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Ng QX, Liau MYQ, Tan YY, Tang ASP, Ong C, Thumboo J, Lee CE. A Systematic Review of the Reliability and Validity of the Patient Activation Measure Tool. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:1079. [PMID: 38891154 PMCID: PMC11171848 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12111079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Patient activation, broadly defined as the ability of individuals to manage their health and navigate the healthcare system effectively, is crucial for achieving positive health outcomes. The Patient Activation Measure (PAM), a popularly used tool, was developed to assess this vital component of health care. This review is the first to systematically examine the validity of the PAM, as well as study its reliability, factor structure, and validity across various populations. Following the PRISMA and COSMIN guidelines, a search was conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library, from inception to 1 October 2023, using combinations of keywords related to patient activation and the PAM. The inclusion criteria were original quantitative or mixed methods studies focusing on PAM-13 or its translated versions and containing data on psychometric properties. Out of 3007 abstracts retrieved, 39 studies were included in the final review. The PAM has been extensively studied across diverse populations and geographical regions, including the United States, Europe, Asia, and Australia. Most studies looked at populations with chronic conditions. Only two studies applied the PAM to community-dwelling individuals and found support for its use. Studies predominantly showed a high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha > 0.80) for the PAM. Most studies supported a unidimensional construct of patient activation, although cultural differences influenced the factor structure in some cases. Construct validity was established through correlations with health behaviors and outcomes. Despite its strengths, there is a need for further research, particularly in exploring content validity and differential item functioning. Expanding the PAM's application to more diverse demographic groups and community-dwelling individuals could enhance our understanding of patient activation and its impact on health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Xiang Ng
- Health Services Research Unit, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169608, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117549, Singapore
| | - Matthias Yi Quan Liau
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Yong Yi Tan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Ansel Shao Pin Tang
- NUS Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Clarence Ong
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117549, Singapore
| | - Julian Thumboo
- Health Services Research Unit, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169608, Singapore
- NUS Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Medicine Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Chien Earn Lee
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore 117549, Singapore
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Medicine Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- SingHealth Office of Regional Health, Singapore 911532, Singapore
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Almalag HM, Alshehri MM, Altokhais NA, Aljanobi GA, Dessougi MIE, AlHarthi A, Omair MA, Attar SM, Bahlas SM, Alfurayj AS, Alazmi MS, Asiri AM, AlOmair MM, Al Juffali LI, Omair MA. Exploring factors influencing patient activation in Saudi rheumatoid arthritis patients: A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Survey-Results from the COPARA study. Immun Inflamm Dis 2023; 11:e1101. [PMID: 38018573 PMCID: PMC10681035 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate patient activation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients using patient activation measure 13 (PAM-13) on a national level in Saudi Arabia. METHOD A national survey was administered across multiple centers in Saudi Arabia. Patient activation was assessed using the PAM-13. The Compliance Questionnaire for Rheumatology (CQR) and the RA Impact of Disease (RAID) tool were also administered. The data from the survey were analyzed, and the results were stratified based on activation level. All factors affecting patient activation were explored and reported. RESULTS A total of 1241 participants were included. Most of the patients were females (85%), the mean age was 47 (±14), and most patients lived in the central region (47%). The mean (±standard deviation) patient activation score was 578.7 (±13.0). Patient activation was affected by multiple factors: demographic characteristics, such as education, with a beta value of 1.11 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.64 ̶1.58, p < .001). Higher CQR scores were associated with higher activation levels, with a beta value of 2.61 (95% CI 0.80 ̶4.44, p = .005), and higher RAID scores were associated with lower activation levels, with a beta value of 3.13 (95% CI 1.36 ̶4.91, p = .001). CONCLUSIONS Patient activation was affected by several demographic characteristics and the impact of RA. A higher activation may improve compliance. Future longitudinal studies are required to confirm these findings and should explore the underlying mechanism of these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haya M. Almalag
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of PharmacyKing Saud UniversityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Ghada A. Aljanobi
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology UnitJohns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran Saudi ArabiaDhahranSaudi Arabia
| | - Maha I. El Dessougi
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology UnitSecurity Forces HospitalRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | - Amal AlHarthi
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology UnitSecurity Forces HospitalRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | - Maha A. Omair
- Department of Statistics and Operations Research, College of ScienceKing Saud UniversityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | - Suzan M. Attar
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology UnitKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia
| | - Sami M. Bahlas
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology UnitKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahSaudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah S. Alfurayj
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology UnitBuraidah Central HospitalBuraidahSaudi Arabia
| | - Mansour S. Alazmi
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology UnitPrince Mohammed Medical CitySakaka‐AljoufSaudi Arabia
| | - Alhussain M. Asiri
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology UnitAseer Central HospitalAbhaSaudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M. AlOmair
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology UnitAseer Central HospitalAbhaSaudi Arabia
| | - Lobna I. Al Juffali
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of PharmacyKing Saud UniversityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A. Omair
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology UnitKing Saud UniversityRiyadhSaudi Arabia
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COVID-19′s Psychological Impact on Chronic Disease Patients Seeking Medical Care. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11060888. [PMID: 36981545 PMCID: PMC10048099 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11060888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The outbreak has harmed patients with multiple comorbidities and chronic conditions. The pandemic’s psychological impact is thought to change their routine of seeking medical care. Research Question or Hypothesis: During COVID-19, patients with chronic conditions may experience anxiety, depression, and stress, and their pattern of seeking medical care may change. Materials and Methods: In May 2021, a cross-sectional, web-based study of patients with chronic diseases was conducted. Eligible patients (1036) were assessed for psychological disorders, primarily depression, stress, and anxiety, using the DASS-21 scale, and their pattern of receiving medical care during COVID-19. Results: During the pandemic, 52.5% of the patients with chronic diseases were depressed, 57.9% were anxious, and 35.6% were stressed. Patients with chronic diseases who had moderate to severe depression (34.9% versus 45.1%, p = 0.001), moderate to severe anxiety (43.6% versus 53.8%, p = 0.001), or moderate to severe stress (14.9% versus 34.8%, p = 0.001) were significantly more likely to have no follow-up for their chronic conditions. Conclusions: Patients with chronic conditions experienced significant anxiety, depression, and stress during COVID-19, which changed their pattern of seeking medical care, and the majority of them did not receive follow-up for their chronic conditions.
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Zhu Y, Song Y, Wang Y, Ji H, Wang D, Cai S, Wang A. Relationships among patient activation, social support and online health information seeking of community-dwelling older adults living with coronary heart disease. J Adv Nurs 2023; 79:161-169. [PMID: 36052639 DOI: 10.1111/jan.15428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To explore the relationship between patient activation (subjective initiative of patients to participate in disease management in self-health care), social support, self-efficacy and online health information seeking among older patients with coronary heart disease. DESIGN A cross-sectional and survey-based design. METHODS A total of 451 older patients with coronary heart disease were recruited from July to November 2021 from four communities in Qingdao, China. We collected data using the Patient Activation Measure, Social Support Rating Scale, Self-Efficacy Scale and Online Health Information Seeking Scale. We performed structural equation modelling to analyse the data. RESULTS The final model showed good model fit. Patient activation influenced online health information seeking directly (β = .39, p < .05) and indirectly through self-efficacy (β = .17, p < .05). Social support influenced online health information seeking directly (β = .23, p < .05) and indirectly through self-efficacy (β = .03, p < .05). Self-efficacy directly influenced online health information seeking (β = .26, p < .05). CONCLUSIONS We identified the interrelationships of patient activation, social support and self-efficacy and their influence on the online health information seeking of older patients with coronary heart disease. Our findings provide a theoretical basis for developing and evaluating interventions to enhance online health information seeking for older patients with coronary heart disease. IMPACT These findings add a better understanding of the relationship between patient activation, social support, self-efficacy and online health information seeking in older patients with coronary heart disease, and help community health workers to intervene in the early stage of disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Zhu
- School of Nursing, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuting Song
- School of Nursing, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yinuo Wang
- School of Nursing, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Heqian Ji
- School of Nursing, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Derong Wang
- School of Nursing, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shuo Cai
- School of Nursing, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Aimin Wang
- School of Nursing, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Zakeri MA, Khoram S, Bazmandegan G, Ghaedi-Heidari F, Talebi B, Ramezani N, Ahmadi F, Kamiab Z, Dehghan M. Postpartum depression and its correlates: a cross-sectional study in southeast Iran. BMC Womens Health 2022; 22:387. [PMID: 36138378 PMCID: PMC9494808 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-022-01978-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Postpartum depression has a negative impact on both infants and women. This study aimed to determine the correlates of postpartum depression in women in southern Iran.
Methods This cross-sectional study was performed on 186 mothers who had recently given birth to a baby. Data were collected using the demographic form, Quality of Prenatal Care Questionnaire, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale—21 items (DASS-21) 3 days after delivery and EPDS and DASS-21 6 months after childbirth. Results Postpartum depression (PPD) was 24.2% and 3.2% 3 days and 6 months after delivery, respectively. Anxiety, Prenatal Care Quality and educational level predicted 34.0% of the variance of PPD 3 days after delivery (R2 = 34.0%). Anxiety, type of delivery, and stress predicted 24% of the variance of PPD 6 months after delivery (R2 = 24.0%).
Conclusions With an increase in stress and anxiety and a reduction in the quality of prenatal care, the risk of postpartum depression increases. Therefore, attention to the quality of prenatal care and postpartum stress and anxiety should be carefully evaluated to prevent PPD. Psychological support and interventions are recommended to promote the mental health of women before and after childbirth.
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Dehghan M, Namjoo Z, Mollahoseiny Shekarabadi F, Ziaadini Dashtkhaki M, Karbakhsh Ravari Z, Kamsari Banani F, Kazemi Sarbanani F, Kalantari Khandan B, Zakeri MA. Fear of Cancer Recurrence and COVID-19 Anxiety among cancer survivors: a cross-sectional study in southeast Iran. Cancer Invest 2022; 40:629-641. [PMID: 35611836 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2022.2082463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cancer survivors face numerous therapeutic and health challenges during the COVID-19 epidemic. These patients experience high levels of anxiety and stress due to illness, external stresses, and crises, such as the COVID-19 epidemic. The present study showed a positive relationship between FCR and COVID-19 anxiety as well as moderate levels of FCR (according to the midpoint score of the questionnaire) and COVID-19 anxiety among cancer survivors. Factors affecting the mental condition of cancer survivors can play an important role in completing treatment and preventing disease exacerbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahlagha Dehghan
- Assistant Professor, Nursing Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.,Postal Address: Razi Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Haft-Bagh Highway, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zakieh Namjoo
- B.Sc. in Nursing, Nursing Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mollahoseiny Shekarabadi
- B.Sc. student of Nursing, Student Research Committee, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Maryam Ziaadini Dashtkhaki
- B.Sc. student of Nursing, Student Research Committee, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zahra Karbakhsh Ravari
- B.Sc. student of Nursing, Student Research Committee, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Kamsari Banani
- B.Sc. student of Nursing, Student Research Committee, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Kazemi Sarbanani
- B.Sc. student of Nursing, Student Research Committee, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Behjat Kalantari Khandan
- Associate Professor of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Shahid Bahonar Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Zakeri
- MSc in nursing, Social Determinants of Health Research Centre, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.,MSc in nursing, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
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Hajebi A, Abbasinejad M, Zafar M, Hajebi A, Taremian F. Mental Health, Burnout, and Job Stressors Among Healthcare Workers During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Iran: A Cross-Sectional Survey. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:891430. [PMID: 35633777 PMCID: PMC9133377 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.891430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic has caused increasing levels of mental health problems such as anxiety and depression among doctors, nurses and other healthcare workers in hospitals or health centers. The main objective of this study was to assess the mental health, job stressors, and burnout among healthcare workers in Iran. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional study was performed in the primary healthcare centers and hospitals affiliated with six of the medical universities in Iran. The selection of participants was done using multi-center convenient sampling. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, and Copenhagen Burnout Inventory were used for gathering data through an online platform. Data related to job stressors were obtained using a validated checklist. Data analysis was performed using Chi-square and multiple regression tests and the phi coefficient. Results The results of our study showed that 53% of the healthcare workers of the hospitals and primary healthcare centers enrolled in our study either had generalized anxiety disorder or major depressive disorder or both disorders. Moderate and high levels of burnout were seen among 48.9% of the study participants. The prevalence of mental disorders and burnout were significantly higher among the female healthcare workers compared to the male (p = 0.0001) and a higher rate of mental disorder and burnout was also seen among healthcare workers of hospitals compared to those working in primary healthcare centers (p = 0.024). "Worry about children and old members of family," "family worries for my health condition" and "lack of specific effective treatment for COVID-19" were found to be predictive of mental disorder and burnout. The most prevalent job stressor among the total sample was "low payment or income during the COVID-19 period". Conclusion The results of our study revealed high psychological distress and burnout among healthcare workers of the hospitals during the fourth peak of the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran. This study highlights the need for health officials to pay attention to the job stressors of healthcare workers and obliges them to perform effective interventions to address their needs and concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Hajebi
- Psychiatric Department, Research Center for Addiction and Risky Behaviors, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Abbasinejad
- Department for Mental Health and Substance Abuse, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Zafar
- University Counselling Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirali Hajebi
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Taremian
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Al Juffali L, Almalag HM, Alswyan N, Almutairi J, Alsanea D, Alarfaj HF, Alarfaj AS, Abouzaid HH, Omair MA. The Patient Activation Measure in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Review and Cross-Sectional Interview-Based Survey. Patient Prefer Adherence 2022; 16:2845-2865. [PMID: 36303596 PMCID: PMC9592735 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s379197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVE The patient activation measure (PAM) is considered a reliable tool for measuring patient activation. This study aimed to systematically review the scientific literature regarding the use of PAM -13 in rheumatology patients and to compare PAM scores in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) following two different practices at a single institution with previously published studies. METHODS The study consisted of a systematic review of articles reporting the PAM-13 in patients with RA, followed by a cross-sectional study evaluating PAM scores between standard rheumatology clinics and specialized rheumatology clinics (SRCs). The correlation between PAM levels and other variables, such as demographics, disease characteristics, and treatment, was assessed. RESULTS Nineteen studies, published between 2012 and 2022, met the inclusion criteria. The studies in this review had inconsistent results and quality, with patient activation in RA ranging from 29 to 76. A total of 197 patients with confirmed RA diagnoses were interviewed (response rate, 88%). Most were female (n=173, 88%) and older than 40 years (n=150, 76%). The average patient activation score was 64.9 (standard deviation, 15.7). Most participants had level 3 and 4 patient activation measures (n=71 [36%] and n=72[37%], respectively). Patients who were attending SRCs also had borderline higher PAM levels. Patients with high PAM scores tended to be older, have active disease, and were taking corticosteroids. CONCLUSION Adequate activation of patients was observed from our center, which was higher than that reported in most published literature. The PAM of patients with RA was variable according to the systematic review. Longitudinal interventional studies should be considered to improve activation in patients with low scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lobna Al Juffali
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haya M Almalag
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: Haya M Almalag, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11149, Saudi Arabia, Tel +966118057859, Email
| | - Najd Alswyan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jawaher Almutairi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalal Alsanea
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussain F Alarfaj
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdurhman S Alarfaj
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan H Abouzaid
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Omair
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Dehghan M, Namjoo Z, Mohammadi Akbarabadi F, Fooladi Z, Zakeri MA. The relationship between anxiety, stress, spiritual health, and mindfulness among patients undergoing hemodialysis: A survey during the COVID-19 outbreak in Southeast Iran. Health Sci Rep 2021; 4:e461. [PMID: 34938901 PMCID: PMC8670730 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hemodialysis patients are prone to high stress and anxiety related to the acute coronavirus epidemic. Mindfulness and spiritual health are among the factors associated with stressful and anxious situations. The current study aimed to investigate the relationship between mindfulness, spiritual health, and coronavirus stress/anxiety in patients undergoing hemodialysis. METHODS One hundred and forty-four patients underwent hemodialysis participated in this cross-sectional study. Patients completed the Demographic and Clinical Characteristics Form, Corona Disease Anxiety Scale (CDAS), stress subscale of DASS-21, The Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory- Short Form (FMI-SF), and Spiritual Health Scale. RESULTS The results showed that 28.5% of the participants had moderate to severe anxiety. According to the psychological symptom subscale (CDAS), 54.2% of the participants had moderate to severe anxiety. According to the physical symptom subscale, 41.7% of the participants had moderate to severe anxiety. Sixteen percent of the patients believed that the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak and lockdown influenced their course of treatment. A significant association was found between coronavirus disease anxiety and mindfulness (r = -0.20, P < .05). No significant association was found between stress and mindfulness/spiritual health (P > .05). CONCLUSION The results of this study showed that coronavirus anxiety and stress are common in hemodialysis patients. Mindfulness may be effective in reducing coronavirus anxiety in hemodialysis patients. Therefore, interventions are suggested to increase the level of mindfulness and empower hemodialysis patients to cope with anxiety caused by crises such as the coronavirus outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahlagha Dehghan
- Nursing Research CenterKerman University of Medical SciencesKermanIran
| | - Zakieh Namjoo
- Student Research Committee, School of Nursing and MidwiferyKerman University of Medical SciencesKermanIran
| | | | - Zahra Fooladi
- Student Research Committee, School of Nursing and MidwiferyKerman University of Medical SciencesKermanIran
| | - Mohammad Ali Zakeri
- Non‐Communicable Diseases Research CenterRafsanjan University of Medical SciencesRafsanjanIran
- Social Determinants of Health Research CentreRafsanjan University of Medical SciencesRafsanjanIran
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10
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Zakeri MA, Rahiminezhad E, Salehi F, Ganjeh H, Dehghan M. Burnout, Anxiety, Stress, and Depression Among Iranian Nurses: Before and During the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Psychol 2021; 12:789737. [PMID: 34899542 PMCID: PMC8654725 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.789737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Nurses are the major healthcare workforce in an epidemic and have the most contact with patients. Frontline nurses face many health challenges during the COVID-19 epidemic, are directly at risk when treating and caring for COVID-19 patients, and thus experience severe stress and problems in the workplace leading to physical, mental, and social disorders, as well as burnout, anxiety, stress, and depression. The purpose of this study was to compare burnout, anxiety, stress, and depression in nurses before and during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This was a cross sectional study. We assessed 266 frontline nurses before and 242 frontline nurses during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic with one year apart in 2019 and 2020 (two-stage sampling). The data were collected using demographic questionnaire, Maslach Burnout Questionnaire and Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) in public hospitals in Southern Iran. Results: There were no significant differences between groups in subscales of burnout (p > 0.05). Anxiety, stress and depression scores significantly increased during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic compared with before the COVID-19 outbreak (p < 0.05). There were significant differences between groups in level of anxiety (p < 0.001) and stress (p = 0.04). Before the COVID-19 outbreak, burnout predicted 11, 15, and 13% of the variance of anxiety, stress and depression, respectively. In addition, stress, monthly working hours and shift were variables that predicted 16% of the variance of burnout before COVID-19. Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that burnout during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic did not change significantly compared with before COVID-19. Anxiety, stress and depression increased significantly first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Zakeri
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
- Determinants of Health Research Centre, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Elham Rahiminezhad
- Student Research Committee, Razi Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Salehi
- Nursing Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hamid Ganjeh
- Clinical Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Mahlagha Dehghan
- Nursing Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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