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Sheridan A, Nellenbach K, Pandit S, Byrnes E, Hardy G, Lutz H, Moiseiwitsch N, Scull G, Mihalko E, Levy J, Brown AC. Clot-Targeted Nanogels for Dual-Delivery of AntithrombinIII and Tissue Plasminogen Activator to Mitigate Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Complications. ACS NANO 2024; 18:15517-15528. [PMID: 38836363 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a pathologic state that follows systemic injury and other diseases. Often a complication of sepsis or trauma, DIC causes coagulopathy associated with paradoxical thrombosis and hemorrhage. DIC upregulates the thrombotic pathways while simultaneously downregulating the fibrinolytic pathways that cause excessive fibrin deposition, microcirculatory thrombosis, multiorgan dysfunction, and consumptive coagulopathy with excessive bleeding. Given these opposing disease phenotypes, DIC management is challenging and includes treating the underlying disease and managing the coagulopathy. Currently, no therapies are approved for DIC. We have developed clot-targeted therapeutics that inhibit clot polymerization and activate clot fibrinolysis to manage DIC. We hypothesize that delivering both an anticoagulant and a fibrinolytic agent directly to clots will inhibit active clot polymerization while also breaking up pre-existing clots; therefore, reversing consumptive coagulopathy and restoring hemostatic balance. To test this hypothesis, we single- and dual-loaded fibrin-specific nanogels (FSNs) with antithrombinIII (ATIII) and/or tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and evaluated their clot preventing and clot lysing abilities in vitro and in a rodent model of DIC. In vivo, single-loaded ATIII-FSNs decreased fibrin deposits in DIC organs and reduced blood loss when DIC rodents were injured. We also observed that the addition of tPA in dual-loaded ATIII-tPA-FSNs intensified the antithrombotic and fibrinolytic mechanisms, which proved advantageous for clot lysis and restoring platelet counts. However, the addition of tPA may have hindered wound healing capabilities when an injury was introduced. Our data supports the benefits of delivering both anticoagulants and fibrinolytic agents directly to clots to reduce the fibrin load and restore hemostatic balance in DIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Sheridan
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering of University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Kimberly Nellenbach
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering of University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Sanika Pandit
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering of University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Elizabeth Byrnes
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering of University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Grace Hardy
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering of University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Halle Lutz
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, United States
| | - Nina Moiseiwitsch
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering of University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Grant Scull
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering of University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Emily Mihalko
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering of University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Jerrold Levy
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Ashley C Brown
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering of University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
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Lee JG, Raj RR, Day NB, Shields CW. Microrobots for Biomedicine: Unsolved Challenges and Opportunities for Translation. ACS NANO 2023; 17:14196-14204. [PMID: 37494584 PMCID: PMC10928690 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c03723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Microrobots are being explored for biomedical applications, such as drug delivery, biological cargo transport, and minimally invasive surgery. However, current efforts largely focus on proof-of-concept studies with nontranslatable materials through a "design-and-apply" approach, limiting the potential for clinical adaptation. While these proof-of-concept studies have been key to advancing microrobot technologies, we believe that the distinguishing capabilities of microrobots will be most readily brought to patient bedsides through a "design-by-problem" approach, which involves focusing on unsolved problems to inform the design of microrobots with practical capabilities. As outlined below, we propose that the clinical translation of microrobots will be accelerated by a judicious choice of target applications, improved delivery considerations, and the rational selection of translation-ready biomaterials, ultimately reducing patient burden and enhancing the efficacy of therapeutic drugs for difficult-to-treat diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - C. Wyatt Shields
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303, USA
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