engineering approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela De Luca
- Surgical Science and Technologies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisa Capuana
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Camilla Carbone
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Lavinia Raimondi
- Surgical Science and Technologies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Valerio Brucato
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Gianluca Giavaresi
- Surgical Science and Technologies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
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Menotti F, Scutera S, Coppola B, Longo F, Mandras N, Cavallo L, Comini S, Sparti R, Fiume E, Cuffini AM, Banche G, Palmero P, Allizond V. Tuning of Silver Content on the Antibacterial and Biological Properties of Poly(ɛ-caprolactone)/Biphasic Calcium Phosphate 3D-Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3618. [PMID: 37688244 PMCID: PMC10489712 DOI: 10.3390/polym15173618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing interest in tissue engineering, in which biomaterials play a pivotal role in promoting bone regeneration. Furthermore, smart functionalization can provide biomaterials with the additional role of preventing orthopedic infections. Due to the growing microbial resistance to antimicrobials used to treat those infections, metal ions, such as silver, thanks to their known wide range of bactericidal properties, are believed to be promising additives in developing antibacterial biomaterials. In this work, novel poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL)-based 3D scaffolds have been designed and developed, where the polymer matrix was modified with both silver (Ag), to supply antibacterial behavior, and calcium phosphates (biphasic calcium phosphate, BCP) particles to impart bioactive/bioresorbable properties. The microstructural analysis showed that constructs were characterized by square-shaped macropores, in line with the morphology and size of the templating salts used as pore formers. Degradation tests demonstrated the important role of calcium phosphates in improving PCL hydrophilicity, leading to a higher degradation degree for BCP/PCL composites compared to the neat polymer after 18 days of soaking. The appearance of an inhibition halo around the silver-functionalized PCL scaffolds for assayed microorganisms and a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in both adherent and planktonic bacteria demonstrate the Ag+ release from the 3D constructs. Furthermore, the PCL scaffolds enriched with the lowest silver percentages did not hamper the viability and proliferation of Saos-2 cells. A synergic combination of antimicrobial, osteoproliferative and biodegradable features provided to 3D scaffolds the required potential for bone tissue engineering, beside anti-microbial properties for reduction in prosthetic joints infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Menotti
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (F.M.); (S.S.); (F.L.); (N.M.); (L.C.); (R.S.); (A.M.C.); (V.A.)
| | - Sara Scutera
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (F.M.); (S.S.); (F.L.); (N.M.); (L.C.); (R.S.); (A.M.C.); (V.A.)
| | - Bartolomeo Coppola
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy; (B.C.); (P.P.)
| | - Fabio Longo
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (F.M.); (S.S.); (F.L.); (N.M.); (L.C.); (R.S.); (A.M.C.); (V.A.)
| | - Narcisa Mandras
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (F.M.); (S.S.); (F.L.); (N.M.); (L.C.); (R.S.); (A.M.C.); (V.A.)
| | - Lorenza Cavallo
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (F.M.); (S.S.); (F.L.); (N.M.); (L.C.); (R.S.); (A.M.C.); (V.A.)
| | - Sara Comini
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (F.M.); (S.S.); (F.L.); (N.M.); (L.C.); (R.S.); (A.M.C.); (V.A.)
| | - Rosaria Sparti
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (F.M.); (S.S.); (F.L.); (N.M.); (L.C.); (R.S.); (A.M.C.); (V.A.)
| | - Elisa Fiume
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy; (B.C.); (P.P.)
| | - Anna Maria Cuffini
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (F.M.); (S.S.); (F.L.); (N.M.); (L.C.); (R.S.); (A.M.C.); (V.A.)
| | - Giuliana Banche
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (F.M.); (S.S.); (F.L.); (N.M.); (L.C.); (R.S.); (A.M.C.); (V.A.)
| | - Paola Palmero
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 10129 Turin, Italy; (B.C.); (P.P.)
| | - Valeria Allizond
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy; (F.M.); (S.S.); (F.L.); (N.M.); (L.C.); (R.S.); (A.M.C.); (V.A.)
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Shi P, Cheng Z, Zhao K, Chen Y, Zhang A, Gan W, Zhang Y. Active targeting schemes for nano-drug delivery systems in osteosarcoma therapeutics. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:103. [PMID: 36944946 PMCID: PMC10031984 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-01826-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma, the most common malignant tumor of the bone, seriously influences people's lives and increases their economic burden. Conventional chemotherapy drugs achieve limited therapeutic effects owing to poor targeting and severe systemic toxicity. Nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems can significantly enhance the utilization efficiency of chemotherapeutic drugs through targeting ligand modifications and reduce the occurrence of systemic adverse effects. A variety of ligand-modified nano-drug delivery systems have been developed for different targeting schemes. Here we review the biological characteristics and the main challenges of current drug therapy of OS, and further elaborate on different targeting schemes and ligand selection for nano-drug delivery systems of osteosarcoma, which may provide new horizons for the development of advanced targeted drug delivery systems in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengzhi Shi
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Zhangrong Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Kangcheng Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yuhang Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Anran Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Weikang Gan
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yukun Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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Merlo A, González-Martínez E, Saad K, Gomez M, Grewal M, Deering J, DiCecco LA, Hosseinidoust Z, Sask KN, Moran-Mirabal JM, Grandfield K. Functionalization of 3D Printed Scaffolds Using Polydopamine and Silver Nanoparticles for Bone-Interfacing Applications. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:1161-1172. [PMID: 36881860 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
The prevention of bacterial colonization and the stimulation of osseointegration are two major requirements for bone-interfacing materials to reduce the incidence of complications and promote the restoration of the patient's health. The present investigation developed an effective, two-step functionalization of 3D printed scaffolds intended for bone-interfacing applications using a simple polydopamine (PDA) dip-coating method followed by the formation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) after a second coating step in silver nitrate. 3D printed polymeric substrates coated with a ∼20 nm PDA layer and 70 nm diameter AgNPs proved effective in hindering Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation, with a 3000-8000-fold reduction in the number of bacterial colonies formed. The implementation of porous geometries significantly accelerated osteoblast-like cell growth. Microscopy characterization further elucidated homogeneity, features, and penetration of the coating inside the scaffold. A proof-of-concept coating on titanium substrates attests to the transferability of the method to other materials, broadening the range of applications both in and outside the medical sector. The antibacterial efficiency of the coating is likely to lead to a decrease in the number of bacterial infections developed after surgery in the presence of these coatings on prosthetics, thus translating to a reduction in revision surgeries and improved health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Merlo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Eduardo González-Martínez
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Kamal Saad
- School of Interdisciplinary Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Mellissa Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Manjot Grewal
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Joseph Deering
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Liza-Anastasia DiCecco
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Zeinab Hosseinidoust
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
- Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Kyla N Sask
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
- Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Jose M Moran-Mirabal
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
- Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
- Centre for Advanced Light Microscopy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Kathryn Grandfield
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
- Brockhouse Institute for Materials Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
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Burdușel AC, Gherasim O, Andronescu E, Grumezescu AM, Ficai A. Inorganic Nanoparticles in Bone Healing Applications. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:770. [PMID: 35456604 PMCID: PMC9027776 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern biomedicine aims to develop integrated solutions that use medical, biotechnological, materials science, and engineering concepts to create functional alternatives for the specific, selective, and accurate management of medical conditions. In the particular case of tissue engineering, designing a model that simulates all tissue qualities and fulfills all tissue requirements is a continuous challenge in the field of bone regeneration. The therapeutic protocols used for bone healing applications are limited by the hierarchical nature and extensive vascularization of osseous tissue, especially in large bone lesions. In this regard, nanotechnology paves the way for a new era in bone treatment, repair and regeneration, by enabling the fabrication of complex nanostructures that are similar to those found in the natural bone and which exhibit multifunctional bioactivity. This review aims to lay out the tremendous outcomes of using inorganic nanoparticles in bone healing applications, including bone repair and regeneration, and modern therapeutic strategies for bone-related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra-Cristina Burdușel
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1–7 Gheorghe Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-C.B.); (O.G.); (A.M.G.); (A.F.)
| | - Oana Gherasim
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1–7 Gheorghe Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-C.B.); (O.G.); (A.M.G.); (A.F.)
- Lasers Department, National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomiștilor Street, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Ecaterina Andronescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1–7 Gheorghe Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-C.B.); (O.G.); (A.M.G.); (A.F.)
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 3 Ilfov Street, 050044 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1–7 Gheorghe Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-C.B.); (O.G.); (A.M.G.); (A.F.)
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 3 Ilfov Street, 050044 Bucharest, Romania
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest—ICUB, University of Bucharest, 90–92 Panduri Road, 050657 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anton Ficai
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1–7 Gheorghe Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania; (A.-C.B.); (O.G.); (A.M.G.); (A.F.)
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 3 Ilfov Street, 050044 Bucharest, Romania
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Păduraru DN, Ion D, Niculescu AG, Mușat F, Andronic O, Grumezescu AM, Bolocan A. Recent Developments in Metallic Nanomaterials for Cancer Therapy, Diagnosing and Imaging Applications. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:435. [PMID: 35214167 PMCID: PMC8874382 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer continues to represent a global health concern, imposing an ongoing need to research for better treatment alternatives. In this context, nanomedicine seems to be the solution to existing problems, bringing unprecedented results in various biomedical applications, including cancer therapy, diagnosing, and imaging. As numerous studies have uncovered the advantageous properties of various nanoscale metals, this review aims to present metal-based nanoparticles that are most frequently employed for cancer applications. This paper follows the description of relevant nanoparticles made of metals, metal derivatives, hybrids, and alloys, further discussing in more detail their potential applications in cancer management, ranging from the delivery of chemotherapeutics, vaccines, and genes to ablative hyperthermia therapies and theranostic platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Nicolae Păduraru
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (D.N.P.); (D.I.); (F.M.); (O.A.); (A.B.)
- Emergency University Hospital of Bucharest, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniel Ion
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (D.N.P.); (D.I.); (F.M.); (O.A.); (A.B.)
- Emergency University Hospital of Bucharest, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adelina-Gabriela Niculescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Florentina Mușat
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (D.N.P.); (D.I.); (F.M.); (O.A.); (A.B.)
- Emergency University Hospital of Bucharest, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Octavian Andronic
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (D.N.P.); (D.I.); (F.M.); (O.A.); (A.B.)
- Emergency University Hospital of Bucharest, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest—ICUB, University of Bucharest, 050657 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov No. 3, 50044 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandra Bolocan
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (D.N.P.); (D.I.); (F.M.); (O.A.); (A.B.)
- Emergency University Hospital of Bucharest, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
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