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Kang H, Meng F, Liu F, Xie M, Lai H, Li P, Zhang X. Nanomedicines Targeting Ferroptosis to Treat Stress-Related Diseases. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:8189-8210. [PMID: 39157732 PMCID: PMC11328858 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s476948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis, a unique form of regulated cell death driven by iron-dependent lethal lipid peroxidation, is implicated in various stress-related diseases like neurodegeneration, vasculopathy, and metabolic disturbance. Stress-related diseases encompass widespread medical disorders that are influenced or exacerbated by stress. These stressors can manifest in various organ or tissue systems and have significant implications for human overall health. Understanding ferroptosis in these diseases offers insights for therapeutic strategies targeting relevant pathways. This review explores ferroptosis mechanisms, its role in pathophysiology, its connection to stress-related diseases, and the potential of ferroptosis-targeted nanomedicines in treating conditions. This monograph also delves into the engineering of ferroptosis-targeted nanomedicines for tackling stress-related diseases, including cancer, cardia-cerebrovascular, neurodegenerative, metabolic and inflammatory diseases. Anyhow, nanotherapy targeting ferroptosis holds promise by both promoting and suppressing ferroptosis for managing stress-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Kang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Anhui College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhu, People’s Republic of China
- Wuhu Modern Technology Research and Development Center of Chinese Medicine and Functional Food, Wuhu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fansu Meng
- Zhongshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhongshan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fengjie Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengjie Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haibiao Lai
- Zhongshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhongshan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Department of Oncology, Integrated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingwang Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Dong J, Wei R, Zong F, Wang Z, Ma S, Zhao W, Lin Y, Zhang A, Lan G, Zhang F, Zhang HT. Phosphodiesterase 7 inhibitor reduces stress-induced behavioral and cytoarchitectural changes in C57BL/6J mice by activating the BDNF/TrkB pathway. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1411652. [PMID: 39092219 PMCID: PMC11291325 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1411652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Phosphodiesterase 7 (PDE7) plays a role in neurological function. Increased expression and activity of PDE7 has been detected in several central nervous system diseases. However, the role of PDE7 in regulating stress levels remains unclear. Thus, this study aimed to determine whether and how PDE7 involved in the stress-induced behavioral and neuron morphological changes. Methods The single prolonged stress (SPS) was used to build a stress exposure model in C57BL/6 J mice and detected PDE7 activity in hippocampus, amygdala, prefrontal cortex and striatum. Next, three doses (0.2, 1, and 5 mg/kg) of the PDE7 inhibitor BRL-50481 were intraperitoneally administered for 10 days, then behavioral, biochemical, and morphological tests were conducted. Results PDE7 activity in hippocampus of mice significantly increased at all times after SPS. BRL-50481 significantly attenuated SPS induced anxiety-like behavior and fear response in both context and cue. In addition, BRL-50481 increased the levels of key molecules in the cAMP signaling pathway which were impaired by SPS. Immunofluorescent staining and Sholl analysis demonstrated that BRL-50481 also restored the nucleus/cytoplasm ratio of hippocampal neurons and improved neuronal plasticity. These effects of BRL-50481 were partially blocked by the TrkB inhibitor ANA-12. Conclusion PDE7 inhibitors attenuate stress-induced behavioral changes by protecting the neuron cytoarchitecture and the neuronal plasticity in hippocampus, which is mediated at least partly through the activation of BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway. These results proved that PDE7 is a potential target for treating stress-induced behavioral and physiological abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Qingdao University School of Pharmacy, Qingdao, China
| | - Han-Ting Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Qingdao University School of Pharmacy, Qingdao, China
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Liu L, Wu J, Zhang C, Cao T, Lu Y, He Z, Li Z. Inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress attenuates morphine protracted abstinence-induced anxiety-like behaviors in the male mice. Brain Res 2024; 1835:148930. [PMID: 38604556 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The anxiety caused by morphine protracted abstinence is considered to be an important factor contributes to drug-seeking and relapse. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays important roles in many kinds of mental disorders including drug addiction and anxiety, but it is unclear whether ER stress is involved in anxiety-like behaviors induced by morphine withdrawal. In this study, by using behavioral test, western blot, immunofluorescence, electron transmission microscope, we found that: (1) Inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress by 4-Phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA) could attenuate anxiety-like behaviors induced by morphine withdrawal. (2) The endoplasmic reticulum stress-related proteins in the lateral habenula (LHb) but not in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), ventral pallidum (VP), basolateral amygdala (BLA) and CA1 of hippocampus was upregulated by morphine withdrawal, upregulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress-related proteins in the lateral habenula induced by morphine withdrawal was inhibited by 4-PBA. (3) Endoplasmic reticulum stress-related protein CHOP and eIF2α were expressed in neurons but not in microglia in the LHb. (4) Morphine withdrawal induced neuronal morphological change in the LHb, which was attenuated by 4-PBA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- College of Basic Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China; Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Jie Wu
- College of Basic Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China; Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Changlin Zhang
- College of Basic Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China; Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China; Yichang Central People's Hospital, The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Tong Cao
- Yichang Central People's Hospital, The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Yongli Lu
- College of Basic Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China; Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Zhi He
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China.
| | - Zicheng Li
- College of Basic Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China; Third-grade Pharmacological Laboratory on Traditional Chinese Medicine, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China.
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Xue B, Jian X, Peng L, Wu C, Fahira A, Syed AAS, Xia D, Wang B, Niu M, Jiang Y, Ding Y, Gao C, Zhao X, Zhang Q, Shi Y, Li Z. Dissecting the genetic and causal relationship between sleep-related traits and common brain disorders. Sleep Med 2024; 119:201-209. [PMID: 38703603 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2024.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a profound connection between abnormal sleep patterns and brain disorders, suggesting a shared influential association. However, the shared genetic basis and potential causal relationships between sleep-related traits and brain disorders are yet to be fully elucidated. METHODS Utilizing linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC) and bidirectional two-sample univariable Mendelian Randomization (UVMR) analyses with large-scale GWAS datasets, we investigated the genetic correlations and causal associations across six sleep traits and 24 prevalent brain disorders. Additionally, a multivariable Mendelian Randomization (MVMR) analysis evaluated the cumulative effects of various sleep traits on each brain disorder, complemented by genetic loci characterization to pinpoint pertinent genes and pathways. RESULTS LDSC analysis identified significant genetic correlations in 66 out of 144 (45.8 %) pairs between sleep-related traits and brain disorders, with the most pronounced correlations observed in psychiatric disorders (66 %, 48/72). UVMR analysis identified 29 causal relationships (FDR<0.05) between sleep traits and brain disorders, with 19 associations newly discovered according to our knowledge. Notably, major depression, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, bipolar disorder, cannabis use disorder, and anorexia nervosa showed bidirectional causal relations with sleep traits, especially insomnia's marked influence on major depression (IVW beta 0.468, FDR = 5.24E-09). MVMR analysis revealed a nuanced interplay among various sleep traits and their impact on brain disorders. Genetic loci characterization underscored potential genes, such as HOXB2, while further enrichment analyses illuminated the importance of synaptic processes in these relationships. CONCLUSIONS This study provides compelling evidence for the causal relationships and shared genetic backgrounds between common sleep-related traits and brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiqiang Xue
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, The Biomedical Sciences Institute of Qingdao University (Qingdao Branch of SJTU Bio-X Institutes), Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China; School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuemin Jian
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Lixia Peng
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, The Biomedical Sciences Institute of Qingdao University (Qingdao Branch of SJTU Bio-X Institutes), Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China; School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Chuanhong Wu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, The Biomedical Sciences Institute of Qingdao University (Qingdao Branch of SJTU Bio-X Institutes), Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China; School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Aamir Fahira
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Ali Alamdar Shah Syed
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Disong Xia
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Baokun Wang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, The Biomedical Sciences Institute of Qingdao University (Qingdao Branch of SJTU Bio-X Institutes), Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China; School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Mingming Niu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, The Biomedical Sciences Institute of Qingdao University (Qingdao Branch of SJTU Bio-X Institutes), Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China; School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yajie Jiang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, The Biomedical Sciences Institute of Qingdao University (Qingdao Branch of SJTU Bio-X Institutes), Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China; School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yonghe Ding
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, The Biomedical Sciences Institute of Qingdao University (Qingdao Branch of SJTU Bio-X Institutes), Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China; School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chengwen Gao
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, The Biomedical Sciences Institute of Qingdao University (Qingdao Branch of SJTU Bio-X Institutes), Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xiangzhong Zhao
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, The Biomedical Sciences Institute of Qingdao University (Qingdao Branch of SJTU Bio-X Institutes), Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, The Biomedical Sciences Institute of Qingdao University (Qingdao Branch of SJTU Bio-X Institutes), Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yongyong Shi
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, The Biomedical Sciences Institute of Qingdao University (Qingdao Branch of SJTU Bio-X Institutes), Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China; Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China; School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China; Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Mental Health, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease & the Metabolic Disease Institute of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China; Institute of Social Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China; Institute of Neuropsychiatric Science and Systems Biological Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Shanghai, 200030, China; Department of Psychiatry, the First Teaching Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, China; Changning Mental Health Center, Shanghai, 200042, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, The Biomedical Sciences Institute of Qingdao University (Qingdao Branch of SJTU Bio-X Institutes), Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China; School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China; School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China; School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China; Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Mental Health, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease & the Metabolic Disease Institute of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Sleep Disordered Breathing, Shanghai, 200030, China.
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Alkozi HA. Ocular Surface Health in Connection with Anxiety and Depression: a Review. J Multidiscip Healthc 2024; 17:2671-2676. [PMID: 38831802 PMCID: PMC11146607 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s468878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Psychosomatic ophthalmology emerged after World War II because patients attended clinics with symptoms that were not explained by physiological findings, subsequently it became clear that psychological distress could be associated with several ocular disorders, including dry eye syndrome. Dry eye disease is a common disorder with increasing prevalence due to environmental factors such as pollution, smoking, and sleep disorders. The burden of dry eye disease affects both patients and society, making it a very important target for investigation. Numerous studies showed that dry eye disease prevalence including the severity of the symptoms of dry eye is higher in patients suffering from depression and/or anxiety. Some studies suggest the implication of serotonin in tears being dysregulated by the disorders. The current review highlights the evidence of the association between anxiety, depression, and dry eye disease and summarizes the recent advances in research in this area, together with a brief explanation of the physiology of stress that could lead to psychological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Awad Alkozi
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Almulida, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
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Sheng Z, Xiao W, Zhu S, Hao J, Ma J, Yao L, Song P. The association between adverse childhood experiences and sensory impairment in middle-aged and older adults: Evidence from a nationwide cohort study in China. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2024; 149:106598. [PMID: 38158282 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sensory impairment (SI), as prevalent condition among the elderly, presents a substantial public health burden. OBJECTIVES To investigate the association of cumulative and individual adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) with SI. METHODS Chinese residents aged 45 years and above were recruited from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study 2011-2018, using stratified random sampling. The number of ACEs was classified into "0 ACE", "1 to 3 ACEs", and "≥4 ACEs". SI was assessed with self-rated visual or hearing status. SI categories included single sensory impairment (SSI), which can be divided into single vision impairment and single hearing impairment. Possessing both vision impairment and hearing impairment was considered as dual sensory impairment (DSI). Longitudinal SI progression encompassed "maintained no SI", "no SI to SSI", "no SI to DSI", "maintained SSI", "SSI to DSI", and "maintained DSI". Logistic regression and restricted cubic splines models were used for analysis. RESULTS A total of 6812 participants entered the cross-sectional analysis and 5299 entered the longitudinal analysis. Compared to 0 ACE, ≥4 ACEs had a positive association with DSI (OR = 1.57, 95 % CI = 1.20-2.06) but not with single vision impairment (OR = 1.17, 95 % CI: 0.88-1.55) or single hearing impairment (OR = 1.10, 95 % CI: 0.71-1.70), and this association was observed only in females (OR = 1.73, 95 % CI = 1.20-2.51). A linear association was found between cumulative ACEs and both single vision impairment (p = 0.044) and DSI (p < 0.001). Compared to 0 ACE, ≥4 ACEs was associated with a higher risk of progression from SSI to DSI (OR = 1.71, 95 % CI = 1.03-2.84), and the maintained DSI (OR = 2.23, 95 % CI =1.37-3.65). CONCLUSION ACEs were found to be associated with an increased risk and more severe progression of SI later in life. It is imperative to address different types of ACE and incorporate sex-specific measures to mitigate the enduring sensory impact of ACEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyue Sheng
- School of Public Health and Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenhan Xiao
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Siyu Zhu
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiajun Hao
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiaying Ma
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lingzi Yao
- School of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peige Song
- School of Public Health and Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Zhang S, Liu B, Huang L, Zhang R, An L, Liu Z. Metabolomics reveals that chronic restraint stress alleviates carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic fibrosis through the INSR/PI3K/AKT/AMPK pathway. J Mol Med (Berl) 2024; 102:113-128. [PMID: 37993562 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-023-02395-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis (HF) could be developed into liver cirrhosis or even hepatocellular carcinoma. Stress has an important role in the occurrence and development of various considerable diseases. However, the effect of a certain degree stress on HF is still controversial. In our study, stress was simulated with regular chronic restraint stress (CRS) and HF model was induced with CCl4 in mice. We found that CRS was able to attenuate CCl4-induced liver injury and fibrosis in mice. Surprisingly, behavioral analysis showed that the mice in the HF group exhibited depression-like behavior. Further, the metabolomic analysis revealed that 119 metabolites and 20 metabolic pathways were altered in mice liver, especially the betaine metabolism pathway. Combined with the results of Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA), the key proteins INSR, PI3K, AKT, and p-AMPK were identified and verified, and the results showed that CRS could upregulate the protein levels and mRNA expression of INSR, PI3K, AKT, and p-AMPK in liver tissues of HF mice. It suggested that CRS alleviated CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in mice through upregulation of the INSR/PI3K/AKT/AMPK pathway. Proper stress might be a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of chronic liver disease, which provided new insights into the treatment of HF. KEY MESSAGES: Chronic restraint stress mitigated CCl4-induced liver injury and hepatic fibrosis. CCl4-induced liver fibrosis could cause depression-like behavior. Chronic restraint stress altered metabolomic profiles in hepatic fibrosis mice, especially the betaine metabolism pathway. Chronic restraint stress increased betaine levels in liver tissue. Chronic restraint stress regulated the INSR/PI3K/AKT/AMPK signaling pathway in hepatic fibrosis mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab On Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, Joint International Research Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 232, Outer Ring East Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Binjie Liu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab On Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, Joint International Research Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 232, Outer Ring East Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Huang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab On Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, Joint International Research Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 232, Outer Ring East Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab On Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, Joint International Research Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 232, Outer Ring East Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin An
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab On Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, Joint International Research Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 232, Outer Ring East Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhongqiu Liu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab On Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, Joint International Research Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 232, Outer Ring East Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, People's Republic of China.
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Pecchinenda A, Yankouskaya A, Boccia M, Piccardi L, Guariglia C, Giannini AM. Exploring the relationship between perceived loneliness and subjective cognitive decline in older individuals. Aging Ment Health 2024; 28:73-82. [PMID: 37540497 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2023.2242291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Loneliness has been associated to a greater risk of cognitive decline and dementia in older individuals. However, evidence on whether this association also exists for older individuals who complain of cognitive problems is limited. We conducted a survey to examine the association between subjective cognitive decline in the working memory domain, perceived loneliness, depression, anxiety, and stress in older individuals with different profiles. METHODS A total of 302 healthy, old individuals completed 3 questionnaires to assess subjective cognitive problems in attention, executive functions, storage, depression, anxiety, stress, and perceived loneliness. RESULTS We conducted a cluster analysis and 3 clusters of individuals with different profiles emerged. Individuals with greater subjective cognitive problems (cluster 1) in the attention and storage domains, reported higher perceived loneliness and stress but not depression. In contrast, individuals with the least subjective cognitive problems (cluster 3) in the storage domain, reported lower perceived loneliness. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with higher subjective cognitive decline also report higher levels of perceived loneliness but not more depression than their peers. However, this correlation is present only for individuals with mild subjective cognitive decline (cluster 2). The implications for future research and interventions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pecchinenda
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Maddalena Boccia
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Piccardi
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- San Raffaele Cassino Hospital, Cassino, FR, Italy
| | - Cecilia Guariglia
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Giannini
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
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Weng JY, Chen XX, Wang XH, Ye HE, Wu YP, Sun WY, Liang L, Duan WJ, Kurihara H, Huang F, Sun XX, Ou-Yang SH, He RR, Li YF. Reducing lipid peroxidation attenuates stress-induced susceptibility to herpes simplex virus type 1. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2023; 44:1856-1866. [PMID: 37193755 PMCID: PMC10186316 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-023-01095-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychological stress increases the susceptibility to herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection. There is no effective intervention due to the unknown pathogenesis mechanisms. In this study we explored the molecular mechanisms underlying stress-induced HSV-1 susceptibility and the antiviral effect of a natural compound rosmarinic acid (RA) in vivo and in vitro. Mice were administered RA (11.7, 23.4 mg·kg-1·d-1, i.g.) or acyclovir (ACV, 206 mg·kg-1·d-1, i.g.) for 23 days. The mice were subjected to restraint stress for 7 days followed by intranasal infection with HSV-1 on D7. At the end of RA or ACV treatment, mouse plasma samples and brain tissues were collected for analysis. We showed that both RA and ACV treatment significantly decreased stress-augmented mortality and alleviated eye swelling and neurological symptoms in HSV-1-infected mice. In SH-SY5Y cells and PC12 cells exposed to the stress hormone corticosterone (CORT) plus HSV-1, RA (100 μM) significantly increased the cell viability, and inhibited CORT-induced elevation in the expression of viral proteins and genes. We demonstrated that CORT (50 μM) triggered lipoxygenase 15 (ALOX15)-mediated redox imbalance in the neuronal cells, increasing the level of 4-HNE-conjugated STING, which impaired STING translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi; the abnormality of STING-mediated innate immunity led to HSV-1 susceptibility. We revealed that RA was an inhibitor of lipid peroxidation by directly targeting ALOX15, thus RA could rescue stress-weakened neuronal innate immune response, thereby reducing HSV-1 susceptibility in vivo and in vitro. This study illustrates the critical role of lipid peroxidation in stress-induced HSV-1 susceptibility and reveals the potential for developing RA as an effective intervention in anti-HSV-1 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yu Weng
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xin-Xing Chen
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Wang
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Hui-Er Ye
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yan-Ping Wu
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Wan-Yang Sun
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Lei Liang
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Wen-Jun Duan
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Hiroshi Kurihara
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Feng Huang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Utilization, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xin-Xin Sun
- Jiujiang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Jiujiang, 332000, China
| | - Shu-Hua Ou-Yang
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Rong-Rong He
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
- School of Chinese Materia Medica and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Utilization, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Yi-Fang Li
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility; International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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10
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Wróbel A, Barańska I, Szklarczyk J, Majda A, Jaworek J. Relationship between perceived stress, stress coping strategies, and clinical status in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Int 2023; 43:1665-1674. [PMID: 37332014 PMCID: PMC10348977 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-023-05367-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Coping with a chronic disease such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) involves significant changes in life and promotes stressful situations. The inability to cope with stress can contribute to the lack of effectiveness of therapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between perceived stress, coping strategies, and the clinical status of RA patients determined by C-reactive protein (CRP) and Disease Activity Score (DAS28). 165 subjects were studied, 84 of them had RA and the rest were controls. Standardised questionnaires were used: the Inventory for the Measurement of Coping Strategies (Mini-COPE) and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10). A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic data. The blood levels of protein CRP and cortisol were determined. DAS28 was obtained from medical records. The study was cross-sectional. The mean severity of perceived stress PSS-10 was not significantly different between the control and study groups. RA patients most often used coping strategies such as active coping, planning, and acceptance. Compared to the control group, they used the strategy of turning to religion significantly more often (1.8 vs 1.4; p = 0.012). Women with RA who had higher cortisol levels were more likely to use positive reevaluation, seeking emotional support and instrumental support, as well as the denial strategy. In men with RA, high stress was associated with twice as high CRP levels compared to patients with low stress (p = 0.038). As the levels of CRP protein levels (p = 0.009) and the DAS28 index (p = 0.005) increased, patients were more likely to use a denial strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldona Wróbel
- Laboratory of Nursing Theory and Fundamentals, Institute of Nursing and Midwifey, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Michałowskiego 12 Street, 31-126, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Ilona Barańska
- Laboratory for Research On Aging Society, Department of Sociology of Medicine, The Chair of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Szklarczyk
- Department of Medical Physiology, Institute of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Majda
- Laboratory of Nursing Theory and Fundamentals, Institute of Nursing and Midwifey, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Michałowskiego 12 Street, 31-126, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jolanta Jaworek
- Department of Medical Physiology, Institute of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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11
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Feng L, Sharma A, Wang Z, Muresanu DF, Tian ZR, Lafuente JV, Buzoianu AD, Nozari A, Li C, Zhang Z, Lin C, Huang H, Manzhulo I, Wiklund L, Sharma HS. Nanowired delivery of dl-3-n-butylphthalide with antibodies to alpha synuclein potentiated neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease with emotional stress. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 171:47-82. [PMID: 37783563 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2023.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Stress is one of the most serious consequences of life leading to several chronic diseases and neurodegeneration. Recent studies show that emotional stress and other kinds of anxiety and depression adversely affects Parkinson's disease symptoms. However, the details of how stress affects Parkinson's disease is still not well known. Traumatic brain injury, stroke, diabetes, post-traumatic stress disorders are well known to modify the disease precipitation, progression and persistence. However, show stress could influence Parkinson's disease is still not well known. The present investigation we examine the role of immobilization stress influencing Parkinson's disease brain pathology in model experiments. In ore previous report we found that mild traumatic brain injury exacerbate Parkinson's disease brain pathology and nanodelivery of dl-3-n-butylphthalide either alone or together with mesenchymal stem cells significantly attenuated Parkinson's disease brain pathology. In this chapter we discuss the role of stress in exacerbating Parkinson's disease pathology and nanowired delivery of dl-3-n-butylphthalide together with monoclonal antibodies to alpha synuclein (ASNC) is able to induce significant neuroprotection. The possible mechanisms of dl-3-n-butylphthalide and ASNC induced neuroprotection and suitable clinical therapeutic strategy is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianyuan Feng
- Department of Neurology, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Zhongshan Road (West), Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, P.R. China
| | - Aruna Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Dept. of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Zhenguo Wang
- Shijiazhuang Pharma Group NBP Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Economic and Technological Development Zone, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province, P.R. China
| | - Dafin F Muresanu
- Dept. Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; "RoNeuro" Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Z Ryan Tian
- Dept. Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - José Vicente Lafuente
- LaNCE, Dept. Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Anca D Buzoianu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ala Nozari
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston University, Albany str, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Cong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Province Hospital of Chinese Medical, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Ziquiang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Province Hospital of Chinese Medical, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Chen Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Hongyun Huang
- Beijing Hongtianji Neuroscience Academy, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Igor Manzhulo
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Lars Wiklund
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Dept. of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hari Shanker Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Dept. of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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12
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Hogberg HT, Lam A, Ohayon E, Shahbaz MA, Clerbaux LA, Bal-Price A, Coecke S, Concha R, De Bernardi F, Edrosa E, Hargreaves AJ, Kanninen KM, Munoz A, Pistollato F, Saravanan S, Garcia-Reyero N, Wittwehr C, Sachana M. The Adverse Outcome Pathway Framework Applied to Neurological Symptoms of COVID-19. Cells 2022; 11:cells11213411. [PMID: 36359807 PMCID: PMC9658029 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Several reports have shown that the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has the potential to also be neurotropic. However, the mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 induces neurologic injury, including neurological and/or psychological symptoms, remain unclear. In this review, the available knowledge on the neurobiological mechanisms underlying COVID-19 was organized using the AOP framework. Four AOPs leading to neurological adverse outcomes (AO), anosmia, encephalitis, stroke, and seizure, were developed. Biological key events (KEs) identified to induce these AOs included binding to ACE2, blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption, hypoxia, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress. The modularity of AOPs allows the construction of AOP networks to visualize core pathways and recognize neuroinflammation and BBB disruption as shared mechanisms. Furthermore, the impact on the neurological AOPs of COVID-19 by modulating and multiscale factors such as age, psychological stress, nutrition, poverty, and food insecurity was discussed. Organizing the existing knowledge along an AOP framework can represent a valuable tool to understand disease mechanisms and identify data gaps and potentially contribute to treatment, and prevention. This AOP-aligned approach also facilitates synergy between experts from different backgrounds, while the fast-evolving and disruptive nature of COVID-19 emphasizes the need for interdisciplinarity and cross-community research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena T. Hogberg
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27518, USA
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Correspondence: (H.T.H.); (M.S.)
| | - Ann Lam
- Green Neuroscience Laboratory, Neurolinx Research Institute, San Diego, CA 92111, USA
- Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, DC 20016, USA
| | - Elan Ohayon
- Green Neuroscience Laboratory, Neurolinx Research Institute, San Diego, CA 92111, USA
- Institute for Green & Open Sciences, Toronto, ON M6J 2J4, Canada
| | - Muhammad Ali Shahbaz
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Anna Bal-Price
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy
| | - Sandra Coecke
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy
| | - Rachel Concha
- Green Neuroscience Laboratory, Neurolinx Research Institute, San Diego, CA 92111, USA
| | - Francesca De Bernardi
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Biotechnologies and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Eizleayne Edrosa
- Green Neuroscience Laboratory, Neurolinx Research Institute, San Diego, CA 92111, USA
| | - Alan J. Hargreaves
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Katja M. Kanninen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Amalia Munoz
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | | | - Surat Saravanan
- Centre for Predictive Human Model Systems Atal Incubation Centre-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500039, India
| | - Natàlia Garcia-Reyero
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research & Development Center, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA
| | - Clemens Wittwehr
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy
| | - Magdalini Sachana
- Environment Health and Safety Division, Environment Directorate, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 75016 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (H.T.H.); (M.S.)
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