Attenuation in Proinflammatory Factors and Reduction in Neuronal Cell Apoptosis and Cerebral Vasospasm by Minocycline during Early Phase after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in the Rat

Clinical Potential of Immunotherapies in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Treatment: Mechanistic Dissection of Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), classified as a medical emergency, is a devastating and severe subtype of stroke. SAH induces an immune response, which further triggers brain injury; however, the underlying mechanisms need to be further elucidated. The current research is predominantly focused on the production of specific subtypes of immune cells, especially innate immune cells, post-SAH onset. Increasing evidence suggests the critical role of immune responses in SAH pathophysiology; however, studies on the role and clinical significance of adaptive immunity post-SAH are limited. In this present study, we briefly review the mechanistic dissection of innate and adaptive immune responses post-SAH. Additionally, we summarized the experimental studies and clinical trials of immunotherapies for SAH treatment, which may form the basis for the development of improved therapeutic approaches for the clinical management of SAH in the future.

Cytokines and subarachnoid hemorrhage

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) remains a potentially devastating cerebrovascular disease with a high morbidity and mortality rate, irrespective of treatment. The disease still has a 40-50% mortality rate with a 70% rate of cerebral vasospasm in those patients. The release of cytokines has been implicated in the development and progression of SAH. In this paper, we will explore the role of cytokines in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH), including their effects on the inflammatory response, cerebral vasospasm, blood-brain barrier disruption, and neuronal damage. We also identify the role of the glymphatic system in progression of aSAH. The review will also briefly touch upon current research on potential therapeutic targets aimed at modulating cytokine activity in patients with aSAH. This review aims to give an in-depth review of the cytokines involved in aSAH and serve as a catalyst to research directed towards treatment options for aSAH.