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El Bilali H, Dan Guimbo I, Nanema RK, Falalou H, Kiebre Z, Rokka VM, Tietiambou SRF, Nanema J, Dambo L, Grazioli F, Naino Jika AK, Gonnella M, Acasto F. Research on Moringa ( Moringa oleifera Lam.) in Africa. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1613. [PMID: 38931045 PMCID: PMC11207860 DOI: 10.3390/plants13121613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
While Moringa oleifera Lam. is gaining importance in Africa, especially sub-Saharan Africa, it is unclear whether research is following the quick pace of its development on the continent. Therefore, this article analyzes the landscape of research dealing with moringa in Africa. This systematic review draws upon 299 eligible articles identified through a search carried out on the Web of Science in April 2023. Research on M. oleifera is rather recent in Africa but interest is increasing among scholars. While the research field is multidisciplinary and cross-sectoral, the literature seems to focus on biological and environmental sciences. Moreover, research is performed mainly in South Africa, Nigeria, Egypt, and Ghana. The analysis suggests a significant potential contribution of moringa to food security and nutrition, climate change mitigation/adaptation, farming systems resilience, and livelihoods. Its versatility and diverse applications and uses make moringa particularly interesting for developing countries, such as African ones. However, this review also underscores some factors hindering its development. Therefore, there is a need to strengthen research on moringa to unlock its potential in Africa. Investments in research, innovation, and development can help address the many challenges that Africa faces and contribute to the transition towards sustainable and resilient food systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid El Bilali
- International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agronomic Studies (CIHEAM-Bari), Via Ceglie 9, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy
| | - Iro Dan Guimbo
- Department of Rural Engineering, Water and Forests, Faculty of Agronomy, Abdou Moumouni University, Niamey P.O. Box 237, Niger;
| | - Romaric Kiswendsida Nanema
- Department of Plant Biology and Physiology, Joseph Ki-Zerbo University, PB 7021, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso; (R.K.N.); (Z.K.)
| | - Hamidou Falalou
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Niamey BP 12404, Niger;
| | - Zakaria Kiebre
- Department of Plant Biology and Physiology, Joseph Ki-Zerbo University, PB 7021, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso; (R.K.N.); (Z.K.)
| | - Veli-Matti Rokka
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Myllytie 1, 31600 Jokioinen, Finland;
| | | | - Jacques Nanema
- Programme Agrinovia, Joseph Ki-Zerbo University, 03 BP, Ouagadougou 7021, Burkina Faso;
| | - Lawali Dambo
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences, Abdou Moumouni University, Niamey P.O. Box 237, Niger;
| | - Francesca Grazioli
- Alliance Bioversity International—CIAT (Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical), Via San Domenico 1, 00153 Rome, Italy
| | - Abdel Kader Naino Jika
- Department of Crop Production, Faculty of Agronomy, Abdou Moumouni University, Niamey P.O. Box 237, Niger;
| | - Maria Gonnella
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Filippo Acasto
- Italian Agency for Development Cooperation (AICS), Ouaga 2000—Secteur 54, Arrondissement n. 12, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso;
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Singh S A, Vellapandian C. Sub-chronic oral toxicity study of the alkaloid rich fraction from Luffa cylindrica fruit in Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicol Rep 2024; 12:307-317. [PMID: 38495473 PMCID: PMC10944161 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The loofah/sponge gourd Luffa cylindrica (L.), a member of the Cucurbitaceae family, is one of the neglected medicinal plants. Traditionally, Luffa cylindrica is prescribed for inducing labor. It has a long history of use in China for the treatment of fever, diabetes, dyspnea, and dysentery. This study investigated the toxicity profile of the alkaloid-rich fraction of Luffa cylindrica (ARF-LC) for the first time in Sprague Dawley rats. A total of 80 rats (40 male and 40 female rats) aged 13 weeks old and weighing 200-220 g were selected for this study. In SD rats, sub-chronic oral toxicity was investigated at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg/d for a total of 90 days, followed by a 30-day recovery period. The results showed no variation in body weight among the three dose groups compared to the control group. Treatment-related adverse events, such as alterations in hematology and serum biochemistry parameters and the histology of the liver were sporadic in the high-dose rats but within the reference range. However, these changes disappeared after the doses were withdrawn during the recovery period. In conclusion, the "no observed adverse effect level" (NOAEL) of oral administration of ARF-LC in SD rats was considered 400 mg/kg/d and can be studied for its potential in further in vivo chronic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankul Singh S
- Department of Pharmacology, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chitra Vellapandian
- Department of Pharmacology, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
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Kaggwa B, Anywar G, Munanura EI, Wangalwa R, Kyeyune H, Okella H, Kamba FP, Engeu OP. Application of the herbal chemical marker ranking system (Herb MaRS) to the standardization of herbal raw materials: a case study. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:348. [PMID: 37777721 PMCID: PMC10542261 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04178-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Phytochemical standardization of herbal materials involves establishing consistent levels of one or more active ingredients or markers. It ensures the authenticity and quality of herbal materials, extracts, and their products. This research aimed to apply the herbal chemical marker ranking system (Herb MaRS) originally proposed for quality assurance of complex herbal products to establish markers for controlling the quality of herbal raw materials. METHODS The assessment of compounds for suitability as markers was based on the Herb MaRS, with minor modifications as follows: for more objective scoring, evidence of biological activity of the potential marker compound(s) was determined at three levels based on the number of symptoms of the disease condition a compound can treat or alleviate: (i) one symptom (1 point), two symptoms (2 points), and 3 or more symptoms (3 points). The reported concentrations of the compounds were also scored as follows: concentration not determined (0 points), concentration ≥ 5 ppm (1 point), concentration ≥ 50 ppm (2 points) and availability of analytical standards (1 point). Finally, the compounds were scored for the availability of an analytical method (1 point). The compounds were scored from 0 to 8, where 8 indicated the most suitable chemical marker. RESULTS The selected markers were as follows: aromadendrine, α-terpineol, globulol, and 1,8-cineol (in Eucalyptus globulus Labill. ); aloin, aloe emodin, acemannan (in Aloe barbadensis (L.) Burm.f. ), lupeol, lupenone, betulinic acid, betulin, and catechin (in Albizia coriaria Oliv.); mangiferin, catechin, quercetin, and gallic acid (in Mangifera indica L.); polygodial (in Warburgia ugandensis Sprague); azadirachtin, nimbin, nimbidin (in Azadirachta indica A. Juss. ); and 6,8,10-gingerols, and 6-shogaol (in Zingiber officinalis Roscoe). CONCLUSIONS Herb MaRS can be efficiently applied to select marker compounds for quality control of herbal materials. However, for herbs whose phytochemicals have not been sufficiently researched, it is difficult to establish evidence of activity, and there are no analytical standards and/or methods; this is the case for plants exclusively used in Africa. The markers identified should be incorporated into chromatographic fingerprints, their quantitative methods developed, and evaluated for applicability at the various stages of the production chain of herbal medicines; then, they can be included in future local plant monographs. There is also a need to build local capacity to isolate marker compounds, particularly those that are not sold by current vendors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruhan Kaggwa
- Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Pharm-Bio Technology and Traditional Medicine Center (PHARMBIOTRAC), PO Box 1410, Mbarara, Uganda.
- Department of Pharmacy, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Godwin Anywar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology & Biotechnology, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Edson Ireeta Munanura
- Department of Pharmacy, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Raphael Wangalwa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, P. O BOX 1410, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Henry Kyeyune
- Department of Pharmacy, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Hedmon Okella
- Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Pharm-Bio Technology and Traditional Medicine Center (PHARMBIOTRAC), PO Box 1410, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Fadhiru Pakoyo Kamba
- Department of Pharmacy, Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ogwang Patrick Engeu
- Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Pharm-Bio Technology and Traditional Medicine Center (PHARMBIOTRAC), PO Box 1410, Mbarara, Uganda
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Kaggwa B, Nakayita MG, Munanura EI, Kyeyune H, Ajayi CO, Wangalwa R, Walakira DP, Anywar G, Bagoloire LK, Kakazi T, Ddamulira G, Kamba FP, Ogwang PE. Chemometric Classification of Mangifera indica L. Leaf Cultivars, Based on Selected Phytochemical Parameters; Implications for Standardization of the Pharmaceutical Raw Materials. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2023; 2023:7245876. [PMID: 37576452 PMCID: PMC10421708 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7245876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Mangifera indica leaves are among the most common materials employed in manufacturing herbal medicinal products. Despite the phytochemical variation of M. indica cultivars, there are no monographs to guide the cultivation, processing, and authentication of the materials. Methods This study characterized 15 Ugandan M. indica leaf varieties, with reference to extraction index (EI), total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity (AOA), and mangiferin concentration (MC). In addition, HPLC fingerprints were established to evaluate the overall phytoequivalence of the materials. Then, using hierarchical clustering (HC) and principal component analysis (PCA), the materials were assigned quality grades. Results The mean EI was 9.39 ± 1.64% and varied among the varieties (P=0.001); the TPC varied significantly (P < 0.0001), from 183.29 ± 2.36 mg/g (Takataka) to 79.47 ± 0.58 mg/g (Apple mango). AOA ranged from 16.81 ± 2.85 μg/mL (Doodo red) to 87.85 μg/mL (Asante). MC varied significantly (P < 0.0001), from 105.75 ± 0.60 mg/g (Kate) to 39.53 ± 0.30 mg/g (Asante). HC gave four major grades: A to D (A, varieties with the highest TPC, MC, and AOA). These parameters reduced to below average from group B to group D. The chromatographic fingerprints were visually similar, but the number of peaks varied, from 19 (Kawanda green) to 29 (Kawanda wide), with 23.5 ± 2.9 average peaks. Whole fingerprints were less similar (r < 0.8) than common peak fingerprints (r > 0.9, P < 0.001). PCA grouped the fingerprints into five clusters; loading plots for PC 1 and 2 revealed two important compounds, one at Rt = 15.828 minutes (mangiferin) and the other at 6.021 minutes. Using the standardized common fingerprints, unknown field samples clustered closely with Koona, Kate, and Kawanda green varieties. Conclusions The EI, TPC, MC, and AOA values can be utilized to monitor consistency in the quality of materials and the production process. The grades generated can be used to select materials for cultivation and manufacturing. Where minimum concentrations are set, materials of different concentrations are used to dilute or concentrate each other. The HPLC fingerprints can be utilized to authenticate the materials. More samples from different agroecological regions of the country should be tested to cater to climatic variations in order to develop GMP-compliant botanical identification methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruhan Kaggwa
- Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Pharm-Bio Technology and Traditional Medicine Centre (PHARMBIOTRAC), P.O. Box 1410, Mbarara, Uganda
- Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Maria Gloria Nakayita
- Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Edson Ireeta Munanura
- Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Henry Kyeyune
- Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Clement Olusoji Ajayi
- Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Pharm-Bio Technology and Traditional Medicine Centre (PHARMBIOTRAC), P.O. Box 1410, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Raphael Wangalwa
- Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, P.O. Box 1410, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Daniel Pillah Walakira
- Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Godwin Anywar
- Makerere University, Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology and Biotechnology, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Lynn K. Bagoloire
- Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Teddy Kakazi
- Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Gabriel Ddamulira
- National Crops Resource Research Institute, P.O. Box 7084, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Fadhiru Pakoyo Kamba
- Makerere University, College of Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Patrick Engeu Ogwang
- Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Pharm-Bio Technology and Traditional Medicine Centre (PHARMBIOTRAC), P.O. Box 1410, Mbarara, Uganda
- Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 1410, Mbarara, Uganda
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Anywar GU, Kakudidi E, Oryem-Origa H, Schubert A, Jassoy C. Cytotoxicity of Medicinal Plant Species Used by Traditional Healers in Treating People Suffering From HIV/AIDS in Uganda. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:832780. [PMID: 35586188 PMCID: PMC9108544 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.832780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Many people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHIV) in Uganda widely use herbal medicines. However, their toxicity and safety have not been investigated. The use of these plants can potentially cause harmful effects to the health of patients. The purpose of this study was to determine the cytotoxicity of some commonly used medicinal plant species used by PLHIV. Methods: The cytotoxicity of the plant extracts was determined with the AlamarBlue cell viability assay using the human glioblastoma cell line U87.CD4.CXCR4. The cells were treated with varying concentrations of extracts of Warburgia ugandensis, Erythrina abyssinica, Cryptolepis sanguinolenta, Albizia coriaria, Psorospermum febrifugium, Gymnosporia senegalensis, Zanthoxylum chalybeum, Securidaca longipendunculata, Vachellia hockii, Gardenia ternifolia, and Bridelia micrantha reconstituted with ethanol and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Using regression analysis, the half maximal cytotoxic concentration (CC50) of the plant extracts were calculated from exponential curve fits, since they provided the highest coefficient of determination, R2. Results: The ethanol extracts of W. ugandensis (CC50 = 7.6 μg/ml) and A. coriaria (CC50 = 1.5 μg/ml) as well as the DMSO-reconstituted extracts of W. ugandensis (CC50 = 6.4 μg/ml) and A. coriria (CC50 = < 4 μg/ml) were highly cytotoxic. The cytotoxicity of W. ugandensis and A. coriaria compared well with the indigenous traditional knowledge of the toxic effects experienced when the plants were not used correctly. However, the cytotoxicity of most of the plant extracts (15/22) was low to moderate (CC50 = 21–200 μg/ml). Conclusion: Most of the plant species tested in this study had low to moderate cytotoxicity against U87.CD4.CXCR4 cells, except W. ugandensis and A. coriria which were highly cytotoxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godwin Upoki Anywar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology & Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy & Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Medical Microbiology & Virology, University Clinics & Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Godwin Upoki Anywar, , ,
| | - Esezah Kakudidi
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology & Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Hannington Oryem-Origa
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology & Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Andreas Schubert
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy & Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Jassoy
- Institute for Medical Microbiology & Virology, University Clinics & Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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