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Moretti A. What is the role of antidepressants for patients with hip and knee osteoarthritis? A Cochrane Review summary with commentary. Int J Rheum Dis 2023; 26:2551-2554. [PMID: 37877139 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.14939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antimo Moretti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Dentistry University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
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Moscato S, Orlandi S, Di Gregorio F, Lullini G, Pozzi S, Sabattini L, Chiari L, La Porta F. Feasibility interventional study investigating PAIN in neurorehabilitation through wearabLE SensorS (PAINLESS): a study protocol. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e073534. [PMID: 37993169 PMCID: PMC10668325 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-073534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Millions of people survive injuries to the central or peripheral nervous system for which neurorehabilitation is required. In addition to the physical and cognitive impairments, many neurorehabilitation patients experience pain, often not widely recognised and inadequately treated. This is particularly true for multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, for whom pain is one of the most common symptoms. In clinical practice, pain assessment is usually conducted based on a subjective estimate. This approach can lead to inaccurate evaluations due to the influence of numerous factors, including emotional or cognitive aspects. To date, no objective and simple to use clinical methods allow objective quantification of pain and the diagnostic differentiation between the two main types of pain (nociceptive vs neuropathic). Wearable technologies and artificial intelligence (AI) have the potential to bridge this gap by continuously monitoring patients' health parameters and extracting meaningful information from them. Therefore, we propose to develop a new automatic AI-powered tool to assess pain and its characteristics during neurorehabilitation treatments using physiological signals collected by wearable sensors. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We aim to recruit 15 participants suffering from MS undergoing physiotherapy treatment. During the study, participants will wear a wristband for three consecutive days and be monitored before and after their physiotherapy sessions. Measurement of traditionally used pain assessment questionnaires and scales (ie, painDETECT, Doleur Neuropathique 4 Questions, EuroQoL-5-dimension-3-level) and physiological signals (photoplethysmography, electrodermal activity, skin temperature, accelerometer data) will be collected. Relevant parameters from physiological signals will be identified, and AI algorithms will be used to develop automatic classification methods. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study has been approved by the local Ethical Committee (285-2022-SPER-AUSLBO). Participants are required to provide written informed consent. The results will be disseminated through contributions to international conferences and scientific journals, and they will also be included in a doctoral dissertation. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT05747040.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Moscato
- Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering "Guglielmo Marconi" - DEI, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Orlandi
- Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering "Guglielmo Marconi" - DEI, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Health Science and Technologies - Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (CIRI-SDV), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Gregorio
- UOC Medicina Riabilitativa e Neuroriabilitazione, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Centro studi e ricerche in Neuroscienze Cognitive, Dipartimento di Psicologia, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Cesena, Italy
| | - Giada Lullini
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologuche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefania Pozzi
- DATER Riabilitazione Ospedaliera, UA Riabilitazione, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Lorenzo Chiari
- Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering "Guglielmo Marconi" - DEI, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Health Science and Technologies - Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (CIRI-SDV), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabio La Porta
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologuche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Okçu M, Erden Y, Tuncay F, Koçak FA, Kaya SS, Doğru YG. Does osteoporosis cause pain even without a fracture? An observational study. Somatosens Mot Res 2023; 40:110-115. [PMID: 36939649 DOI: 10.1080/08990220.2023.2188929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND Osteoporotic fractures are usually painful. However, data on whether osteoporosis without fracture causes pain are insufficient. This study aims to determine whether osteoporosis without fracture is the cause of pain. METHODOLOGY Patients aged over 18 years who visited the Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation outpatient clinic of a tertiary university hospital for dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan and were suitable for dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan without a history of fracture were included in the study. Patients with a history of fractures or those with fracture/fracture sequelae on X-rays were excluded. The cervical, lumbar, and thoracic spine and general body pains of the patients were questioned and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry results were recorded. RESULTS The study was conducted with 139 patients. Lumbar bone mineral density and T score values of the patients were found to be negatively correlated with the numerical rating scale levels of the cervical, thoracic, lumbar spine, and general body pain. Hip total bone mineral density and T score values were also negatively correlated with numerical rating scale scores of the lumbar and thoracic spine and general body pain. When the patients were divided into two groups as those with and without osteoporosis, it was found that the cervical, lumbar, thoracic spine, and general body pain numerical rating scale levels of the patients with osteoporosis were significantly higher than the group without osteoporosis. CONCLUSION The results of this study showed that osteoporosis might be associated with pain even though there is no fracture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Okçu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yakup Erden
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, İzzet Baysal Physical Treatment Training and Research Hospital, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Figen Tuncay
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Kırsehir Ahi Evran University, Kırsehir, Turkey
| | - Fatmanur Aybala Koçak
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Kırsehir Ahi Evran University, Kırsehir, Turkey
| | - Samet Sancar Kaya
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Kırsehir Ahi Evran University, Kırsehir, Turkey
| | - Yıldız Gonca Doğru
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Kırsehir Ahi Evran University, Kırsehir, Turkey
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Liguori S, Moretti A, Toro G, Paoletta M, Palomba A, Barra G, Gimigliano F, Iolascon G. Pain and Motor Function in Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1: A Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:5244. [PMID: 37047859 PMCID: PMC10094252 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20075244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Pain is an underestimated finding in myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1). We provide a characterization of pain in terms of functional implications through a multidimensional assessment in patients with DM1, focusing on gender differences. We assessed pain through the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) and its indexes (the Severity Index (SI) and the Interference Index (II)), balance/gait (the Tinetti Performance-Oriented Mobility Assessment (POMA)), functional abilities (the Functional Independence Measure (FIM)), and fatigue (the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS)). We divided our sample into a mild (<4) and a moderate-severe group (≥4) based on BPI indexes. A between-group analysis was performed. We recruited 23 males and 22 females with DM1. A statistically significant difference was found for the FSS and the BPI-SI ≥ 4, and for all outcomes in the BPI-II ≥ 4 (p ≤ 0.003). In the female group, all outcomes except for the FIM were statistically significantly worse (p ≤ 0.004). Dividing our sample into four groups based on gender and the BPI, a statistically significant difference was found for FSS between the two groups with BPI-II ≥ 4 (with worsen score in the female one) (p < 0.002). Pain in DM1 patients is highly reported and gender related, with increased fatigue and poor balance/gait in the female group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Liguori
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties and Dentistry, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via De Crecchio n. 4, 80138 Naples, Italy; (S.L.)
| | - Antimo Moretti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties and Dentistry, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via De Crecchio n. 4, 80138 Naples, Italy; (S.L.)
| | - Giuseppe Toro
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties and Dentistry, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via De Crecchio n. 4, 80138 Naples, Italy; (S.L.)
| | - Marco Paoletta
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties and Dentistry, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via De Crecchio n. 4, 80138 Naples, Italy; (S.L.)
| | - Angela Palomba
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties and Dentistry, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via De Crecchio n. 4, 80138 Naples, Italy; (S.L.)
| | - Giuseppe Barra
- Post Intensive Functional Rehabilitation Unit, Istituto di Diagnosi e Cura Hermitage Capodimonte, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Gimigliano
- Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Largo Madonna delle Grazie n. 1, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Iolascon
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties and Dentistry, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via De Crecchio n. 4, 80138 Naples, Italy; (S.L.)
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Possible Neuropathic Pain in Clinical Practice-Review on Selected Diagnostic Tools and Its Further Challenges. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 13:diagnostics13010108. [PMID: 36611400 PMCID: PMC9818081 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13010108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropathic pain (NeP) is a wide group of conditions provoked by many different causes and with different patterns. The creation of a grading system was intended to determine the level of certainty that the pain is of neuropathic nature. METHODS The aim of this review is to update previously published data on some NeP questionnaires and their measurement properties. The selection of articles is based on the basic neurological units. To assess the usefulness and credibility of the questionnaires, the authors searched for a commonly used measure of reliability, as well as sensitivity and specificity. RESULTS Studies regarding the usefulness and credibility of questionnaires used in NeP were realized. Different patient cohorts, etiologies and sample sizes, do not allow for an unambiguous comparison of the presented scales; however, all of these studies found good measures of reliability, specificity and sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS NeP tools seem to be beneficial screening instruments that should be utilized by specialists and general practitioners to improve the recognition of "possible" NeP and to determine the epidemiology of this disorder. They have been developed to distinguish perceived pain into neuropathic and non-neuropathic, and, therefore, patients with a mixed pain can still present a diagnostic challenge. Clinical examination and interview play an essential role in the diagnostic process and monitoring, and cannot be neglected.
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Shinu P, Morsy MA, Nair AB, Mouslem AKA, Venugopala KN, Goyal M, Bansal M, Jacob S, Deb PK. Novel Therapies for the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain: Potential and Pitfalls. J Clin Med 2022; 11:3002. [PMID: 35683390 PMCID: PMC9181614 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11113002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain affects more than one million people across the globe. The quality of life of people suffering from neuropathic pain has been considerably declining due to the unavailability of appropriate therapeutics. Currently, available treatment options can only treat patients symptomatically, but they are associated with severe adverse side effects and the development of tolerance over prolonged use. In the past decade, researchers were able to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in neuropathic pain; thus, continuous efforts are evident, aiming to develop novel interventions with better efficacy instead of symptomatic treatment. The current review discusses the latest interventional strategies used in the treatment and management of neuropathic pain. This review also provides insights into the present scenario of pain research, particularly various interventional techniques such as spinal cord stimulation, steroid injection, neural blockade, transcranial/epidural stimulation, deep brain stimulation, percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, neuroablative procedures, opto/chemogenetics, gene therapy, etc. In a nutshell, most of the above techniques are at preclinical stage and facing difficulty in translation to clinical studies due to the non-availability of appropriate methodologies. Therefore, continuing research on these interventional strategies may help in the development of promising novel therapies that can improve the quality of life of patients suffering from neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pottathil Shinu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A. Morsy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.M.); (A.B.N.); (A.K.A.M.); (K.N.V.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, El-Minia 61511, Egypt
| | - Anroop B. Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.M.); (A.B.N.); (A.K.A.M.); (K.N.V.)
| | - Abdulaziz K. Al Mouslem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.M.); (A.B.N.); (A.K.A.M.); (K.N.V.)
| | - Katharigatta N. Venugopala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.M.); (A.B.N.); (A.K.A.M.); (K.N.V.)
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Manoj Goyal
- Department of Anesthesia Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences in Jubail, Imam Abdul Rahman Bin Faisal University, Jubail 35816, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Monika Bansal
- Department of Neuroscience Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences in Jubail, Imam Abdul Rahman Bin Faisal University, Jubail 35816, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Shery Jacob
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Ajman 4184, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Pran Kishore Deb
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, Amman 19392, Jordan;
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Canfora F, Calabria E, Pecoraro G, D'Aniello L, Aria M, Gaetano M, Sammartino P, Mignogna MD, Adamo D. The use of self-report questionnaires in an analysis of the multidimensional aspects of pain and a correlation with the psychological profile and quality of life in patients with Burning Mouth Syndrome: a case control study. J Oral Rehabil 2022; 49:890-914. [PMID: 35611463 PMCID: PMC9544557 DOI: 10.1111/joor.13343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background The symptomatology in Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS) is complex and it should be considered in accordance with a biopsychosocial model. Objectives To evaluate the multidimensional aspects of pain with a complete battery of tests and to analyse its relationship with potential predictors such as mood disorders, sleep and quality of life. Methods Forty patients with BMS versus an equal number of age and sex‐matched healthy controls were enrolled. The VAS, SF‐MPQ, BPI, PD‐Q, BDI‐II, STAI, PSQI, ESS, SF‐36 and OHIP‐14 were administered. Results The scores of the VAS, SF‐MPQ, BPI, PD‐Q, BDI‐II, STAI, PSQI, SF‐36 and OHIP‐14 were statistically significantly higher in the BMS patients than the controls (p < .001**). A strongly linear correlation between pain (VAS, SF‐MPQ, BPI and PD‐Q) and disease onset (STAI, BDI‐II, PSQI and sub‐items of SF‐36 and OHIP‐14) was found. In the multiple regression analysis, the contributions of the BDI‐II and OHIP‐14 were found to be statistically significant with the SF‐MPQ, PD‐Q and BPI in terms of severity and interference, while the contributions of the STAI and sleep were found to be statistically significant with the SF‐MPQ and BPI in terms of severity and interference, respectively. Conclusions Pain tests are differently correlated with mood and quality of life. Therefore, a complete analysis of the patient requires several tools to better understand the multidimensional aspects of pain in BMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Canfora
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Elena Calabria
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pecoraro
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Luca D'Aniello
- Department of Social Sciences, University Federico II of Naples, Italy
| | - Massimo Aria
- Department of Economics and Statistics, University Federico II of Naples, Italy
| | - Marenzi Gaetano
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Pasquale Sammartino
- Head and Neck Clinical Department, AOU San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi di Aragona, Salerno, Italy
| | - Michele Davide Mignogna
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Adamo
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Early response to JAK inhibitors on central sensitization and pain catastrophizing in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Inflammopharmacology 2022; 30:1119-1128. [PMID: 35505266 PMCID: PMC9135884 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-00995-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To evaluate the effect of 4 weeks of treatment with Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKis) on central sensitization (CS) and pain catastrophizing, and to determine the pain-related variables predictive of disease activity improvement, in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods Consecutive RA patients with active disease starting a JAKi have been enrolled in this prospective observational study. Patients have been assessed at baseline and after 4 weeks of treatment. The evaluation was comprehensive of disease activity [Simplified Disease Activity Index (SDAI) and ultrasonographic (US) score] and of questionnaires aimed at investigating primarily CS [Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI)] and pain catastrophizing [Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS)]. Differences (Δ values) between the final and baseline were studied with the t test, Δ values of the variables were correlated with each other using Pearson’s test, and predictor variables for improvement in SDAI were also investigated using multivariate regression analysis. Results A total of 115 patients were evaluated. Overall, all variables demonstrated significant improvement between baseline and final except the US score. In particular, CSI decreased from 36.73 to 32.57 (p < 0.0001), PCS decreased from 32.46 to 28.72 (p = 0.0001). ΔSDAI showed a significant correlation with both ΔPCS and ΔCSI (r = 0.466 and 0.386, respectively, p < 0.0001). ΔPCS was the only variable predictive of an improvement in SDAI (coefficient = 0.500, p = 0.0224). Conclusion JAKis would appear to have a positive effect on pain-related variables, particularly CS and pain catastrophizing, for the genesis of which extra-synovial mechanisms are responsible.
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Canfora F, Calabria E, Cuocolo R, Ugga L, Buono G, Marenzi G, Gasparro R, Pecoraro G, Aria M, D'Aniello L, Mignogna MD, Adamo D. Burning Fog: Cognitive Impairment in Burning Mouth Syndrome. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:727417. [PMID: 34475821 PMCID: PMC8406777 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.727417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Due to its common association with chronic pain experience, cognitive impairment (CI) has never been evaluated in patients with burning mouth syndrome (BMS). The purpose of this study is to assess the prevalence of CI in patients with BMS and to evaluate its relationship with potential predictors such as pain, mood disorders, blood biomarkers, and white matter changes (WMCs). Methods: A case-control study was conducted by enrolling 40 patients with BMS and an equal number of healthy controls matched for age, gender, and education. Neurocognitive assessment [Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Digit Cancellation Test (DCT), the Forward and Backward Digit Span task (FDS and BDS), Corsi Block-Tapping Test (CB-TT), Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), Copying Geometric Drawings (CGD), Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB), and Trail Making A and B (TMT-A and TMT-B)], psychological assessment [Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and Anxiety (HAM-D and HAM-A), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36)], and pain assessment [Visual Analogic Scale (VAS), Total Pain Rating index (T-PRI), Brief Pain Inventory (BPI), and Pain DETECT Questionnaire (PD-Q)] were performed. In addition, blood biomarkers and MRI of the brain were recorded for the detection of Age-Related WMCs (ARWMCs). Descriptive statistics, the Mann-Whitney U-test, the Pearson Chi-Squared test and Spearman's correlation analysis were used. Results: Patients with BMS had impairments in most cognitive domains compared with controls (p < 0.001**) except in RAVLT and CGD. The HAM-D, HAM-A, PSQI, ESS, SF-36, VAS, T-PRI, BPI and PD-Q scores were statistically different between BMS patients and controls (p < 0.001**) the WMCs frequency and ARWMC scores in the right temporal (RT) and left temporal (LT) lobe were higher in patients with BMS (p = 0.023*). Conclusions: Meanwhile, BMS is associated with a higher decline in cognitive functions, particularly attention, working memory, and executive functions, but other functions such as praxis-constructive skills and verbal memory are preserved. The early identification of CI and associated factors may help clinicians to identify patients at risk of developing time-based neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VD), for planning the early, comprehensive, and multidisciplinary assessment and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Canfora
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Elena Calabria
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Renato Cuocolo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Ugga
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Buono
- Department of Diagnostical Morphological and Functional, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Gaetano Marenzi
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Gasparro
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pecoraro
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Massimo Aria
- Department of Economics and Statistics, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Luca D'Aniello
- Department of Economics and Statistics, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Michele Davide Mignogna
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Adamo
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
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