1
|
Farid MN, Jusril H, Riono P, Wahyuningsih W, Utami ES, Wirabrata, Ariawan I. Conducting nationwide cohort COVID-19 serology surveys on a nation with limited resources and decentralized governance: Evidence from Indonesia. MethodsX 2024; 12:102609. [PMID: 38379722 PMCID: PMC10877936 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2024.102609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Knowing the level of SARS-CoV-2 transmission is crucial for decision-making on Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) handling. Guidelines for measuring SARS-CoV-2 antibodies to estimate seroprevalence are conceptually straightforward and internationally available. However, challenges exist for developing countries with limited laboratory capacity, diverse geographical topography, fragmented health information systems and limited resources such as Indonesia. One year after the first case was confirmed in Indonesia, approximately ten infections were undiagnosed or underreported for every reported case. Under those circumstances, we described the method and lessons learned in conducting nationwide cohort COVID-19 serology surveys in a nation with limited resources, such as Indonesia. •Strong cross-sectoral collaboration between ministries and levels of governance (central and subnational) enables strategic use of civil registration database for efficient sampling.•All agglomeration districts (highly dense population and urban area) were selected as study sites, and additional non-agglomeration districts were selected using probability-proportional-to-size (PPS).•Involving the experienced phlebotomist in community health service provider and district laboratory cut down preparation time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Noor Farid
- Department of Biostatistics and Population Studies, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Hafizah Jusril
- Department of Biostatistics and Population Studies, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
- Reconstra Utama Integra, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Pandu Riono
- Department of Biostatistics and Population Studies, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Wiji Wahyuningsih
- Department of Biostatistics and Population Studies, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
- Reconstra Utama Integra, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Elmarizha Sekar Utami
- Department of Biostatistics and Population Studies, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
- Reconstra Utama Integra, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Wirabrata
- Centre for Health Resilience and Resource Policy, Ministry of Health, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Iwan Ariawan
- Department of Biostatistics and Population Studies, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
- Reconstra Utama Integra, Jakarta, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rottmayer K, Schwarze M, Jassoy C, Hoffmann R, Loeffler-Wirth H, Lehmann C. Potential of a Bead-Based Multiplex Assay for SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Detection. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:273. [PMID: 38666885 PMCID: PMC11047883 DOI: 10.3390/biology13040273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Serological assays for SARS-CoV-2 play a pivotal role in the definition of whether patients are infected, the understanding of viral epidemiology, the screening of convalescent sera for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes, and in obtaining a better understanding of the immune response towards the virus. The aim of this study was to investigate the performance of a bead-based multiplex assay. This assay allowed for the simultaneous testing of IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike, S1, S2, RBD, and nucleocapsid moieties and S1 of seasonal coronaviruses hCoV-22E, hCoV-HKU1, hCoV-NL63, and hCoV-OC43, as well as MERS and SARS-CoV. We compared the bead-based multiplex assay with commercial ELISA tests. We tested the sera of 27 SARS-CoV-2 PCR-positive individuals who were previously tested with different ELISA assays. Additionally, we investigated the reproducibility of the results by means of multiple testing of the same sera. Finally, the results were correlated with neutralising assays. In summary, the concordance of the qualitative results ranged between 78% and 96% depending on the ELISA assay and the specific antigen. Repeated freezing-thawing cycles resulted in reduced mean fluorescence intensity, while the storage period had no influence in this respect. In our test cohort, we detected up to 36% of sera positive for the development of neutralising antibodies, which is in concordance with the bead-based multiplex and IgG ELISA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karla Rottmayer
- Laboratory for Transplantation Immunology, University Hospital Leipzig, Universität Leipzig, Johannisallee 32, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mandy Schwarze
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (M.S.)
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Jassoy
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Virology, Leipzig University Hospital and Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Ralf Hoffmann
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (M.S.)
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universität Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Henry Loeffler-Wirth
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Bioinformatics, IZBI, Leipzig University, Haertelstr. 16-18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Claudia Lehmann
- Laboratory for Transplantation Immunology, University Hospital Leipzig, Universität Leipzig, Johannisallee 32, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Grossmann K, Risch M, Markovic A, Aeschbacher S, Weideli OC, Velez L, Kovac M, Pereira F, Wohlwend N, Risch C, Hillmann D, Lung T, Renz H, Twerenbold R, Rothenbühler M, Leibovitz D, Kovacevic V, Klaver P, Brakenhoff TB, Franks B, Mitratza M, Downward GS, Dowling A, Montes S, Veen D, Grobbee DE, Cronin M, Conen D, Goodale BM, Risch L. Sex-specific differences in physiological parameters related to SARS-CoV-2 infections among a national cohort (COVI-GAPP study). PLoS One 2024; 19:e0292203. [PMID: 38446766 PMCID: PMC10917257 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Considering sex as a biological variable in modern digital health solutions, we investigated sex-specific differences in the trajectory of four physiological parameters across a COVID-19 infection. A wearable medical device measured breathing rate, heart rate, heart rate variability, and wrist skin temperature in 1163 participants (mean age = 44.1 years, standard deviation [SD] = 5.6; 667 [57%] females). Participants reported daily symptoms and confounders in a complementary app. A machine learning algorithm retrospectively ingested daily biophysical parameters to detect COVID-19 infections. COVID-19 serology samples were collected from all participants at baseline and follow-up. We analysed potential sex-specific differences in physiology and antibody titres using multilevel modelling and t-tests. Over 1.5 million hours of physiological data were recorded. During the symptomatic period of infection, men demonstrated larger increases in skin temperature, breathing rate, and heart rate as well as larger decreases in heart rate variability than women. The COVID-19 infection detection algorithm performed similarly well for men and women. Our study belongs to the first research to provide evidence for differential physiological responses to COVID-19 between females and males, highlighting the potential of wearable technology to inform future precision medicine approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Grossmann
- Private University in the Principality of Liechtenstein (UFL), Triesen, Principality of Liechtenstein
- Dr Risch Medical Laboratory, Vaduz, Liechtenstein
| | - Martin Risch
- Dr Risch Medical Laboratory, Vaduz, Liechtenstein
- Central Laboratory, Kantonsspital Graubünden, Chur, Switzerland
- Dr Risch Medical Laboratory, Buchs, Switzerland
| | - Andjela Markovic
- Ava AG, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Aeschbacher
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ornella C. Weideli
- Dr Risch Medical Laboratory, Vaduz, Liechtenstein
- Soneva Fushi, Boduthakurufaanu Magu, Male, Maldives
| | - Laura Velez
- Dr Risch Medical Laboratory, Vaduz, Liechtenstein
| | - Marc Kovac
- Dr Risch Medical Laboratory, Buchs, Switzerland
| | - Fiona Pereira
- Department of Metabolism, Digestive Diseases and Reproduction, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Lung
- Dr Risch Medical Laboratory, Buchs, Switzerland
| | - Harald Renz
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Molecular Diagnostics, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Raphael Twerenbold
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Cardiology and University Center of Cardiovascular Science, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marianna Mitratza
- UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Julius Global Health, the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - George S. Downward
- UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Julius Global Health, the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ariel Dowling
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Digital Clinical Devices, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Duco Veen
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Optentia Research Programme, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Diederick E. Grobbee
- UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Julius Global Health, the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - David Conen
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | | | - Lorenz Risch
- Private University in the Principality of Liechtenstein (UFL), Triesen, Principality of Liechtenstein
- Dr Risch Medical Laboratory, Vaduz, Liechtenstein
- Dr Risch Medical Laboratory, Buchs, Switzerland
- Center of Laboratory Medicine, University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University of Bern, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dou D, Zhang F, Deng X, Ma Y, Wang S, Ji X, Zhu X, Wang D, Zhang S, Zhao L. Efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines in inflammatory bowel disease patients receiving anti-TNF therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19609. [PMID: 37810049 PMCID: PMC10558877 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives There are concerns about the serological responses to Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients, particularly those receiving anti-TNF therapy. This study aimed to systematically evaluate the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines in IBD patients receiving anti-TNF therapy. Methods Electronic databases were searched to identify relevant studies. We calculated pooled seroconversion rate after COVID-19 vaccination and subgroup analysis for vaccine types and different treatments were performed. Additionally, we estimated pooled rate of T cell response, neutralization response, and breakthrough infections in this population. Results 32 studies were included in the meta-analysis. IBD patients receiving anti-TNF therapy had relatively high overall seroconversion rate after complete vaccination, with no statistical difference in antibody responses associated with different drug treatments. The pooled positivity rate of T cell response was 0.85 in IBD patients receiving anti-TNF therapy. Compared with healthy controls, the positivity of neutralization assays was significantly lower in IBD patients receiving anti-TNF therapy. The pooled rate of breakthrough infections in IBD patients receiving anti-TNF therapy was 0.04. Conclusions COVID-19 vaccines have shown good efficacy in IBD patients receiving anti-TNF therapy. However, IBD patients receiving anti-TNF have a relatively high rate of breakthrough infections and a low level of neutralization response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Dou
- Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, No.23, Back Street, Art Museum, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Fangyi Zhang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Deng
- Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, No.23, Back Street, Art Museum, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Ma
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shuqing Wang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xingyu Ji
- Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, No.23, Back Street, Art Museum, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Xihan Zhu
- Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, No.23, Back Street, Art Museum, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Dianpeng Wang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Shengsheng Zhang
- Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, No.23, Back Street, Art Museum, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Luqing Zhao
- Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, No.23, Back Street, Art Museum, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Temessadouno FW, Ndong JG, Gignoux E, Coppieters Y, Ba A, Sidibe YD, Daou A, Malou N, Compaore I, Fane T, Simons E, Luquero F, Mills C, Vuti KM, Nkokolo Massamba MH, Guiramand S. Seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among blood donors from December 2020 to June 2021 in Koutiala district, Mali. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 3:e0001316. [PMID: 36962828 PMCID: PMC10022217 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0001316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the virus associated with coronavirus disease (COVID-19). At the time of the study, little data on the level of exposure of the population in Koutiala district in Mali to SARS-CoV-2 was available. Although blood donors are not representative of the general population, a COVID-19 seroprevalence estimate in this population was intended to assess the extent of community transmission, serve as a health alert system, and help guide the public health response. We measured seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies using NG-Biotech SARS-Cov-2 RDT and ECLIA test between January and June 2020. This is a cross-sectional study of volunteer blood donors aged 18 to 60 years, independent of any previous COVID-19 disease. A stratified analysis of seroprevalence by month of sample collection and a comparison of the results of the NG-Biotech SARS-Cov-2 RDT with those of the ECLIA test was performed. The overall prevalence of antibodies to SARS-Cov-2 virus assessed by the NG-Biotech SARS-Cov-2 RDT was 24.6% (95% CI 21.8-27.4) and by the ECLIA test was 70.2 (95% CI 64.9-75.5). Both estimates remained relatively stable over the study period. We observed SARS-CoV-2 exposure much higher than indicated by case-based surveillance. The national surveillance system, as it was, was not able to detect variations in incidence, and as such, we do not recommend it as an alert system. However, the discrepancy between the results of the rapid test and the ECLIA test shows that further research is required to assess the validity of these test before a more solid conclusion can be drawn it their use in surveillance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yves Coppieters
- School of Public Health, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Nada Malou
- Médecins Sans Frontières, Koutiala, Mali
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bhurwal A, Mutneja H, Bansal V, Goel A, Arora S, Attar B, Minacapelli CD, Kochhar G, Chen L, Brant S, Seril D. Effectiveness and safety of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in Inflammatory Bowel Disease patients: a systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2022; 55:1244-1264. [PMID: 35355306 PMCID: PMC9111455 DOI: 10.1111/apt.16913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There are concerns regarding the effectiveness and safety of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) patients. This systematic review and meta-analysis comprehensively summarises the available literature regarding the safety and effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in IBD. METHODS Three independent reviewers performed a comprehensive review of all original articles describing the response of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in patients with IBD. Primary outcomes were (1) pooled seroconversion rate SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in IBD patients (2) comparison of breakthrough COVID-19 infection rate SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in IBD patients with control cohort and (3) pooled adverse event rate of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. All outcomes were evaluated for one and two doses of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Meta-regression was performed. Probability of publication bias was assessed using funnel plots and with Egger's test. RESULTS Twenty-one studies yielded a pooled seroconversion rate of 73.7% and 96.8% in IBD patients after one and two doses of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine respectively. Sub-group analysis revealed non-statistically significant differences between different immunosuppressive regimens for seroconversion. Meta-regression revealed that the vaccine type and study location independently influenced seroconversion rates. There was no statistically significant difference in breakthrough infection in IBD patients as compared to control after vaccination. CONCLUSION In summary, the systematic review and meta-analysis suggest that SARS-CoV-2 vaccine is safe and effective in IBD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Bhurwal
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyRutgers Robert Wood Johnson School of MedicineNew BrunswickNew JerseyUSA
| | - Hemant Mutneja
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyJohn H. Stroger Cook County HospitalChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Vikas Bansal
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical CareMayo ClinicRochesterNew YorkUSA
| | - Akshay Goel
- Division of Internal MedicineWestchester Medical CenterValhallaNew YorkUSA
| | - Shilpa Arora
- Division of RheumatologyJohn H. Stroger Cook County HospitalChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Bashar Attar
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyJohn H. Stroger Cook County HospitalChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Carlos D. Minacapelli
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyRutgers Robert Wood Johnson School of MedicineNew BrunswickNew JerseyUSA
| | - Gursimran Kochhar
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyAllegheny Health NetworkPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Lea Ann Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyRutgers Robert Wood Johnson School of MedicineNew BrunswickNew JerseyUSA
| | - Steve Brant
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyRutgers Robert Wood Johnson School of MedicineNew BrunswickNew JerseyUSA
| | - Darren Seril
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyRutgers Robert Wood Johnson School of MedicineNew BrunswickNew JerseyUSA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Simonson JL, Esposito C, Frantzen T, Henthorne K, Espinal A, Romano S, Ramdeo R, Trentacoste J, Tsang D, LaVecchia G, Abdullah R, Berdella M, Bonitz L, Condos R, Constantinescu A, DeCelie-Germana JK, DiMango E, Draine M, Gimeli T, Giusti R, Guzman J, Hammouda S, Keating C, Kier C, Lennox AT, Liriano C, Messer Z, Plachta A, Sadeghi H, Schwind E, Stables-Carney T, Walker P, Wang J. The clinical impact of the Covid-19 pandemic first wave on patients with cystic fibrosis in New York. J Cyst Fibros 2022; 21:e176-e183. [PMID: 35256307 PMCID: PMC8858720 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2022.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with cystic fibrosis (pwCF) may be at risk of complications from COVID-19 but the impact of COVID-19 on pwCF remains unknown. METHODS We conducted a multicenter retrospective cohort study to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic first wave on pwCF in the New York metropolitan area (NY) from March 1, 2020 to August 31, 2020. Objectives were to determine (1) the prevalence of COVID-19 by PCR and IgG antibody testing, (2) the clinical characteristics of COVID-19, (3) delay in routine outpatient care, and (4) the effect on anxiety and depression in pwCF. RESULTS There were 26 COVID-19 cases diagnosed by PCR or antibody testing among the study cohort of 810 pwCF. The prevalence of COVID-19 by PCR (1.6%) and IgG antibody (12.2%) testing was low. 58% of cases were asymptomatic and 82% were managed at home. 8% were hospitalized and 1 person died. 89% of pwCF experienced delay in care. The prevalence of anxiety increased from 43% baseline to 58% during the pandemic (P<0.01). In post-hoc analysis, the proportion of patients with diabetes (38% versus 16%, P<0.01) and pancreatic insufficiency (96% versus 66%, P<0.01) were higher while CFTR modulator use was lower (46% versus 65%, P = 0.05) in pwCF who tested positive for COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of COVID-19 among pwCF in NY during the pandemic first wave was low and most cases were managed at home. CFTR modulators may be protective. PwCF experienced delay in routine care and increased anxiety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Simonson
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New Hyde Park, NY 11042, United States.
| | - Christine Esposito
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New Hyde Park, NY 11042, United States.
| | - Theresa Frantzen
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New Hyde Park, NY 11042, United States.
| | - Katherine Henthorne
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New Hyde Park, NY 11042, United States.
| | - Aileen Espinal
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New Hyde Park, NY 11042, United States.
| | - Serena Romano
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New Hyde Park, NY 11042, United States.
| | - Ramona Ramdeo
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New Hyde Park, NY 11042, United States.
| | - Jessica Trentacoste
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New Hyde Park, NY 11042, United States.
| | - Donna Tsang
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New Hyde Park, NY 11042, United States.
| | - Geralyn LaVecchia
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New Hyde Park, NY 11042, United States.
| | - Robert Abdullah
- Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States.
| | - Maria Berdella
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY 10003, United States.
| | - Lynn Bonitz
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, The Steven and Alexandra Cohen Children's Medical Center, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Lake Success, NY 11042, United States.
| | - Rany Condos
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States.
| | - Andrei Constantinescu
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, United States.
| | - Joan K DeCelie-Germana
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, The Steven and Alexandra Cohen Children's Medical Center, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Lake Success, NY 11042, United States.
| | - Emily DiMango
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, United States.
| | - Myah Draine
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States.
| | - Tara Gimeli
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, The Steven and Alexandra Cohen Children's Medical Center, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Lake Success, NY 11042, United States.
| | - Robert Giusti
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States.
| | - Jessenia Guzman
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, United States.
| | - Soumia Hammouda
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States.
| | - Claire Keating
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, United States.
| | - Catherine Kier
- Department of Pediatrics, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States.
| | - Alison T Lennox
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergy, Immunology, and Sleep Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, United States.
| | - Carmen Liriano
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, United States.
| | - Zachary Messer
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergy, Immunology, and Sleep Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, United States.
| | - Amy Plachta
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY 10003, United States.
| | - Hossein Sadeghi
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, United States.
| | - Elinor Schwind
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY 10003, United States.
| | - Teresa Stables-Carney
- Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States.
| | - Patricia Walker
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY 10003, United States.
| | - Janice Wang
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New Hyde Park, NY 11042, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ochola L, Ogongo P, Mungai S, Gitaka J, Suliman S. Performance Evaluation of Lateral Flow Assays for Coronavirus Disease-19 Serology. Clin Lab Med 2022; 42:31-56. [PMID: 35153047 PMCID: PMC8563367 DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has undoubtedly resulted in significant morbidities, mortalities, and economic disruptions across the globe. Affordable and scalable tools to monitor the transmission dynamics of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the longevity of induced antibodies will be paramount to monitor and control the pandemic as multiple waves continue to rage in many countries. Serologic assays detect humoral responses to the virus, to determine seroprevalence in target populations, or induction of antibodies at the individual level following either natural infection or vaccination. With multiple vaccines rolling out globally, serologic assays to detect anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies will be important tools to monitor the development of herd immunity. To address this need, serologic lateral flow assays (LFAs), which can be easily implemented for both population surveillance and home use, will be vital to monitor the evolution of the pandemic and inform containment measures. Such assays are particularly important for monitoring the transmission dynamics and durability of immunity generated by natural infections and vaccination, particularly in resource-limited settings. In this review, we discuss considerations for evaluating the accuracy of these LFAs, their suitability for different use cases, and implementation opportunities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Ochola
- Department of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya, PO Box 24481, Nairobi 00502, Kenya
| | - Paul Ogongo
- Department of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya, PO Box 24481, Nairobi 00502, Kenya; Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Samuel Mungai
- Directorate of Research and Innovation, Mount Kenya University, PO Box 342-01000, Thika, Kenya
| | - Jesse Gitaka
- Directorate of Research and Innovation, Mount Kenya University, PO Box 342-01000, Thika, Kenya
| | - Sara Suliman
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kohler P, Jonsdottir HR, Risch L, Vernazza P, Ackermann-Gäumann R, Kahlert CR. No neutralizing effect of pre-existing tick-borne encephalitis virus antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2: a prospective healthcare worker study. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24198. [PMID: 34921220 PMCID: PMC8683403 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03685-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain immunizations including vaccination against tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) have been suggested to confer cross-protection against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Within a prospective healthcare worker (HCW) cohort, we assessed the potentially protective role of anti-TBEV antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Among 3352 HCW, those with ≥ 1 previous TBEV vaccination (n = 2018, 60%) showed a reduced risk of SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion (adjusted odds ratio: 0.8, 95% CI: 0.7–1.0, P = 0.02). However, laboratory testing of a subgroup of 26 baseline and follow-up samples did not demonstrate any neutralizing effect of anti-TBEV antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in live-virus neutralization assay. However, we observed significantly higher anti-TBEV antibody titers in follow-up samples of participants with previous TBEV vaccination compared to baseline, both TBEV neutralizing (p = 0.001) and total IgG (P < 0.0001), irrespective of SARS-CoV-2 serostatus. Based on these data, we conclude that the observed association of previous TBEV vaccination and reduced risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection is likely due to residual confounding factors. The increase in TBEV follow-up antibody titers can be explained by natural TBEV exposure or potential non-specific immune activation upon exposure to various pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2. We believe that these findings, although negative, contribute to the current knowledge on potential cross-immunity against SARS-CoV-2 from previous immunizations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Kohler
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Cantonal Hospital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland.
| | - Hulda R Jonsdottir
- Spiez Laboratory, Federal Office for Civil Protection, Spiez, Switzerland.,Swiss National Reference Centre for Tick-Transmitted Diseases, Spiez, Switzerland.,Department of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergology, Inselspital University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lorenz Risch
- Labormedizinisches Zentrum Dr. Risch, Buchs, Switzerland
| | - Pietro Vernazza
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Cantonal Hospital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Rahel Ackermann-Gäumann
- Spiez Laboratory, Federal Office for Civil Protection, Spiez, Switzerland.,Swiss National Reference Centre for Tick-Transmitted Diseases, Spiez, Switzerland
| | - Christian R Kahlert
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Cantonal Hospital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Switzerland, St.Gallen, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Makoah NA, Tipih T, Litabe MM, Brink M, Sempa JB, Goedhals D, Burt FJ. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the sensitivity of antibody tests for the laboratory confirmation of COVID-19. Future Virol 2021; 17:10.2217/fvl-2021-0211. [PMID: 34950219 PMCID: PMC8686841 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2021-0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the utility of serological tests for the diagnosis of COVID-19 during the first week of symptom onset in patients confirmed with the real-time RT-PCR. Materials & methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 58 publications were performed using data obtained from Academic Search Ultimate, Africa-wide, Scopus, Web of Science and MEDLINE. Results: We found that the highest pooled sensitivities were obtained with ELISA IgM-IgG and chemiluminescence immunoassay IgM tests. Conclusion: Serological tests have low sensitivity within the first week of symptom onset and cannot replace nucleic acid amplification tests. However, serological assays can be used to support nucleic acid amplification tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nigel A Makoah
- Division of Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of The Free State, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa
| | - Thomas Tipih
- Division of Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of The Free State, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa
| | - Matefo M Litabe
- Division of Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of The Free State, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa
| | - Mareza Brink
- Free State Department of Health, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa
| | - Joseph B Sempa
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of The Free State, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling & Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
| | - Dominique Goedhals
- Division of Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of The Free State, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa
- Division of Virology, National Health Laboratory Service, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa
| | - Felicity J Burt
- Division of Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of The Free State, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa
- Division of Virology, National Health Laboratory Service, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pathogenic Characterization of a Porcine Circovirus Type 3 Isolate from Heilongjiang, China. DISEASE MARKERS 2021; 2021:9434944. [PMID: 34257749 PMCID: PMC8253634 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9434944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The clinical outcome of porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) infection is still controversial. Herein, a novel PCV3 isolate (PCV3-China/DB-1/2017) with the molecular characterization of 24A and 27K in the Cap protein was used to inoculate three-week-old cesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived piglets. The nine PCV3 DB-1 inoculated piglets exhibited no obvious clinical symptoms or macroscopic lesions. PCV3 displayed a broad histotropism, including the heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, brain, lymph nodes, and tonsil, and the lungs and lymph nodes contained a higher quantity of viral genomes compared to that of the other organs. From 7 days after PCV3 DB-1 inoculation, the piglets showed obvious IgG antibody responses against PCV3 rCap-VLPs. The cumulative results demonstrated that PCV3 trend to low pathogenicity.
Collapse
|
12
|
Brinc D, Biondi MJ, Li D, Sun H, Capraru C, Smookler D, Zahoor MA, Casey J, Kulasingam V, Feld JJ. Evaluation of Dried Blood Spot Testing for SARS-CoV-2 Serology Using a Quantitative Commercial Assay. Viruses 2021; 13:962. [PMID: 34067361 PMCID: PMC8224688 DOI: 10.3390/v13060962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dried blood spots (DBS) are commonly used for serologic testing for viruses and provide an alternative collection method when phlebotomy and/or conventional laboratory testing are not readily available. DBS collection could be used to facilitate widespread testing for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies to document past infection, vaccination, and potentially immunity. We investigated the characteristics of Roche's Anti-SARS-CoV-2 (S) assay, a quantitative commercial assay for antibodies against the spike glycoprotein. Antibody levels were reduced relative to plasma following elution from DBS. Quantitative results from DBS samples were highly correlated with values from plasma (r2 = 0.98), allowing for extrapolation using DBS results to accurately estimate plasma antibody levels. High concordance between plasma and fingerpick DBS was observed in PCR-confirmed COVID-19 patients tested 90 days or more after the diagnosis (45/46 matched; 1/46 mismatched plasma vs. DBS). The assessment of antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 using DBS may be feasible using a quantitative anti-S assay, although false negatives may rarely occur in those with very low antibody levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davor Brinc
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; (D.B.); (V.K.)
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada;
| | - Mia J. Biondi
- Viral Hepatitis Care Network (VIRCAN) Study Group, Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto, ON M5G 2C, Canada; (M.J.B.); (C.C.); (D.S.); (M.A.Z.); (J.C.)
| | - Daniel Li
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada;
| | - Heng Sun
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada;
| | - Camelia Capraru
- Viral Hepatitis Care Network (VIRCAN) Study Group, Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto, ON M5G 2C, Canada; (M.J.B.); (C.C.); (D.S.); (M.A.Z.); (J.C.)
| | - David Smookler
- Viral Hepatitis Care Network (VIRCAN) Study Group, Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto, ON M5G 2C, Canada; (M.J.B.); (C.C.); (D.S.); (M.A.Z.); (J.C.)
| | - Muhammad Atif Zahoor
- Viral Hepatitis Care Network (VIRCAN) Study Group, Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto, ON M5G 2C, Canada; (M.J.B.); (C.C.); (D.S.); (M.A.Z.); (J.C.)
| | - Julia Casey
- Viral Hepatitis Care Network (VIRCAN) Study Group, Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto, ON M5G 2C, Canada; (M.J.B.); (C.C.); (D.S.); (M.A.Z.); (J.C.)
| | - Vathany Kulasingam
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; (D.B.); (V.K.)
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada;
| | - Jordan J. Feld
- Viral Hepatitis Care Network (VIRCAN) Study Group, Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, Toronto, ON M5G 2C, Canada; (M.J.B.); (C.C.); (D.S.); (M.A.Z.); (J.C.)
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada;
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bichara CDA, da Silva Graça Amoras E, Vaz GL, da Silva Torres MK, Queiroz MAF, do Amaral IPC, Vallinoto IMVC, Bichara CNC, Vallinoto ACR. Dynamics of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies post-COVID-19 in a Brazilian Amazon population. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:443. [PMID: 33992073 PMCID: PMC8122196 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06156-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, the prevalence and persistence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus) IgG was evaluated in volunteers 90 days after COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) diagnosis by correlating response dynamics with clinical conditions, epidemiological characteristics, and disease severity. METHODS The study recruited 200 volunteers aged 18 years or older of both sexes diagnosed with COVID-19. Of the 200 volunteers initially selected, the 135 individuals who underwent serological testing for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies on the first visit to the laboratory, were invited to return, after 90 days, and provide a new blood sample for a second assessment of the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody. Disease severity and longevity of symptoms were evaluated for each individual and associated with the serological profile. RESULTS Among the 135 individuals who underwent a previous serological test for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody, 125 showed reactivity to IgG (92.6%). Of the 125 individuals with detectable IgG in the first test, 87 (69.6%) showed persistence of this antibody after 90 days and 38 (30.4%) lost IgG reactivity in the second evaluation. The frequency of all reported symptoms was higher in individuals who maintained IgG persistence after 90 days of symptoms. Symptom manifestations lasted ≥21 days in the group with a persistent IgG response (39.6%) and ≤ 7 days in the group with a nonpersistent IgG response (50.0%). The length of hospital stay and supplemental oxygen use were higher in individuals with a persistent IgG response. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study show a high frequency of loss of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies within 3 months after COVID-19 diagnosis in the Brazilian Amazon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos David Araújo Bichara
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Pará Brazil
- Amaral Costa Diagnostic Medicine, Belém, Pará Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Pará Brazil
| | | | | | - Maria Karoliny da Silva Torres
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Pará Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Pará Brazil
| | - Maria Alice Freitas Queiroz
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Pará Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Pará Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Antonio Carlos Rosário Vallinoto
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Pará Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biology of Infectious and Parasitic Agents, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Pará Brazil
| |
Collapse
|