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Zhang QZ, Zhang JR, Li X, Yin JL, Jin LM, Xun ZR, Xue H, Yang WQ, Zhang H, Qu J, Xing ZK, Wang XM. Fangyukangsuan granules ameliorate hyperuricemia and modulate gut microbiota in rats. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1362642. [PMID: 38745649 PMCID: PMC11091346 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1362642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Hyperuricaemia (HUA) is a metabolic disorder characterised by high blood uric acid (UA) levels; moreover, HUA severity is closely related to the gut microbiota. HUA is also a risk factor for renal damage, diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidaemia; however, current treatments are associated with detrimental side effects. Alternatively, Fangyukangsuan granules are a natural product with UA-reducing properties. To examine their efficacy in HUA, the binding of small molecules in Fangyukangsuan granules to xanthine oxidase (XOD), a key factor in UA metabolism, was investigated via molecular simulation, and the effects of oral Fangyukangsuan granule administration on serum biochemical indices and intestinal microorganisms in HUA-model rats were examined. Overall, 24 small molecules in Fangyukangsuan granules could bind to XOD. Serum UA, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and XOD levels were decreased in rats treated with Fangyukangsuan granules compared to those in untreated HUA-model rats. Moreover, Fangyukangsuan granules restored the intestinal microbial structure in HUA-model rats. Functional analysis of the gut microbiota revealed decreased amino acid biosynthesis and increased fermentation of pyruvate into short-chain fatty acids in Fangyukangsuan granule-treated rats. Together, these findings demonstrate that Fangyukangsuan granules have anti-hyperuricaemic and regulatory effects on the gut microbiota and may be a therapeutic candidate for HUA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-zheng Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Ji-rui Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Xue Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jin-long Yin
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Business and Technology College, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Li-ming Jin
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhuo-ran Xun
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Hao Xue
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Wan-qi Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Jingyong Qu
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Zhi-kai Xing
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Xu-min Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, China
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Akoonjee A, Lanrewaju AA, Balogun FO, Makunga NP, Sabiu S. Waste to Medicine: Evidence from Computational Studies on the Modulatory Role of Corn Silk on the Therapeutic Targets Implicated in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1509. [PMID: 38132335 PMCID: PMC10740667 DOI: 10.3390/biology12121509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by insulin resistance and/or defective insulin production in the human body. Although the antidiabetic action of corn silk (CS) is well-established, the understanding of the mechanism of action (MoA) behind this potential is lacking. Hence, this study aimed to elucidate the MoA in different samples (raw and three extracts: aqueous, hydro-ethanolic, and ethanolic) as a therapeutic agent for the management of T2DM using metabolomic profiling and computational techniques. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UP-LCMS), in silico techniques, and density functional theory were used for compound identification and to predict the MoA. A total of 110 out of the 128 identified secondary metabolites passed the Lipinski's rule of five. The Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis revealed the cAMP pathway as the hub signaling pathway, in which ADORA1, HCAR2, and GABBR1 were identified as the key target genes implicated in the pathway. Since gallicynoic acid (-48.74 kcal/mol), dodecanedioc acid (-34.53 kcal/mol), and tetradecanedioc acid (-36.80 kcal/mol) interacted well with ADORA1, HCAR2, and GABBR1, respectively, and are thermodynamically stable in their formed compatible complexes, according to the post-molecular dynamics simulation results, they are suggested as potential drug candidates for T2DM therapy via the maintenance of normal glucose homeostasis and pancreatic β-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Akoonjee
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4000, South Africa; (A.A.); (A.A.L.); (F.O.B.)
| | - Adedayo Ayodeji Lanrewaju
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4000, South Africa; (A.A.); (A.A.L.); (F.O.B.)
| | - Fatai Oladunni Balogun
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4000, South Africa; (A.A.); (A.A.L.); (F.O.B.)
| | - Nokwanda Pearl Makunga
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa;
| | - Saheed Sabiu
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4000, South Africa; (A.A.); (A.A.L.); (F.O.B.)
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Khan U, Hayat F, Khanum F, Shao Y, Iqbal S, Munir S, Abdin M, Li L, Ahmad RM, Qiu J, Xin Z. Optimizing extraction conditions and isolation of bound phenolic compounds from corn silk (Stigma maydis) and their antioxidant effects. J Food Sci 2023. [PMID: 37421346 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
During the processing of maize, Stigma maydis, also known as corn silk, is normally discarded as waste. Phytochemical research was carried out on the S. maydis to use it as a valuable source of bioactive components. This research aimed to maximize the recovery of free and bound phenolic compounds from corn silk under optimal experimental conditions. Response surface design was operated to optimize the alkaline hydrolysis extraction of bound phytochemicals from corn silk based on total phenolic content and DPPH radical scavenging activity. The optimum conditions (i.e., NaOH concentration 2 M, digestion time 135 min, digestion temperature of 37.5°C, the solid-to-solvent ratio of 1:17.5, and acetone) were obtained. The optimum parameters were used to extract the corn silk. The structures of two compounds isolated from ethyl acetate extracts were then identified as friedelin (1) and (E)-4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) but-3-en-2-one (2). The DPPH, H2 O2 , and ABTS % inhibition of the compounds is as follows: compound (1) 74.81%, 76.8%, 70.33% and compound (2) 70.37%, 56.70% and 57.46%, respectively. The current study has opened previously unexplored perspectives of the composition of bound compounds in corn silk and established the foundations for more effective processing and utilization of corn waste. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Bound phenolic compounds from corn silk under optimal experimental conditions were obtained. Corn silk can be utilized as a type of medicinal herb as well as a source of inexpensive natural antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ummara Khan
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Faisal Hayat
- College of Horticulture, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fakhara Khanum
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Food Sciences, The University of Agriculture Dera Ismail Khan, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
| | - Yuting Shao
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shahid Iqbal
- Horticultural Science Department, North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida/IFAS, Quincy, Florida, USA
| | - Sadia Munir
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mohamed Abdin
- Agricultural Research Center, Food Technology Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Longxiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ramala Masood Ahmad
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Jiarong Qiu
- School of Advanced Manufacturing, Fuzhou University, Jinjiang, China
| | - Zhihong Xin
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Dietary Corn Silk ( Stigma maydis) Extract Supplementation Modulate Production Performance, Immune Response and Redox Balance in Corticosterone-Induced Oxidative Stress Broilers. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030441. [PMID: 36766330 PMCID: PMC9913160 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunosuppression is a serious consequence of oxidative stress exposure that negatively affects the productivity and profitability of birds, as well as their well-being. Thus, the present investigation was designed to evaluate the potential of corn silk extract (CSE) supplementation to overcome the negative impacts of oxidative stress induced by corticosterone administration (CORT) in broiler chickens. A total of 280 one day old Cobb 500 male chicks were divided into four groups in 2 × 2 factorial arrangements. The experimental groups included CSE supplementation (0 or 500 mg/kg diet, from 20 to 35 days of age) and CORT administration (0 or 25 mg/kg diet, from 22 to 35 days of age) as independent factors. At the end of week five of age, production performance parameters were measured. The humoral and cell-mediated immune response parameters, redox status, and stress markers were determined. Data revealed deleterious effects of CORT administration on the broilers' body weight, body weight gain, and feed conversion ratio. Moreover, an exponential increase in stress marker levels, in addition to immunosuppression and redox imbalance, were associated with CORT administration. However, CSE supplementation, with its high total phenols content, partially alleviated the negative impacts of CORT administration, as shown by a significant improvement in immune response parameters and antioxidant activity, as well as a reduction in stress marker levels. Furthermore, CSE supplementation to non-stressed birds even significantly improved total antioxidant activity, total white blood cells (TWBCs) count, T-lymphocyte stimulating index, and wattle thickness. It can be concluded that, under stress conditions in commercial broiler farms, dietary CSE supplementation can strongly be recommended to modulate the negative impacts of stress. Therefore, CSE can be used as an effective immunomodulator and antioxidant agent to increase commercial broiler farm productivity and profitability.
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Oleszek M, Kowalska I, Bertuzzi T, Oleszek W. Phytochemicals Derived from Agricultural Residues and Their Valuable Properties and Applications. Molecules 2023; 28:342. [PMID: 36615534 PMCID: PMC9823944 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Billions of tons of agro-industrial residues are produced worldwide. This is associated with the risk of pollution as well as management and economic problems. Simultaneously, non-edible portions of many crops are rich in bioactive compounds with valuable properties. For this reason, developing various methods for utilizing agro-industrial residues as a source of high-value by-products is very important. The main objective of the paper is a review of the newest studies on biologically active compounds included in non-edible parts of crops with the highest amount of waste generated annually in the world. The review also provides the newest data on the chemical and biological properties, as well as the potential application of phytochemicals from such waste. The review shows that, in 2020, there were above 6 billion tonnes of residues only from the most popular crops. The greatest amount is generated during sugar, oil, and flour production. All described residues contain valuable phytochemicals that exhibit antioxidant, antimicrobial and very often anti-cancer activity. Many studies show interesting applications, mainly in pharmaceuticals and food production, but also in agriculture and wastewater remediation, as well as metal and steel industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Oleszek
- Department of Biochemistry and Crop Quality, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation, State Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Iwona Kowalska
- Department of Biochemistry and Crop Quality, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation, State Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
| | - Terenzio Bertuzzi
- DIANA, Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via E. Parmense, 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Wiesław Oleszek
- Department of Biochemistry and Crop Quality, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation, State Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland
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Optimizing Extractability, Phytochemistry, Acute Toxicity, and Hemostatic Action of Corn Silk Liquid Extract. J CHEM-NY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/3059725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The technological parameters and quality indicators of corn silk were evaluated in this study: specific density, volumetric density, bulk density, porosity, spatial layer, free volume of the layer, the absorption coefficient, weight loss on drying, and extractives. The technology for obtaining a liquid extract of corn silk was developed. The most effective extractant was discovered to be 40% ethanol, with an extraction time of 120 minutes. The qualitative composition and quantitative content of the major groups of biologically active substances (BAS) in the obtained liquid extract were determined. The qualitative composition of the main groups of BAS was determined by conventional chemical reactions. This extract contained free reduced sugars, glycosides (bound reduced sugars), phenols, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, and hydroxycinnamic acids. The quantitative content of phenolic compounds was performed by UV-vis-spectrophotometry. Total phenols, tannins, flavonoids, and hydroxycinnamic acids had quantitative contents of 8.25 ± 0.33%, 1.4 ± 0.03%, 2.20 ± 0.06%, 3.30 ± 0.13%, respectively. The acute toxicity study was carried out with a single intragastric administration to outbred unanesthetized white rats of both sexes. Duration of observation of animals was 14 days. It was revealed that corn silk extract at doses of up to 5.0 ml/kg is safe. A single injection of a liquid extract has no effect on internal organs when compared to a control group. Corn silk liquid extract’s hemostatic efficacy was assessed using blood clotting time, prothrombin time, and blood clot retraction index. The corn silk liquid extract reduces blood coagulation time, decreases prothrombin time, and increases the blood clot retraction index. According to these findings, corn silk liquid extract is rich in phytochemicals and possesses a potential therapeutic effect on bleeding disorders. Furthermore, it could be used in the pharmaceutical sciences industry to develop medicines for testing in the treatment of various diseases.
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Sarfare S, Khan SI, Zulfiqar F, Radhakrishnan S, Ali Z, Khan IA. Undescribed C-Glycosylflavones from Corn Silk and Potential Anti-inflammatory Activity Evaluation of Isolates. PLANTA MEDICA 2022; 88:745-752. [PMID: 34952556 DOI: 10.1055/a-1728-1347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phytochemical investigation of corn silk resulted in isolation and characterization of four flavone C-glycosides, chrysoeriol 6-C-β-oliopyranosyl-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1: ), 3'-methoxycassiaoccidentalin A (2: ), chrysoeriol 6-C-β-boivinopyranosyl-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (3: ), and ax-4″-OH-3'-methoxymaysin (4: ), a triterpenoid, friedelin (5: ), two sterols, (22E)-5α,8α-epidioxyergosta-6,22-dien-3β-ol (6: ) and 6β-hydroxystigmasta-4,22-diene-3-one (7: ), and a mixture of β-sitosterol and stigmasterol. Compounds 1: and 2: were previously undescribed. Structure elucidation of the isolated compounds was attained using spectral data including 1D and 2D NMR and HRESIMS. Compounds1, 2, 5: , and 6: inhibited iNOS activity in LPS-induced macrophages and decreased nitrite levels by 68.64 ± 4.46, 65.67 ± 6.47, 88.50 ± 0.50, and 94.00 ± 4.00%, respectively, at 50 µM. Compound 5: also showed inhibition of NF-κB (51.00 ± 1.50%). Compounds 1: and 2: induced NAG-1 activity in chondrocytes by 1.80 ± 0.05 and 2.00 ± 0.13 fold, respectively. The extract of corn silk, however, did not exhibit inhibition of iNOS or NF-κB but induced NAG-1 by 1.80 ± 0.51 fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Sarfare
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, United States
- Department of Zoology, SIES College of Arts, Science & Commerce, Mumbai, India
| | - Shabana I Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, United States
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, United States
| | - Fazila Zulfiqar
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, United States
| | - Srivedavyasasri Radhakrishnan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, United States
| | - Zulfiqar Ali
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, United States
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, United States
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, United States
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