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Al-Khafaji SH, Panahi MH, Baghdadi G, Mehrabi Y, Hashemi S, Delpisheh A. Epidemiologic Features and Risk Factors for Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Dhi Qar Province, Iraq. Cureus 2024; 16:e61445. [PMID: 38947724 PMCID: PMC11214775 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.61445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is endemic in Iraq, where recurrent epidemics have been constantly observed during the last five years. The present study aimed to determine the factors associated with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) cases in Dhi Qar province during the year 2022. METHODS A test-negative case-control design was used to analyze 621 CCHF patients, of which 162 were confirmed and 459 were suspected cases. To identify the confirmed and suspected cases, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used. Suspected patients whose PCR test results were negative were selected as the control group. Data on potential risk factors for CCHF were collected as existing data for previous years for the same geographical locations in Dhi Qar province. Logistic regression analyses were used to determine the correlation between probable risk factors and confirmed CCHF cases. RESULTS The incidence rate of CCHF was 6.8% per 100,000 people. The total number of deaths was 48 for patients with a case fatality rate of 7.7%. The patients' ages ranged from one year to 65 years, with an overall mean ± SD of 36.08 ± 18.29 years. A total of 98.2% of the patients were between 15 and 65 years of age; 58% of the reported patients were male, and the male-to-female ratio was 1.4:1. Additionally, contact with raw meat, animal contact, and tick bite had the highest percentages for CCHF positivity cases. CONCLUSIONS Male gender, high-risk jobs like housewives, health staff, shepherds, butchers, animal dealers, slaughterhouse workers, veterinary staff, and farmers, tick bites, and contact with raw meat were statistically significant predictors for increasing CCHF incidence in Dhi Qar province during the year 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmad H Al-Khafaji
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health & Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IRN
| | - Mohammad H Panahi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health & Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IRN
| | - Ghazwan Baghdadi
- Zoonotic Section, Communicable Diseases Control Center, Baghdad, IRQ
| | - Yadollah Mehrabi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health & Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IRN
| | - Saeed Hashemi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health & Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IRN
| | - Ali Delpisheh
- Department of Epidemiology, Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Center, School of Public Health & Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IRN
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Abuova GN, Berdaliyeva FA, Polukchi TV, Aliyev DS, Raymkulov GS, Kulemin MV, Saylaubekuly R. Seroprevalence of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in the population of Turkestan region. LE INFEZIONI IN MEDICINA 2024; 32:83-89. [PMID: 38456018 PMCID: PMC10917566 DOI: 10.53854/liim-3201-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Purpose To determine the level of seroprevalence to the virus of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) in population of rural area of the particular districts of Turkestan region, Kazakhstan and its connection with epidemiological alerts. Materials and methods For determining the real Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) circulation in Turkestan region, Kazakhstan, massive sero-epidemiologic studies were conducted. Healthy residents of Turkestan Region aged from 10 to 75 years were examined without having been previously registered with CCHF. After receiving an informed consent, 5 ml of venous blood was collected for ELISA assay using the following test kits: VectoCrimea-CHF-IgG and VectoCrimea-CHF-IgM by the Vector-Best JSC. Findings on CCHF morbidity rate along with prevalence of ticks were received from the reports of the Committee of Sanitary and Epidemiological Control of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Results Blood serum samples were collected prospectively from 4259 residents in all 16 districts of rural areas of Turkestan region. CCHF seroprevalence was detected in 2.39% of cases. Anamnesis of a tick-bite along with livestock contact in 18-30 years and 41-50 years age groups were considered as risk factors. The highest rate of CCHF seroprevalence was determined in the following recognized endemic regions and districts, namely Sozak District (4.04%), Turkestan Region (3.85%), Jetisu Region (3.6%). Reactivity probes were detected in residents of all 16 districts of Turkestan Region. The research statistics displayed that CHHF pathogen considerably increased its circulation in the endemic regions and the disease communicated into a number of new districts. Conclusion IgG ELISA was performed to screen CCH-FV in 4259 village inhabitants of Turkestan Region and revealed the presence of antibodies in 2.39% of its population. Weak linear correlation relationship was established between CCHFV seroprevalence rate and CCH-FV morbidity rate in the particular districts of Turkestan Region. As people grow older, CCHFV IgG detection rate increases. Living on CHHF endemic territories is a serious risk factor to become CHHF positive which is characterized by manifestation of the subclinical forms of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulzhan Narkenovna Abuova
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Dermatovenerology, South Kazakhstan Medical Academy, Shymkent, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | | | - Tatyana Vasiliyevna Polukchi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Dermatovenerology, South Kazakhstan Medical Academy, Shymkent, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Daulet Sabyrovich Aliyev
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Dermatovenerology, South Kazakhstan Medical Academy, Shymkent, Republic of Kazakhstan
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Nejati J, Mohammadi M, Okati-Aliabad H. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in a high-prevalence suburban community, southeast of Iran. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23414. [PMID: 38148794 PMCID: PMC10750147 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is a zoonotic viral disease with a high mortality rate. The World Health Organization has classified it as a high-priority pathogen due to its severity. To manage this disease, knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) of the community play an important role. This study was conducted in a suburban area in southeastern Iran, an endemic region with a high occurrence of CCHF. A cross-sectional study was performed among 176 livestock farmers in Zahedan suburb, and data were collected through an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Single-factor and multi-factor analysis of variance was used to identify factors related to participants' knowledge, attitude, and risk of CCHF. All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS 24, and a significance level of p ≤ 0.05 was adopted to determine statistical significance. Overall, the knowledge level about CCHF was moderate. Participants demonstrated a better understanding of high-risk occupations compared to the transmission routes and symptoms of CCHF. Conversely, their knowledge about the prevention and treatment of CCHF was found to be inadequate. The participants exhibited a good attitude towards CCHF prevention; most considered it a dangerous disease, believed in the effectiveness of preventive measures, and demonstrated the ability to address perceived obstacles. High-frequency engagement in high-risk behaviors related to CCHF was observed among the study participants. In the multi-factor model, the most critical factors associated with knowledge were age (p = 0.044), CCHF infection (p = 0.047), and CCHF education (p = 0.004). Income (p = 0.001), keeping livestock at home (p = 0.028), and receiving CCHF education (p = 0.012) were the most critical factors associated with attitude toward the risk of CCHF. The most important factors related to CCHF high-risk behavior were age (p = 0.045), gender (p = 0.028), and handling livestock (p < 0.001). These findings emphasize the need for maintaining health educational efforts on CCHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalil Nejati
- Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mahdi Mohammadi
- Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Hassan Okati-Aliabad
- Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
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Yılmaz S, İba Yilmaz S, Alay H, Koşan Z, Eren Z. Temporal tendency, seasonality and relationship with climatic factors of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever cases (East of Turkey: 2012-2021). Heliyon 2023; 9:e19593. [PMID: 37681169 PMCID: PMC10480645 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever continues to be an important public health problem by expanding its borders. To evaluate the temporal trend, seasonality, and relationship with the climatic factors of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever. Study data included cases treated in two different tertiary healthcare institutions between 2012 and 2021. The demographic characteristics of the cases and the dates of admission to the hospital were determined, and they were matched with the average of the measurements (temperature, cumulative precipitation, relative humidity, wind speed) of two different meteorology stations in the study area. By calculating the crude incidence rates, the trend in years was investigated. Estimates were created by removing the incidence rates, seasonality, and trend components using the additive decomposition technique. The temporal relationship between incidence rates and climatic factors was evaluated with the help of the Autoregressive Distributed Lag Bound Test. Toda Yamamoto test was used for causality verification. The mean age of the cases (n = 974) included in the study was 47.6 ± 17.7 years, and the majority (57.3%) were in the group above 45 years of age. 56.6% of the cases were male and there was a male predominance in all age groups. Incidence rates ranged from 5.5 to 23.1/100,000 over the ten-year period and there was a significant upward trend (R2 = 0.691, p = 0.003). Cases of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever that started in March, peaked in July and ended in October, showed a clear seasonality. A cointegration relationship was observed between case incidence rates and air temperature, cumulative precipitation, and relative humidity (p < 0.05 for all). Climatic factors can only indirectly affect the occurrence of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever cases. However, climatic conditions that become progressively more favorable for vector ticks lead to the spread of the disease. The control measures to be taken should be prepared by considering the changing climatic conditions and prioritizing the risk groups. There is a need for information and awareness-raising studies about climate change and the growing dangers associated with it, also outside of endemic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinan Yılmaz
- Atatürk University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Sibel İba Yilmaz
- Health Sciences University, Erzurum Faculty of Medicine, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Handan Alay
- Atatürk University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Zahide Koşan
- Atatürk University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Eren
- Atatürk University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Technologies, Erzurum, Turkey
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Sankhe S, Talla C, Thiam MS, Faye M, Barry MA, Diarra M, Dia M, Ndiaye O, Sembene PM, Diop B, Fall G, Faye O, Faye O, Diagne MM, Loucoubar C. Seroprevalence of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus and Rift Valley Fever Virus in human population in Senegal from October to November 2020. IJID REGIONS 2023; 7:216-221. [PMID: 37153883 PMCID: PMC10160495 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijregi.2023.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Rift Valley Fever and Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever are two infections classified among the emerging diseases to be monitored with highest priority. Studies undertaken in human and animals have shown endemicity of these two arboviruses in several African countries. However, most of the investigations were carried out on domestic cattle and the studies conducted on human populations are either outdated or limited to a small number of well-known endemic areas. It is then critical to better evaluate the burden of these viruses in Senegal at a national scale. Methods This work relies on a previous seroprevalence survey undertaken in all regions of Senegal at the end of 2020. The existing biobank was used to determine the immunoglobulin G [IgG] Rift Valley Fever and Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever seroprevalences by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results The crude seroprevalences of Rift Valley Fever and Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever were 3.94% and 0.7% respectively, with the northern and central part of the countries as the main exposed areas. However, acute infections reported in both high and low exposed regions suggest sporadic introductions. Conclusions This study gives updated information and could be of interest to support the stakeholders in the management of these zoonoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safietou Sankhe
- Arboviruses and Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses Unit, Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, BP220 Dakar, Senegal
- Animal Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Cheikh Talla
- Epidemiology, Clinical Research and Data Science Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, BP220 Dakar, Senegal
| | - Mareme Seye Thiam
- Epidemiology, Clinical Research and Data Science Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, BP220 Dakar, Senegal
| | - Martin Faye
- Arboviruses and Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses Unit, Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, BP220 Dakar, Senegal
| | - Mamadou Aliou Barry
- Epidemiology, Clinical Research and Data Science Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, BP220 Dakar, Senegal
| | - Maryam Diarra
- Epidemiology, Clinical Research and Data Science Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, BP220 Dakar, Senegal
| | - Moussa Dia
- Arboviruses and Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses Unit, Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, BP220 Dakar, Senegal
| | - Oumar Ndiaye
- Arboviruses and Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses Unit, Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, BP220 Dakar, Senegal
| | - Pape Mbacke Sembene
- Animal Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Boly Diop
- Epidemiological Surveillance Division, Prevention Department, Ministry of Health, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Gamou Fall
- Arboviruses and Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses Unit, Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, BP220 Dakar, Senegal
| | - Oumar Faye
- Arboviruses and Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses Unit, Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, BP220 Dakar, Senegal
| | - Ousmane Faye
- Arboviruses and Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses Unit, Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, BP220 Dakar, Senegal
| | - Moussa Moise Diagne
- Arboviruses and Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses Unit, Virology Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, BP220 Dakar, Senegal
- Corresponding author
| | - Cheikh Loucoubar
- Epidemiology, Clinical Research and Data Science Department, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, BP220 Dakar, Senegal
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