Bioactive Compounds and Their Derivatives: An Insight into Prospective Phytotherapeutic Approach against Alzheimer’s Disease

Natural products targeting amyloid-β oligomer neurotoxicity in Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) constitutes a major global health issue, characterized by progressive neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment, for which no curative treatment is currently available. Current therapeutic approaches are focused on symptom management, highlighting the critical need for disease-modifying therapy. The hallmark pathology of AD involves the aggregation and accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides in the brain. Consequently, drug discovery efforts in recent decades have centered on the Aβ aggregation cascade, which includes the transition of monomeric Aβ peptides into toxic oligomers and, ultimately, mature fibrils. Historically, anti-Aβ strategies focused on the clearance of amyloid fibrils using monoclonal antibodies. However, substantial evidence has highlighted the critical role of Aβ oligomers (AβOs) in AD pathogenesis. Soluble AβOs are now recognized as more toxic than fibrils, directly contributing to synaptic impairment, neuronal damage, and the onset of AD. Targeting AβOs has emerged as a promising therapeutic approach to mitigate cognitive decline in AD. Natural products (NPs) have demonstrated promise against AβO neurotoxicity through various mechanisms, including preventing AβO formation, enhancing clearance mechanisms, or converting AβOs into non-toxic species. Understanding the mechanisms by which anti-AβO NPs operate is useful for developing disease-modifying treatments for AD. In this review, we explore the role of NPs in mitigating AβO neurotoxicity for AD drug discovery, summarizing key evidence from biophysical methods, cellular assays, and animal models. By discussing how NPs modulate AβO neurotoxicity across various experimental systems, we aim to provide valuable insights into novel therapeutic strategies targeting AβOs in AD.

The multifaceted effects of flavonoids on neuroplasticity

 There has been a significant increase in the incidence of multiple neurodegenerative and terminal diseases in the human population with life expectancy increasing in the current times. This highlights the urgent need for a more comprehensive understanding of how different aspects of lifestyle, in particular diet, may affect neural functioning and consequently cognitive performance as well as in enhancing overall health. Flavonoids, found in a variety of fruits, vegetables, and derived beverages, provide a new avenue of research that shows a promising influence on different aspects of brain function. However, despite the promising evidence, most bioactive compounds lack strong clinical research efficacy. In the current scoping review, we highlight the effects of Flavonoids on cognition and neural plasticity across vertebrates and invertebrates with special emphasis on the studies conducted in the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, which has emerged to be a functionally dynamic model for studies on learning and memory. In conclusion, we suggest future research directions and discuss the social, cultural, and ethnic dependencies of bioactive compounds that influence how these compounds are used and accepted globally. Bridging the gap between preclinical and clinical studies about the effects of bioactive natural compounds on brain health will surely lead to lifestyle choices such as dietary Flavonoids being used complementarily rather than as replacements to classical drugs bringing about a healthier future.

Unraveling the therapeutic potential of quercetin and quercetin-3-O-glucuronide in Alzheimer's disease through network pharmacology, molecular docking, and dynamic simulations

Quercetin is a flavonoid with notable pharmacological effects and promising therapeutic potential. Quercetin plays a significant role in neuroinflammation, which helps reduce Alzheimer's disease (AD) severity. Quercetin (Q) and quercetin 3-O-glucuronide (Q3OG) are some of the most potent antioxidants available from natural sources. However, the natural form of quercetin converted into Q3OG when reacted with intestinal microbes. The study aims to ensure the therapeutic potential of Q and Q3OG. In this study, potential molecular targets of Q and Q3OG were first identified using the Swiss Target Prediction platform and pathogenic targets of AD were identified using the DisGeNET database. Followed by compound and disease target overlapping, 77 targets were placed in that AKT1, EGFR, MMP9, TNF, PTGS2, MMP2, IGF1R, MCL1, MET and PARP1 was the top-ranked target, which was estimated by CytoHubba plug-in. The Molecular docking was performed for Q and Q3OG towards the PDB:1UNQ target. The binding score of Q and Q3OG was - 6.2 kcal/mol and - 6.58 kcal/mol respectively. Molecular dynamics simulation was conducted for Q and Q3OG towards the PDB:1UNQ target at 200 ns. This study's results help identify the multiple target sites for the bioactive compounds. Thus, synthesizing new chemical entity-based quercetin on structural modification may aid in eradicating AD complications.

In Vitro and In Vivo Supplementation with Curcumin Promotes Hippocampal Neuronal Synapses Development in Rats by Inhibiting GSK-3β and Activating β-catenin

The human fetal thyroid gland is not capable of producing thyroid hormones independently until 20 weeks of gestation, and if maternal thyroid hormone synthesis is inadequate in early pregnancy, fetal brain and nerve development may be affected by maternal hypothyroidism. Curcumin, which is isolated from turmeric (Curcuma longa), has been shown to be effective in repairing neurological disorders and is effective in relieving nerve damage when consumed over a long period of time. In this experiment, we investigated the effect of curcumin supplementation on synaptic development of rat hippocampal neurons. A cell model of oxidative damage and a young rat model of hypothyroidism were constructed, and model cells and rats were treated with triiodothyronine (T3), tetraiodothyronine (T4), and curcumin, respectively. Damage of nerve cells and animal brain tissues was examined, and the effect of curcumin in alleviating the blocked neurodevelopment was investigated. Further modulation of GSK-3β/β-catenin was performed to investigate the mechanism of action of curcumin. Ultimately, we found that T3-, T4-, and curcumin-treated model cells and young rats had increased numbers of synapses and good neurodevelopment. At the same time, we found that curcumin inhibited the production of GSK-3β and Axin to activate β-catenin. The inhibition of β-catenin weakened the therapeutic effect of curcumin, and the differences between the indicators and the model group disappeared. Both cellular and animal experiments supported that curcumin effectively alleviated the oxidative cell damage caused by thyroxine deficiency and activated the synaptogenic ability of nerve synapses by inhibiting GSK-3β and protecting β-catenin activity.

Insights on Quercetin Therapeutic Potential for Neurodegenerative Diseases and its Nano-technological Perspectives

The neurodegeneration process begins in conjunction with the aging of the neurons. It manifests in different parts of the brain as Aβ plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, Lewy bodies, Pick bodies, and other structures, which leads to progressive loss or death of neurons. Quercetin (QC) is a flavonoid compound found in fruits, tea, and other edible plants have antioxidant effects that have been studied from subcellular compartments to tissue levels in the brain. Also, quercetin has been reported to possess a neuroprotective role by decreasing oxidative stress-induced neuronal cell damage. The use of QC for neurodegenerative therapy, the existence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) remains a significant barrier to improving the clinical effectiveness of the drug, so finding an innovative solution to develop simultaneous BBB-crossing ability of drugs for treating neurodegenerative disorders and improving neurological outcomes is crucial. The nanoparticle formulation of QC is considered beneficial and useful for its delivery through this route for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases seems necessary. Increased QC accumulation in the brain tissue and more significant improvements in tissue and cellular levels are among the benefits of QC-involved nanostructures.

Angelica Yinzi Alleviates Pruritus-Related Atopic Dermatitis through Skin Repair, Antioxidation, and Balancing Peripheral μ- and κ-opioid Receptors

Background

Angelica Yinzi (AYZ) is a Chinese traditional herbal formula reported to attenuate itches and inflammation caused by atopic dermatitis (AD). However, the underlying mechanism of AYZ in the attenuation of itchiness and inflammation remains unknown.

Objective

This study investigated the mechanism of AYZ in reducing itchiness in mice with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene- (DNCB-)-induced atopic dermatitis.

Methods

Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and toluidine blue staining were used to evaluate pathological changes in skin tissue, while an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to assess the cytokine levels in the skin. After that, qRT-PCR was performed to determine the mRNA levels of cytokines in the skin. Immunofluorescence and western blotting analysis were further used to assess µ-opioid receptor (MOR) expression and immunohistochemistry to assess the p-ERK, p-AKT, and κ-opioid receptor (KOR).

Results

The AYZ treatment alleviated the AD clinical symptoms, including decreasing the scratching frequency, the ear thickness, and the infiltration of mast cells, lymphocytes, inflammatory cells, and mononuclear cells. In addition, AYZ inhibited the expression of interleukin (IL)-13, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), and reduced neuraminidase (NA), corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) expression. Markers involved in itches, such as p-ERK and p-AKT, were significantly downregulated following AYZ treatment. Besides, AYZ significantly increased MOR expression and downregulated KOR in the epidermis and spinal cord.

Conclusion

Our findings imply that AYZ ameliorates pruritus-related AD through skin repair, antioxidation, and balancing peripheral MOR and KOR. The findings in this study lay a theoretical foundation for the control mechanism of peripheral itch.

Scaling the Andean Shilajit: A Novel Neuroprotective Agent for Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder without a cure, despite the enormous number of investigations and therapeutic approaches. AD is a consequence of microglial responses to "damage signals", such as aggregated tau oligomers, which trigger a neuro-inflammatory reaction, promoting the misfolding of cytoskeleton structure. Since AD is the most prevalent cause of dementia in the elderly (>60 years old), new treatments are essential to improve the well-being of affected subjects. The pharmaceutical industry has not developed new drugs with efficacy for controlling AD. In this context, major attention has been given to nutraceuticals and novel bioactive compounds, such as molecules from the Andean Shilajit (AnSh), obtained from the Andes of Chile. Primary cultures of rat hippocampal neurons and mouse neuroblastoma cells were evaluated to examine the functional and neuroprotective role of different AnSh fractions. Our findings show that AnSh fractions increase the number and length of neuronal processes at a differential dose. All fractions were viable in neurons. The AnSh fractions inhibit tau self-aggregation after 10 days of treatment. Finally, we identified two candidate molecules in M3 fractions assayed by UPLC/MS. Our research points to a novel AnSh-derived fraction that is helpful in AD. Intensive work toward elucidation of the molecular mechanisms is being carried out. AnSh is an alternative for AD treatment or as a coadjuvant for an effective treatment.

Iron metabolism: An emerging therapeutic target underlying the anti-Alzheimer's disease effect of ginseng

Finding neuroprotective drugs with fewer side effects and more efficacy has become a major problem as the global prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) rises. Natural drugs have risen to prominence as potential medication candidates. Ginseng has a long history of use in China, and it has a wide range of pharmacological actions that can help with neurological issues. Iron loaded in the brain has been linked to AD pathogenesis. We reviewed the regulation of iron metabolism and its studies in AD and explored how ginseng might regulate iron metabolism and prevent or treat AD. Researchers utilized network pharmacology analysis to identify key factive components of ginseng that protect against AD by regulating ferroptosis. Ginseng and its active ingredients may benefit AD by regulating iron metabolism and targeting ferroptosis genes to inhibit the ferroptosis process. The results present new ideas for ginseng pharmacological studies and initiatives for further research into AD-related drugs. To provide comprehensive information on the neuroprotective use of ginseng to modulate iron metabolism, reveal its potential to treat AD, and provide insights for future research opportunities.

Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery Systems: An Inspiring Therapeutic Strategy for Neurodegenerative Diseases

Neurodegenerative diseases are common, incurable neurological disorders with high prevalence, and lead to memory, movement, language, and intelligence impairments, threatening the lives and health of patients worldwide. The blood-brain barrier (BBB), a physiological barrier between the central nervous system and peripheral blood circulation, plays an important role in maintaining the homeostasis of the intracerebral environment by strictly regulating the transport of substances between the blood and brain. Therefore, it is difficult for therapeutic drugs to penetrate the BBB and reach the brain, and this affects their efficacy. Nanoparticles (NPs) can be used as drug transport carriers and are also known as nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems (NDDSs). These systems not only increase the stability of drugs but also facilitate the crossing of drugs through the BBB and improve their efficacy. In this article, we provided an overview of the types and administration routes of NPs, highlighted the preclinical and clinical studies of NDDSs in neurodegenerative diseases, and summarized the combined therapeutic strategies in the management of neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, the prospects and challenges of NDDSs in recent basic and clinical research were also discussed. Above all, NDDSs provide an inspiring therapeutic strategy for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

Neuroprotective effects of bornyl acetate on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis via anti-inflammatory effects and maintaining blood-brain-barrier integrity

BACKGROUND

Bornyl acetate (BA), a chemical component of essential oil in the Pinus family, has yet to be actively studies in terms of its therapeutic effect on numerous diseases, including autoimmune diseases.

PURPOSE

This study aimed to investigate the pharmacological effects and molecular mechanisms of BA on myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG_35-55)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice in an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), a representative autoimmune disease in central nervous system.

METHODS

BA (100, 200, or 400 mg/kg) was orally treated to EAE mice once daily for 30 days after immunization for the behavioral test and for the 16th-18th days for the histopathological and molecular analyses, from the onset stage (8th day) of EAE symptoms.

RESULTS

BA mitigated behavioral dysfunction (motor disability) and demyelination in the spinal cord that were associated with the down-regulation of representative pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha), enzymes (cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase), and chemokines (monocyte chemotactic protein-1, macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha, and regulated on activation), and decreased infiltration of microglia (CD11b⁺/CD45^+(low)) and macrophages (CD11b⁺/CD45^+(high)). The anti-inflammatory effect of BA was related to the inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinases and nuclear factor-kappa B pathways. BA also reduced the recruitment/infiltration rates of CD4⁺ T, Th1, and Th17 cells into the spinal cords of EAE mice, which was related to reduced blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) disruption.

CONCLUSION

These findings strongly suggest that BA may alleviate EAE due to its anti-inflammatory and BSCB protective activities. This indicates that BA is a potential therapeutic agent for treating autoimmune demyelinating diseases including MS.

An Analysis of the Clinical Medication Rules of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Based on Data Mining

Objective

The aim of the present study is to investigate the rules and characteristics of the clinical administration of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) using data mining methods.

Method

Medical cases of well-known contemporary TCM doctors treating PCOS were collected from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chinese Biomedical Literature Service System, Wanfang, Chinese Scientific Journals Database, and PubMed; the data were then characterized, and a standardized database of medical cases was built. This database was used to (1) count the frequency of syndrome types and the herbs used in medical cases by data mining methods and (2) analyze drug association rules and systematic clustering methods.

Results

A total of 330 papers were included, involving 382 patients and a total of 1,427 consultations. The most common syndrome type was kidney deficiency; sputum stasis was the core pathological product and causative factor. A total of 364 herbs were used. Among them, 22 herbs were used >300 times, including Danggui (Angelicae Sinensis Radix), Tusizi (Semen Cuscutae), Fuling (Poria), Xiangfu (Nutgrass Galingale Rhizome), and Baizhu (Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma). Additionally, 22 binomial associations were obtained from the analysis of association rules; five clustering formulae were obtained via the analysis of high-frequency drug clusters; and 27 core combinations were obtained by k-means clustering of formula.

Conclusion

In the treatment of PCOS, TCM is primarily employed as a combination approach involving tonifying the kidneys, strengthening the spleen, eliminating damp and dissolving phlegm, activating blood circulation, and resolving blood stasis. The core prescription is primarily a compound intervention based on the Cangfu Daotan pill, Liuwei Dihuang pill, and Taohong Siwu decoction.

Mitophagy: A promising therapeutic target for neuroprotection during ageing and age-related diseases

Mitochondria and mitochondria-mediated signalling pathways are known to control synaptic signalling, as well as long-lasting changes in neuronal structure and function. Mitochondrial impairment is linked to synaptic dysfunction in normal ageing and age-associated neurodegenerative ailments, including Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Both proteolysis and mitophagy perform a major role in neuroprotection, by maintaining a healthy mitochondrial population during ageing. Mitophagy, a highly evolutionarily conserved cellular process, helps in the clearance of damaged mitochondria and thereby maintains the mitochondrial and metabolic balance, energy supply, neuronal survival and neuronal health. Besides the maintenance of brain homeostasis, hippocampal mitophagy also helps in synapse formation, axonal development, dopamine release and long-term depression. In contrast, defective mitophagy contributes to ageing and age-related neurodegeneration by promoting the accumulation of damaged mitochondria leading to cellular dysfunction. Exercise, stress management, maintaining healthy mitochondrial dynamics and administering natural or synthetic pharmacological compounds are some of the strategies used for neuroprotection during ageing and age-related neurological diseases. The current review discusses the impact of defective mitophagy in ageing and age-associated neurodegenerative conditions, the underlying molecular pathways and potential therapies based on recently elucidated mitophagy-inducing strategies.

Potential bioactive compounds and mechanisms of Fibraurea recisa Pierre for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease analyzed by network pharmacology and molecular docking prediction

Introduction

Heat-clearing and detoxifying Chinese medicines have been documented to have anti-Alzheimer's disease (AD) activities according to the accumulated clinical experience and pharmacological research results in recent decades. In this study, Fibraurea recisa Pierre (FRP), the classic type of Heat-clearing and detoxifying Chinese medicine, was selected as the object of research.

Methods

12 components with anti-AD activities were identified in FRP by a variety of methods, including silica gel column chromatography, multiple databases, and literature searches. Then, network pharmacology and molecular docking were adopted to systematically study the potential anti-AD mechanism of these compounds. Consequently, it was found that these 12 compounds could act on 235 anti-AD targets, of which AKT and other targets were the core targets. Meanwhile, among these 235 targets, 71 targets were identified to be significantly correlated with the pathology of amyloid beta (Aβ) and Tau.

Results and discussion

In view of the analysis results of the network of active ingredients and targets, it was observed that palmatine, berberine, and other alkaloids in FRP were the key active ingredients for the treatment of AD. Further, Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathway and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway were the most significant signaling pathways for FRP to play an anti-AD role. Findings in our study suggest that multiple primary active ingredients in FRP can play a multitarget anti-AD effect by regulating key physiological processes such as neurotransmitter transmission and anti-inflammation. Besides, key ingredients such as palmatine and berberine in FRP are expected to be excellent leading compounds of multitarget anti-AD drugs.

Astaxanthin Prevents Tuberculosis-Associated Inflammatory Injury by Inhibiting the Caspase 4/11-Gasdermin-Pyroptosis Pathway

Pyroptosis is a programmed cell death caused by inflammation. Multiple studies have suggested that Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection causes tissue pyroptosis. However, there are currently no protective drugs against the inflammatory damage caused by pyroptosis. In this study, anti-pyroptotic effects of the natural compound astaxanthin (ASTA) were explored in a simulated pulmonary tuberculosis-associated inflammatory environment. The results showed that ASTA maintained the stability of MLE-12 lung epithelial cell numbers in the inflammatory environment established by lipopolysaccharide. The reason is not to promote cell proliferation but to inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced pyroptosis. The results showed that ASTA significantly inhibited the expression of key proteins in the caspase 4/11-gasdermin D pathway and the release of pyroptosis-related inflammatory mediators. Therefore, ASTA inhibits inflammation-induced pyroptosis by inhibiting the caspase 4/11-gasdermin D pathway and has the potential to protect lung tissue from tuberculosis-related inflammatory injury. ASTA, a functional food component, is a promising candidate for protection against tuberculosis-associated inflammatory lung injury.

Multifaceted role of polyphenols in the treatment and management of neurodegenerative diseases

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are conditions that cause neuron structure and/or function to deteriorate over time. Genetic alterations may be responsible for several NDDs. However, a multitude of physiological systems can trigger neurodegeneration. Several NDDs, such as Huntington's, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's, are assigned to oxidative stress (OS). Low concentrations of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are crucial for maintaining normal brain activities, as their increasing concentrations can promote neural apoptosis. OS-mediated neurodegeneration has been linked to several factors, including notable dysfunction of mitochondria, excitotoxicity, and Ca²⁺ stress. However, synthetic drugs are commonly utilized to treat most NDDs, and these treatments have been known to have side effects during treatment. According to providing empirical evidence, studies have discovered many occurring natural components in plants used to treat NDDs. Polyphenols are often safer and have lesser side effects. As, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, resveratrol, curcumin, quercetin, celastrol, berberine, genistein, and luteolin have p-values less than 0.05, so they are typically considered to be statistically significant. These polyphenols could be a choice of interest as therapeutics for NDDs. This review highlighted to discusses the putative effectiveness of polyphenols against the most prevalent NDDs.

Electroacupuncture Modulates 5-HT4R-Mediated cAMP/PKA Signaling to Improve Intestinal Motility Disorders in a Thy1-αSyn Parkinson's Mouse Model

Constipation is one of the most common nonmotor symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and often occurs before motor symptoms. Electroacupuncture effectively improves the symptoms of constipation in patients with PD. In the present study, we used thymus cell antigen 1-α-synuclein (Thy1-αSyn) transgenic mice as a model of intestinal motility disorders in PD to determine the therapeutic effect of electroacupuncture and the underlying mechanisms. Electroacupuncture significantly improved fecal excretion and accelerated the rate of small-intestinal propulsion in Thy1-αSyn mice by upregulating the serotonin concentration and the expression of the serotonin 4 receptor. Consequently, the downstream cyclic AMP/protein kinase A (cAMP/PKA) pathway was affected, and to upregulate and downregulate, the expression of substance P was upregulated, and the expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide was downregulated. In summary, electroacupuncture improved intestinal motility in PD mice by affecting serotonin levels, serotonin 4 receptor expression, and the cAMP/PKA pathway, providing a potentially effective and promising complementary and alternative therapy for relieving constipation symptoms in patients with PD.

Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Promotes Hearing Gain with Increases in Serum IGF-1 and HSP70 in Patients with Idiopathic Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss

Objective

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) has been recommended for the initial and salvage treatment of patients with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSHL), but its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we investigated whether HBOT alters serum levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) in patients with ISSHL. Then, we identified the relationship between hearing recovery and changes in serum IGF-1 and HSP70 levels.

Methods

Moderately severe to profound unilateral ISSHL patients (n = 70) and healthy control participants (n = 30) were enrolled. The ISSHL patients were randomly assigned to receive medical therapy alone (MT group, n = 35) or both HBOT and medical therapy (HBOT + MT group, n = 35). Audiometric testing was performed before and after treatment. Serum IGF-1 and HSP70 levels were assessed by ELISA in ISSHL patients pre-and posttreatment and healthy controls.

Results

Before treatment, compared with the healthy controls, serum IGF-1 and HSP70 were lower in ISSHL patients. After treatment, serum IGF-1 and HSP70 increased in both the HBOT + MT and MT groups, although they were significantly higher in the HBOT + MT group (p < 0.01). In the HBOT + MT group, these increases were associated with hearing gains. In addition, IGF-1 was strongly associated with HSP70 (r = 0.621, p = 0.001). No such association was found in the MT group (p = 0.757).

Conclusion

Administering HBOT in addition to medical therapy can improve the hearing of patients with moderately severe to profound unilateral ISSHL. The improvement is related to the upregulation of IGF-1 and HSP70.

Effectiveness of Tai Chi on Blood Pressure, Stress, Fatigue, and Sleep Quality among Chinese Women with Episodic Migraine: A Randomised Controlled Trial

The beneficial effects of Tai Chi on the cardiovascular risk profile and the migraine trigger factors among female migraineurs remain unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a 12-week Tai Chi training on blood pressure (BP) and migraine-related trigger factors, including stress, fatigue, and sleep quality among Chinese women with episodic migraine. In this study, eligible Hong Kong Chinese women aged 18–65 years were randomly assigned to the Tai Chi group adopting a modified 33-short form of Yang style Tai Chi training for 12 weeks, followed by additional 12 weeks of self-practice or the waiting list control group that maintained the usual lifestyle for 24 weeks. The primary outcome was the changes in BP from the baseline to 12 and 24 weeks. The secondary outcomes included the stress level, fatigue, and sleep quality measured by the perceived stress scale (PSS), the numeric rating scale-fatigue (NRS-fatigue), and the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI), respectively. Significant between-group differences were found in systolic BP (−6.8 mmHg at 24 weeks, P=0.02), and a decreasing trend was significant across baseline, 12 weeks, and 24 weeks between groups (P < 0.05). The 12-week Tai Chi training significantly reduced the BP level and moderately improved stress level, fatigue status, and sleep quality among Chinese women with episodic migraine. Therefore, Tai Chi could be considered a promising mind-body exercise with good feasibility for migraineurs in the future. This trial is registered with registration number NCT03015753.

Eucommia ulmoides Oliver's Multitarget Mechanism for Treatment of Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Study Based on Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking

Background

Eucommia ulmoides Oliver (EU) is a plant used in Chinese medicine as a medicinal herb to treat autoimmune and inflammatory conditions. We used network pharmacology to examine the active ingredients and estimate the main targets and pathways affected by EU when it is used to treat ankylosing spondylitis (AS).

Materials and Methods

The Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform was used to search for active ingredients in EU and their target proteins. The GeneCards Database was used to find AS-related targets. The targets from the EU and AS searches that coincided were selected by constructing a Venn diagram. Then, a STRING network platform and Cytoscape software were used to analyse the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and key targets. The strong affinity between EU and its targets was confirmed using molecular docking techniques. The Gene Ontology and the Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis of overlapping targets was performed using the database for annotation, visualization, and integrated discovery online tool.

Results

The number of active ingredients against AS in EU was discovered to be 28. Major targets against AS in the PPI network and core targets analyses were identified as IL-1B, PTGS2, IL-8, nMMP-9, CCL2, MYC, and IL-2. Furthermore, molecular docking studies showed the strong affinity between EU's bioactive molecules and their AS targets. Enrichment analysis revealed that active ingredients from EU were involved in a variety of biological processes, including the response to molecules derived from bacteria, extracellular stimuli, nutrient levels, and the regulation of reactive oxygen species, all of which are mediated by interleukin-17, TNF-α, and other signalling pathways.

Conclusion

The therapy for AS using EU involves a multitarget, multipathway, and multiselection mechanism that includes anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. This study provides a theoretical basis for future research into targeted molecular therapies for AS.

Therapeutic Effects and Mechanisms of Action of Garlic (Allium sativum) on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Comprehensive Systematic Literature Review

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is globally the leading cause of hepatic dysfunction. Garlic has many physiological benefits, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, lipid-lowering, and antidiabetes effects. The present study aimed to systematically review the effects of garlic (Allium sativum) and its mechanisms of function in managing NAFLD and its associated complications. The guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statements were applied to perform the study (CRD42021289348). The Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane PubMed, and Google Scholar databases were searched until February 2022. According to the inclusion criteria, finally, 12 studies were entered into the study. The evidence provided in the study revealed that garlic could regulate the development of NAFLD via several mechanisms of action, such as lowering body weight, modulating lipid and glucose metabolism, and reducing inflammation and oxidative stress (OS). Overall, the beneficial effects of garlic in the treatment of NAFLD make it a potential therapeutic and efficient agent in managing NAFLD and its related risk factors. There is an insufficient number of clinical trials addressing the effects of garlic in humans; therefore, conducting more human research in the future is recommended.

Mechanism of Yangxin Tongmai Decoction in the Treatment of Coronary Heart Disease with Blood Stasis Syndrome Based on Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking

This study aimed to explore the mechanism of Yangxin Tongmai decoction (YXTMD) in the treatment of coronary heart disease (CHD) with blood stasis syndrome (BSS) using network pharmacology and molecular docking, and to verify these results through clinical trials. The active compounds of YXTMD were identified using the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology database, and the targets of the active compounds were predicted using the SwissTarget Prediction database. The targets of CHD and BSS were predicted using the GeneCards, OMIM, PharmGKB, TTD, and DrugBank databases. The common targets of “herb-disease-phenotype” were obtained using a Venn diagram, then used Cytoscape software 3.8.2 and its plug-in CytoNCA and STRING database to construct the “herb active compounds-common target” and protein–protein interaction networks. R language software and bioconductor plug-in were used for Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses. AutoDock was used for the molecular docking analysis. Finally, clinical trials were conducted to confirm the results of network pharmacology. Eighty-three active components were obtained, and the core active components were 5,7,4′-trimethoxyflavone, tetramethoxyluteolin, isosinensetin, sinensetin, and 5,7-dihydroxy-2-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)chroman-4-one. A total of 140 common targets were identified, and the core targets were EGFR, VEGFA, AKT1, STAT3, TP53, ERBB2, and PIK3CA. Biological processes identified by the GO analysis primarily involved wound healing, regulation of body fluid levels, and vascular process in circulatory system. The cellular components were primarily located in the membrane raft, membrane microdomain, and plasma membrane raft. The primary molecular functions were activity of transmembrane receptor protein kinase, transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase, and protein tyrosine kinase. KEGG analysis showed that the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway was closely related to the treatment of CHD with BSS by YXTMD. Molecular docking results showed that the core active components had a good binding activity with the core targets. The clinical trial results showed that YXTMD improved the BSS scores and decreased the serum levels of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Moreover, the levels of PI3k and AKt mRNA were upregulated and the levels of GSK-3β mRNA were downregulated. YXTMD has multicomponent, multitarget, and multipathway effects in the treatment of CHD with BSS, and its mechanism of action may involve activation of the PI3K-AKt signaling pathway, downregulation of GSK-3β, and mediation of in vivo lipid metabolism-based metabolic processes.

Inchinkoto, the Traditional Japanese Kampo Medicine, Enhances Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Function In Vitro

Inchinkoto (ICKT), a traditional herbal medicine that is often used as a hepatoprotective drug in Japan, has pharmacological properties that include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and choleretic actions. Genipin is a metabolite of geniposide and the most abundant ingredient of ICKT; furthermore, it is considered to be the active substance responsible for its pharmacological properties in the liver. Drugs with such pharmacological characteristics are expected to prevent intestinal barrier dysfunction, which causes inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). However, no studies have investigated the effects of ICKT on the intestinal epithelial barrier. Therefore, we investigated the activity of ICKT in intestinal tight junctions by using cultured Caco-2 cell monolayers. The action of the compound on tight junctions was examined by measuring transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and sodium fluorescein (Na-F) permeability in the presence or absence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Moreover, the expression of the tight junction protein claudin-1 was assessed by using immunofluorescent staining. ICKT and genipin increased TEER and decreased Na-F permeability, which was suggestive of enhanced intestinal epithelial barrier function. Moreover, they prevented the LPS-induced destruction of the barrier, i.e., a decrease in TEER and an increase in Na-F permeability. Immunofluorescence staining revealed a high claudin-1 expression level on the cell surface, whereas exposure to LPS downregulated claudin-1. In turn, ICKT and genipin prevented the LPS-mediated reduction of claudin-1. These results suggest that ICKT enhances intestinal epithelial barrier function by upregulating claudin-1. Furthermore, genipin contributed to these effects. ICKT may be a promising medicine for the prevention and treatment of diseases associated with intestinal barrier disruption, such as IBD, obesity, and metabolic disorders.

Network Pharmacology-Based Exploration of the Mechanism of Action of Shugan Hewei Recipe in the Treatment of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease with Anxiety and Depression

The Shugan Hewei recipe (SHR) is a well-recognized traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription that has been shown to significantly improve chest pain, acid regurgitation, and the mood of GERD. Nonetheless, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, the active compounds and targets of SHR were predicted using network pharmacology. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses were utilized to explore the therapeutic mechanism of SHR. Combined with the drug target obtained from network pharmacology, the therapeutic effect and mechanism of SHR were observed. SHR’s main active compounds included quercetin, kaempferol, and luteolin. The core targets of SHR and GERD were TGF-β1, IL-1β, IL-4, CXCL10, MAPK1, MAPK3, CXCL8, IL-10, IL-2, and FOS, involving virus infection, inflammatory response, and body immunity. The core targets of SHR during the treatment of mental disorders were GABRA1, GABRA2, GABRA3, GABRA5, and GABRA6, involving synaptic transmission and transmembrane movement. Animal experiments revealed that SHR could repair the lower esophageal mucosa, mediate inflammatory factors, and GABA receptors and improve the behavior of rats. Overall, our results substantiate that SHR has huge prospects for widespread application in treating GERD subjects with anxiety and depression.

Effect of Sopoongsan on Skin Inflammation and Hyperlocomotion in Socially Isolated Mice with Atopic Dermatitis

Psychological stress is a major exacerbating factor of atopic dermatitis (AD), a chronic inflammatory skin disease. Sopoongsan (SPS), a traditional herbal formula, has been indicated for the treatment of various skin disorders, including AD. This study investigated the effects of SPS on a 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene- (DNCB-) induced AD mice model exposed to social isolation (SI) stress. The severity of the AD symptoms and behavioral abnormalities was evaluated. SPS reduced the clinical skin score as evaluated with the SCORing Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) index and suppressed the cutaneous infiltration of T-lymphocyte cells, mast cells, and eosinophils in SI-AD mice. The SPS treatment decreased the total distance and mean speed and increased resting time in the open field test (OFT) for these mice. In addition, the time spent in the social zone in the social interaction test also improved when SPS treatment was given. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in the SI-AD mice were reduced by the oral administration of SPS. HaCaT and BV2 cells were used for the in vitro experiments. The pretreatment with SPS reduced the protein levels of the thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC) and macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC) in the HaCaT cells stimulated with TNF-α and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) (TI). SPS also suppressed TNF-α and IL-6 secretion in lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) stimulated BV2 cells. These results imply that SPS could be a promising candidate for the treatment of AD in patients under stress conditions and at risk of exacerbation.

Deqi Sensation to Predict Acupuncture Effect on Functional Dyspepsia: A Machine Learning Study

Objectives

The aim of the study was to predict the effect of acupuncture for treating functional dyspepsia (FD) using the support vector machine (SVM) techniques based on initial deqi sensations of patients.

Methods

This retrospective study involved 90 FD patients who had received four weeks of acupuncture treatment. The support vector classification model was used to distinguish higher responders (patients with Symptom Index of Dyspepsia improvement score ≥ 2) from lower responders (patients with Symptom Index of Dyspepsia improvement score < 2). A support vector regression model was used to predict the change in the Symptom Index of Dyspepsia at the end of acupuncture treatment. Deqi sensations of patients in the first acupuncture treatment of a 20-session acupuncture intervention were defined as features and used to train models. Models were validated by 10-fold cross-validation and evaluated by accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, the area under the receive-operating curve, the coefficient of determination (R²), and the mean squared error.

Results

The two models could predict the efficacy of acupuncture successfully. These models had an accuracy of 0.84 in predicting acupuncture response, and an R² of 0.16 in the prediction of symptom improvements, respectively. The presence or absence of deqi sensation, the duration of deqi sensation, distention, and pain were finally selected as significant predicting features.

Conclusion

Based on the SVM algorithms and deqi sensation, the current study successfully predicted the acupuncture response as well as clinical symptom improvement in FD patients at the end of treatment. Our prediction models are expected to promote the clinical efficacy of acupuncture treatment for FD, reduce medical expenditures, and optimize the allocation of medical resources.

Exposure of metal toxicity in Alzheimer’s disease: An extensive review

Metals serve important roles in the human body, including the maintenance of cell structure and the regulation of gene expression, the antioxidant response, and neurotransmission. High metal uptake in the nervous system is harmful because it can cause oxidative stress, disrupt mitochondrial function, and impair the activity of various enzymes. Metal accumulation can cause lifelong deterioration, including severe neurological problems. There is a strong association between accidental metal exposure and various neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common form of dementia that causes degeneration in the aged. Chronic exposure to various metals is a well-known environmental risk factor that has become more widespread due to the rapid pace at which human activities are releasing large amounts of metals into the environment. Consequently, humans are exposed to both biometals and heavy metals, affecting metal homeostasis at molecular and biological levels. This review highlights how these metals affect brain physiology and immunity and their roles in creating harmful proteins such as β-amyloid and tau in AD. In addition, we address findings that confirm the disruption of immune-related pathways as a significant toxicity mechanism through which metals may contribute to AD.

FKN/NR Signaling Pathway Regulates Hippocampal Inflammatory Responses: the Survival of Hippocampal Neurons in Diabetic Rats with Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress

Aim

To investigate the mechanism via which FKN/CX3CR1 signaling abnormalities mediate N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDA) overexcitation-induced hippocampal neuronal injury in diabetic rats complicated with depression (DD).

Methods

Sixty rats were randomly divided into 5 groups. The depression-like behaviors of the rats were evaluated by open field test and Morris water maze. The pathological changes of hippocampus in DD rats were observed by HE staining. The blood levels of inflammatory factors (IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6) and neurotransmitters (D-serine and glutamic acid) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expressions of BDNF, A1 receptor (A1R), A2 receptor (A2R), A3 receptor (A3R), calmodulin dependent kinase II (CaMKII), CX3CR1, CX3CL1 (FKN), NR2A, and NR2B proteins were detected by immunohistochemistry and Western-blotting.

Results

Compared with the normal control group, blood glucose level increased significantly and body weight decreased in T2DM group and T2DMC group. In addition, the number of spontaneous activities significantly decreased and the capability of learning and memory was attenuated in T2DMC group and Chronic Stress group. The blood levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, glutamate (Glu), and D-serine significantly increased in each model group. After intervention with CX3CR1 antibody, the expressions of BDNF, CaMK II, A1R, and A3R increased and those of A2R, CX3CR1, FKN, NR2A, and NR2B decreased.

Conclusion

In the diabetic state, the binding of FKN to CX3CR1 increases, which regulates a variety of adenosine receptors. When it exerts its effect on neurons, the overactivation of NR results in neuronal injury and causes depression.

Polyphenols Targeting Oxidative Stress in Spinal Cord Injury: Current Status and Future Vision

A spinal cord injury (SCI) occurs when the spinal cord is deteriorated or traumatized, leading to motor and sensory functions lost even totally or partially. An imbalance within the generation of reactive oxygen species and antioxidant defense levels results in oxidative stress (OS) and neuroinflammation. After SCI, OS and occurring pathways of inflammations are significant strenuous drivers of cross-linked dysregulated pathways. It emphasizes the significance of multitarget therapy in combating SCI consequences. Polyphenols, which are secondary metabolites originating from plants, have the promise to be used as alternative therapeutic agents to treat SCI. Secondary metabolites have activity on neuroinflammatory, neuronal OS, and extrinsic axonal dysregulated pathways during the early stages of SCI. Experimental and clinical investigations have noted the possible importance of phenolic compounds as important phytochemicals in moderating upstream dysregulated OS/inflammatory signaling mediators and axonal regeneration's extrinsic pathways after the SCI probable significance of phenolic compounds as important phytochemicals in mediating upstream dysregulated OS/inflammatory signaling mediators. Furthermore, combining polyphenols could be a way to lessen the effects of SCI.

Tacrine Derivatives in Neurological Disorders: Focus on Molecular Mechanisms and Neurotherapeutic Potential

Tacrine is a drug used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease as a cognitive enhancer and inhibitor of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). However, its clinical application has been restricted due to its poor therapeutic efficacy and high prevalence of detrimental effects. An attempt was made to understand the molecular mechanisms that underlie tacrine and its analogues influence over neurotherapeutic activity by focusing on modulation of neurogenesis, neuroinflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, apoptosis, and regulatory role in gene and protein expression, energy metabolism, Ca²⁺ homeostasis modulation, and osmotic regulation. Regardless of this, analogues of tacrine are considered as a model inhibitor of cholinesterase in the therapy of Alzheimer's disease. The variety both in structural make-up and biological functions of these substances is the main appeal for researchers' interest in them. A new paradigm for treating neurological diseases is presented in this review, which includes treatment strategies for Alzheimer's disease, as well as other neurological disorders like Parkinson's disease and the synthesis and biological properties of newly identified versatile tacrine analogues and hybrids. We have also shown that these analogues may have therapeutic promise in the treatment of neurological diseases in a variety of experimental systems.

Mechanism of Cornus Officinalis in Treating Diabetic Kidney Disease Based on Network Pharmacology

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD), one of the most important diabetic complications, is a great clinical challenge. It still lacks proper therapeutic strategies without side effects due to the complex pathological mechanisms. Cornus officinalis (CO) is a common traditional Chinese medicine, which has been used in the treatment of DKD and takes beneficial effects in therapy. However, the mechanism of CO in treating DKD is not clear yet. In this study, network pharmacology was applied to illustrate the potential mechanism of CO and the interaction between targets of CO and targets of disease. First, the active ingredients of CO and related targets were screened from the online database. Second, the intersection network between CO and disease was constructed, and protein–protein interaction analysis was done. Third, GO and KEGG analysis were employed to figure out the key targets of CO. Finally, molecular docking was carried out in the software SYBYL to verify the effectiveness of the ingredients and targets selected. According to GO and KEGG analysis, drug metabolism-cytochrome P450, sphingolipid signaling pathway, HIF-1 signaling pathway, TGF-beta signaling pathway, cGMP-PKG signaling pathway, estrogen signaling pathway, and TNF signaling pathway were most closely related to the pathogenesis of DKD. Moreover, NOS3, TNF, ROCK1, PPARG, KDR, and HIF1A were identified as key targets in regulating the occurrence and development of the disease. This study provides evidence to elucidate the mechanism of CO comprehensively and systematically and lays the foundation for further research on CO.

Investigating Polyphenol Nanoformulations for Therapeutic Targets against Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a fatal metabolic disorder, and its prevalence has escalated in recent decades to a greater extent. Since the incidence and severity of the disease are constantly increasing, plenty of therapeutic approaches are being considered as a promising solution. Many dietary polyphenols have been reported to be effective against diabetes along with its accompanying vascular consequences by targeting multiple therapeutic targets. Additionally, the biocompatibility of these polyphenols raises questions about their use as pharmacological mediators. Nevertheless, the pharmacokinetic and biopharmaceutical properties of these polyphenols limit their clinical benefit as therapeutics. Pharmaceutical industries have attempted to improve compliance and therapeutic effects. However, nanotechnological approaches to overcome the pharmacokinetic and biopharmaceutical barriers associated with polyphenols as antidiabetic medications have been shown to be effective to improve clinical compliance and efficacy. Therefore, this review highlighted a comprehensive and up-to-date assessment of polyphenol nanoformulations in the treatment of diabetes and vascular consequences.

Analysis on Acupoint Selection and Combination for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Treated with Acupuncture Based on Data Mining

Objective

The aim of the study was to explore the regularity of acupoints in the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) by means of data mining technology.

Methods

Nine databases, including SinoMed, Chongqing VIP (CQVIP), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Data, Cochrane Library, PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Embase, were comprehensively searched till December 2021. The published clinical literature testing acupuncture in the treatment of ALS was eligible for inclusion. Studies were organized to establish the prescription database. Modular data mining analysis, including acupoint frequency, complex network analysis, association rule analysis, and cluster analysis were used to conduct statistical analysis.

Results

Forty-two literature studies on 141 acupoints were included, involving 626 times the total application frequency. The top 5 acupoints in application frequency were Hegu (LI 4, 67%), Zusanli (ST 36, 67%), Quchi (LI 11, 52%), Sanyinjiao (SP 6, 48%), and Yanglingquan (GB 34, 45%). The most involved meridian was the large intestine meridian of hand Yangming (90 times). The generally used acupoints were mainly distributed in the lower limbs. The top 5 combinations in application frequency were Hegu-Quchi (75 times), Quchi-Zusanli (66 times), Zusanli-Sanyinjiao (54 times), Hegu-Sanyinjiao (54 times), and Quchi-Sanyinjiao (49 times). The acupoint combinations with the strongest association were Quchi, Hegu, Zusanli, Sanyinjiao, and Shousanli (LI 10). There were 7 acupoint groups according to the cluster analysis. The core prescriptions were Hegu, Zusanli, Quchi, and Jiaji (EX-B 2).

Conclusions

Hegu, Zusanli, Quchi, and Jiaji could be used as the main prescriptions in treating ALS. The combination of Quchi, Hegu, Zusanli, and Sanyinjiao should be selected with priority in acupuncture therapy.