1
|
Day NB, Dalhuisen R, Loomis NE, Adzema SG, Prakash J, Shields CW. Corrigendum to "Tissue-adhesive hydrogel for multimodal drug release to immune cells in skin" [Acta Biomaterialia Volume 150, Pages 211-220]. Acta Biomater 2024:S1742-7061(24)00177-6. [PMID: 38580565 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole B Day
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder CO 80303, United States
| | - Rianne Dalhuisen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder CO 80303, United States; Department of Advanced Organ Bioengineering and Therapeutics, Section: Engineered Therapeutics, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Nichole E Loomis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder CO 80303, United States
| | - Sarah G Adzema
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder CO 80303, United States
| | - Jai Prakash
- Department of Advanced Organ Bioengineering and Therapeutics, Section: Engineered Therapeutics, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - C Wyatt Shields
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder CO 80303, United States; Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lee JG, Thome CP, Cruse ZA, Ganguly A, Gupta A, Shields CW. Magnetically locked Janus particle clusters with orientation-dependent motion in AC electric fields. Nanoscale 2023; 15:16268-16276. [PMID: 37800377 PMCID: PMC10598768 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr03744d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Active particles, or micromotors, locally dissipate energy to drive locomotion at small length scales. The type of trajectory is generally fixed and dictated by the geometry and composition of the particle, which can be challenging to tune using conventional fabrication procedures. Here, we report a simple, bottom-up method to magnetically assemble gold-coated polystyrene Janus particles into "locked" clusters that display diverse trajectories when stimulated by AC electric fields. The orientation of particles within each cluster gives rise to distinct modes of locomotion, including translational, rotational, trochoidal, helical, and orbital. We model this system using a simplified rigid beads model and demonstrate qualitative agreement between the predicted and experimentally observed cluster trajectories. Overall, this system provides a facile means to scalably create micromotors with a range of well-defined motions from discrete building blocks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Gyun Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA.
| | - Cooper P Thome
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA.
| | - Zoe A Cruse
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA.
| | - Arkava Ganguly
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA.
| | - Ankur Gupta
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA.
| | - C Wyatt Shields
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Microrobots are being explored for biomedical applications, such as drug delivery, biological cargo transport, and minimally invasive surgery. However, current efforts largely focus on proof-of-concept studies with nontranslatable materials through a "design-and-apply" approach, limiting the potential for clinical adaptation. While these proof-of-concept studies have been key to advancing microrobot technologies, we believe that the distinguishing capabilities of microrobots will be most readily brought to patient bedsides through a "design-by-problem" approach, which involves focusing on unsolved problems to inform the design of microrobots with practical capabilities. As outlined below, we propose that the clinical translation of microrobots will be accelerated by a judicious choice of target applications, improved delivery considerations, and the rational selection of translation-ready biomaterials, ultimately reducing patient burden and enhancing the efficacy of therapeutic drugs for difficult-to-treat diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - C. Wyatt Shields
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lee JG, Raj RR, Thome CP, Day NB, Martinez P, Bottenus N, Gupta A, Shields CW. Bubble-Based Microrobots with Rapid Circular Motions for Epithelial Pinning and Drug Delivery. Small 2023; 19:e2300409. [PMID: 37058137 PMCID: PMC10524026 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Remotely powered microrobots are proposed as next-generation vehicles for drug delivery. However, most microrobots swim with linear trajectories and lack the capacity to robustly adhere to soft tissues. This limits their ability to navigate complex biological environments and sustainably release drugs at target sites. In this work, bubble-based microrobots with complex geometries are shown to efficiently swim with non-linear trajectories in a mouse bladder, robustly pin to the epithelium, and slowly release therapeutic drugs. The asymmetric fins on the exterior bodies of the microrobots induce a rapid rotational component to their swimming motions of up to ≈150 body lengths per second. Due to their fast speeds and sharp fins, the microrobots can mechanically pin themselves to the bladder epithelium and endure shear stresses commensurate with urination. Dexamethasone, a small molecule drug used for inflammatory diseases, is encapsulated within the polymeric bodies of the microrobots. The sustained release of the drug is shown to temper inflammation in a manner that surpasses the performance of free drug controls. This system provides a potential strategy to use microrobots to efficiently navigate large volumes, pin at soft tissue boundaries, and release drugs over several days for a range of diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Gyun Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Ave, Boulder, CO 80303, United States
| | - Ritu R. Raj
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Ave, Boulder, CO 80303, United States
| | - Cooper P. Thome
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Ave, Boulder, CO 80303, United States
| | - Nicole B. Day
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Ave, Boulder, CO 80303, United States
| | - Payton Martinez
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive, UCB 427, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive, UCB 422, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Nick Bottenus
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive, UCB 427, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive, UCB 422, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Ankur Gupta
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Ave, Boulder, CO 80303, United States
| | - C. Wyatt Shields
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Ave, Boulder, CO 80303, United States
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive, UCB 422, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Affiliation(s)
- C. Wyatt Shields
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder CO 80303, United States
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder CO 80303, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder CO 80303, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liao X, Gong G, Dai M, Xiang Z, Pan J, He X, Shang J, Blocki AM, Zhao Z, Shields CW, Guo J. Systemic Tumor Suppression via Macrophage-Driven Automated Homing of Metal-Phenolic-Gated Nanosponges for Metastatic Melanoma. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2023; 10:e2207488. [PMID: 37072673 PMCID: PMC10288275 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202207488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cell-based therapies comprising the administration of living cells to patients for direct therapeutic activities have experienced remarkable success in the clinic, of which macrophages hold great potential for targeted drug delivery due to their inherent chemotactic mobility and homing ability to tumors with high efficiency. However, such targeted delivery of drugs through cellular systems remains a significant challenge due to the complexity of balancing high drug-loading with high accumulations in solid tumors. Herein, a tumor-targeting cellular drug delivery system (MAGN) by surface engineering of tumor-homing macrophages (Mφs) with biologically responsive nanosponges is reported. The pores of the nanosponges are blocked with iron-tannic acid complexes that serve as gatekeepers by holding encapsulated drugs until reaching the acidic tumor microenvironment. Molecular dynamics simulations and interfacial force studies are performed to provide mechanistic insights into the "ON-OFF" gating effect of the polyphenol-based supramolecular gatekeepers on the nanosponge channels. The cellular chemotaxis of the Mφ carriers enabled efficient tumor-targeted delivery of drugs and systemic suppression of tumor burden and lung metastases in vivo. The findings suggest that the MAGN platform offers a versatile strategy to efficiently load therapeutic drugs to treat advanced metastatic cancers with a high loading capacity of various therapeutic drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Liao
- BMI Center for Biomass Materials and NanointerfacesCollege of Biomass Science and EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610065China
| | - Guidong Gong
- BMI Center for Biomass Materials and NanointerfacesCollege of Biomass Science and EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610065China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather ManufactureSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610065China
| | - Mengyuan Dai
- BMI Center for Biomass Materials and NanointerfacesCollege of Biomass Science and EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610065China
| | - Zhenyu Xiang
- BMI Center for Biomass Materials and NanointerfacesCollege of Biomass Science and EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610065China
| | - Jiezhou Pan
- BMI Center for Biomass Materials and NanointerfacesCollege of Biomass Science and EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610065China
| | - Xianglian He
- BMI Center for Biomass Materials and NanointerfacesCollege of Biomass Science and EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610065China
| | - Jiaojiao Shang
- BMI Center for Biomass Materials and NanointerfacesCollege of Biomass Science and EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610065China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather ManufactureSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610065China
| | - Anna Maria Blocki
- School of Biomedical SciencesFaculty of MedicineThe Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong SAR999077China
| | - Zongmin Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesCollege of PharmacyUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoIL60612USA
| | - C. Wyatt Shields
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringUniversity of ColoradoBoulderCO80303USA
| | - Junling Guo
- BMI Center for Biomass Materials and NanointerfacesCollege of Biomass Science and EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610065China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather ManufactureSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610065China
- Bioproducts InstituteDepartment of Chemical and Biological EngineeringUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCV6T 1Z4Canada
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610065China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Thome C, Hoertdoerfer WS, Bendorf JR, Lee JG, Shields CW. Electrokinetic Active Particles for Motion-Based Biomolecule Detection. Nano Lett 2023; 23:2379-2387. [PMID: 36881680 PMCID: PMC10038089 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Detection of biomolecules is essential for patient diagnosis, disease management, and numerous other applications. Recently, nano- and microparticle-based detection has been explored for improving traditional assays by reducing required sample volumes and assay times as well as enhancing tunability. Among these approaches, active particle-based assays that couple particle motion to biomolecule concentration expand assay accessibility through simplified signal outputs. However, most of these approaches require secondary labeling, which complicates workflows and introduces additional points of error. Here, we show a proof-of-concept for a label-free, motion-based biomolecule detection system using electrokinetic active particles. We prepare induced-charge electrophoretic microsensors (ICEMs) for the capture of two model biomolecules, streptavidin and ovalbumin, and show that the specific capture of the biomolecules leads to direct signal transduction through ICEM speed suppression at concentrations as low as 0.1 nM. This work lays the foundation for a new paradigm of rapid, simple, and label-free biomolecule detection using active particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cooper
P. Thome
- Department of Chemical and
Biological Engineering, University of Colorado
Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Wren S. Hoertdoerfer
- Department of Chemical and
Biological Engineering, University of Colorado
Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Julia R. Bendorf
- Department of Chemical and
Biological Engineering, University of Colorado
Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Jin Gyun Lee
- Department of Chemical and
Biological Engineering, University of Colorado
Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - C. Wyatt Shields
- Department of Chemical and
Biological Engineering, University of Colorado
Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Raj RR, Shields CW, Gupta A. Two-dimensional diffusiophoretic colloidal banding: optimizing the spatial and temporal design of solute sinks and sources. Soft Matter 2023; 19:892-904. [PMID: 36648425 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01549h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Diffusiophoresis refers to the phenomenon where colloidal particles move in response to solute concentration gradients. Existing studies on diffusiophoresis, both experimental and theoretical, primarily focus on the movement of colloidal particles in response to one-dimensional solute gradients. In this work, we numerically investigate the impact of two-dimensional solute gradients on the distribution of colloidal particles, i.e., colloidal banding, induced via diffusiophoresis. The solute gradients are generated by spatially arranged sources and sinks that emit/absorb a time-dependent solute molar rate. First we study a dipole system, i.e., one source and one sink, and discover that interdipole diffusion and molar rate decay timescales dictate colloidal banding. At timescales shorter than the interdipole diffusion timescale, we observe a rapid enhancement in particle enrichment around the source due to repulsion from the sink. However, at timescales longer than the interdipole diffusion timescale, the source and sink screen each other, leading to a slower enhancement. If the solute molar rate decays at the timescale of interdipole diffusion, an optimal separation distance is obtained such that particle enrichment is maximized. We find that the partition coefficient of solute at the interface between the source and bulk strongly impacts the optimal separation distance. Surprisingly, the diffusivity ratio of solute in the source and bulk has a much weaker impact on the optimal dipole separation distance. We also examine an octupole configuration, i.e., four sinks and four sources, arranged in a circle, and demonstrate that the geometric arrangement that maximizes enrichment depends on the radius of the circle. If the radius of the circle is small, it is preferred to have sources and sinks arranged in an alternating fashion. However, if the radius of the circle is large, a consecutive arrangement of sources and sinks is optimal. Our numerical framework introduces a novel method for spatially and temporally designing the banded structure of colloidal particles in two dimensions using diffusiophoresis and opens up new avenues in a field that has primarily focused on one-dimensional solute gradients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ritu R Raj
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA.
| | - C Wyatt Shields
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA.
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - Ankur Gupta
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Immunotherapy is a rapidly developing area of cancer treatment due to its higher specificity and potential for greater efficacy than traditional therapies. Immune cell modulation through the administration of drugs, proteins, and cells can enhance antitumoral responses through pathways that may be otherwise inhibited in the presence of immunosuppressive tumors. Magnetic systems offer several advantages for improving the performance of immunotherapies, including increased spatiotemporal control over transport, release, and dosing of immunomodulatory drugs within the body, resulting in reduced off-target effects and improved efficacy. Compared to alternative methods for stimulating drug release such as light and pH, magnetic systems enable several distinct methods for programming immune responses. First, we discuss how magnetic hyperthermia can stimulate immune cells and trigger thermoresponsive drug release. Second, we summarize how magnetically targeted delivery of drug carriers can increase the accumulation of drugs in target sites. Third, we review how biomaterials can undergo magnetically driven structural changes to enable remote release of encapsulated drugs. Fourth, we describe the use of magnetic particles for targeted interactions with cellular receptors for promoting antitumor activity. Finally, we discuss translational considerations of these systems, such as toxicity, clinical compatibility, and future opportunities for improving cancer treatment.
Collapse
Key Words
- BW, body weight
- Biomaterials
- CpG, cytosine-phosphate-guanine
- DAMP, damage associated molecular pattern
- Drug delivery
- EPR, enhanced permeability and retention
- FFR, field free region
- HS-TEX, heat-stressed tumor cell exosomes
- HSP, heat shock protein
- ICD, immunogenic cell death
- IVIS, in vivo imaging system
- Immunotherapy
- MICA, MHC class I-related chain A
- MPI, magnetic particle imaging
- Magnetic hyperthermia
- Magnetic nanoparticles
- Microrobotics
- ODNs, oligodeoxynucleotides
- PARP, poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase
- PDMS, polydimethylsiloxane
- PEG, polyethylene glycol
- PLGA, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)
- PNIPAM, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)
- PVA, poly(vinyl alcohol)
- SDF, stromal cell derived-factor
- SID, small implantable device
- SLP, specific loss power
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole B Day
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - William C Wixson
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| | - C Wyatt Shields
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Li L, Shields CW, Huang J, Zhang Y, Ohiri KA, Yellen BB, Chilkoti A, López GP. Rapid capture of biomolecules from blood via stimuli-responsive elastomeric particles for acoustofluidic separation. Analyst 2021; 145:8087-8096. [PMID: 33079081 DOI: 10.1039/d0an01164a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The detection of biomarkers in blood often requires extensive and time-consuming sample preparation to remove blood cells and concentrate the biomarker(s) of interest. We demonstrate proof-of-concept for a chip-based, acoustofluidic method that enables the rapid capture and isolation of a model protein biomarker (i.e., streptavidin) from blood for off-chip quantification. Our approach makes use of two key components - namely, soluble, thermally responsive polypeptides fused to ligands for the homogeneous capture of biomarkers from whole blood and silicone microparticles functionalized with similar, tethered, thermally responsive polypeptides. When the two components are mixed together and subjected to a mild thermal trigger, the thermally responsive moieties undergo a phase transition, causing the untethered (soluble) polypeptides to co-aggregate with the particle-bound polypeptides. The mixture is then diluted with warm buffer and injected into a microfluidic channel supporting a bulk acoustic standing wave. The biomarker-bearing particles migrate to the pressure antinodes, whereas blood cells migrate to the pressure node, leading to rapid separation with efficiencies exceeding 90% in a single pass. The biomarker-bearing particles can then be analyzed via flow cytometry, with a limit of detection of 0.75 nM for streptavidin spiked in blood plasma. Finally, by cooling the solution below the solubility temperature of the polypeptides, greater than 75% of the streptavidin is released from the microparticles, offering a unique approach for downstream analysis (e.g., sequencing or structural analysis). Overall, this methodology has promise for the detection, enrichment and analysis of some biomarkers from blood and other complex biological samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linying Li
- NSF Research Triangle Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhao Z, Pan DC, Qi QM, Kim J, Kapate N, Sun T, Shields CW, Wang LLW, Wu D, Kwon CJ, He W, Guo J, Mitragotri S. Engineering of Living Cells with Polyphenol-Functionalized Biologically Active Nanocomplexes. Adv Mater 2020; 32:e2003492. [PMID: 33150643 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202003492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Approaches to safely and effectively augment cellular functions without compromising the inherent biological properties of the cells, especially through the integration of biologically labile domains, remain of great interest. Here, a versatile strategy to assemble biologically active nanocomplexes, including proteins, DNA, mRNA, and even viral carriers, on cellular surfaces to generate a cell-based hybrid system referred to as "Cellnex" is established. This strategy can be used to engineer a wide range of cell types used in adoptive cell transfers, including erythrocytes, macrophages, NK cells, T cells, etc. Erythrocytenex can enhance the delivery of cargo proteins to the lungs in vivo by 11-fold as compared to the free cargo counterpart. Biomimetic microfluidic experiments and modeling provided detailed insights into the targeting mechanism. In addition, Macrophagenex is capable of enhancing the therapeutic efficiency of anti-PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitors in vivo. This simple and adaptable approach may offer a platform for the rapid generation of complex cellular systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zongmin Zhao
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Daniel C Pan
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Qin M Qi
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jayoung Kim
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Neha Kapate
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Tao Sun
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - C Wyatt Shields
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Lily Li-Wen Wang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Debra Wu
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Christopher J Kwon
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Wei He
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Junling Guo
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Evans MA, Shields CW, Krishnan V, Wang LL, Zhao Z, Ukidve A, Lewandowski M, Gao Y, Mitragotri* S. Macrophage‐Mediated Delivery of Hypoxia‐Activated Prodrug Nanoparticles. Adv Therap 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202000183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
13
|
Shields CW, Evans MA, Wang LLW, Baugh N, Iyer S, Wu D, Zhao Z, Pusuluri A, Ukidve A, Pan DC, Mitragotri S. Cellular backpacks for macrophage immunotherapy. Sci Adv 2020; 6:eaaz6579. [PMID: 32494680 PMCID: PMC7190308 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz6579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive cell transfers have emerged as a disruptive approach to treat disease in a manner that is more specific than using small-molecule drugs; however, unlike traditional drugs, cells are living entities that can alter their function in response to environmental cues. In the present study, we report an engineered particle referred to as a "backpack" that can robustly adhere to macrophage surfaces and regulate cellular phenotypes in vivo. Backpacks evade phagocytosis for several days and release cytokines to continuously guide the polarization of macrophages toward antitumor phenotypes. We demonstrate that these antitumor phenotypes are durable, even in the strongly immunosuppressive environment of a murine breast cancer model. Conserved phenotypes led to reduced metastatic burdens and slowed tumor growths compared with those of mice treated with an equal dose of macrophages with free cytokine. Overall, these studies highlight a new pathway to control and maintain phenotypes of adoptive cellular immunotherapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C. Wyatt Shields
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Cambridge, MA 20138, USA
| | - Michael A. Evans
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Cambridge, MA 20138, USA
| | - Lily Li-Wen Wang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Cambridge, MA 20138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Neil Baugh
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Cambridge, MA 20138, USA
| | - Siddharth Iyer
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Cambridge, MA 20138, USA
| | - Debra Wu
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Cambridge, MA 20138, USA
| | - Zongmin Zhao
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Cambridge, MA 20138, USA
| | - Anusha Pusuluri
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Cambridge, MA 20138, USA
| | - Anvay Ukidve
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Cambridge, MA 20138, USA
| | - Daniel C. Pan
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Cambridge, MA 20138, USA
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Cambridge, MA 20138, USA
- Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Breakthroughs in materials engineering have accelerated the progress of immunotherapy in preclinical studies. The interplay of chemistry and materials has resulted in improved loading, targeting, and release of immunomodulatory agents. An overview of the materials that are used to enable or improve the success of immunotherapies in preclinical studies is presented, from immunosuppressive to proinflammatory strategies, with particular emphasis on technologies poised for clinical translation. The materials are organized based on their characteristic length scale, whereby the enabling feature of each technology is organized by the structure of that material. For example, the mechanisms by which i) nanoscale materials can improve targeting and infiltration of immunomodulatory payloads into tissues and cells, ii) microscale materials can facilitate cell-mediated transport and serve as artificial antigen-presenting cells, and iii) macroscale materials can form the basis of artificial microenvironments to promote cell infiltration and reprogramming are discussed. As a step toward establishing a set of design rules for future immunotherapies, materials that intrinsically activate or suppress the immune system are reviewed. Finally, a brief outlook on the trajectory of these systems and how they may be improved to address unsolved challenges in cancer, infectious diseases, and autoimmunity is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Wyatt Shields
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Lily Li-Wen Wang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Michael A Evans
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Timmermann M, Lukat N, Schneider LP, Shields CW, López GP, Selhuber-Unkel C. Migration of Microparticle-Containing Amoeba through Constricted Environments. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:889-897. [PMID: 32215319 PMCID: PMC7082834 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
In many situations,
cells migrate through tiny orifices.
Examples
include the extravasation of immune cells from the bloodstream for
fighting infections, the infiltration of cancer cells during metastasis,
and the migration of human pathogens. An extremely motile and medically
relevant type of human pathogen is Acanthamoeba castellanii. In the study presented here, we investigated how a combination
of microparticles and microstructured interfaces controls the migration
of A. castellanii trophozoites. The
microinterfaces comprised well-defined micropillar arrays, and the
trophozoites easily migrated through the given constrictions by adapting
the shape and size of their intracellular vacuoles and by adapting
intracellular motion. After feeding the trophozoite cells in microinterfaces
with synthetic, stiff microparticles of various sizes and shapes,
their behavior changed drastically: if the particles were smaller
than the micropillar gap, migration was still possible. If the cells
incorporated particles larger than the pillar gap, they could become
immobilized but could also display remarkable problem-solving capabilities.
For example, they turned rod-shaped microparticles such that their
short axis fit through the pillar gap or they transported the particles
above the structure. As migration is a crucial contribution to A. castellanii pathogenicity and is also relevant
to other biological processes in microenvironments, such as cancer
metastasis, our results provide an interesting strategy for controlling
the migration of cells containing intracellular particles by microstructured
interfaces that serve as migration-limiting environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Timmermann
- Institute of Materials Science, Biocompatible Nanomaterials, University of Kiel, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Nils Lukat
- Institute of Materials Science, Biocompatible Nanomaterials, University of Kiel, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Lindsay P Schneider
- Institute of Materials Science, Biocompatible Nanomaterials, University of Kiel, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - C Wyatt Shields
- NSF Research Triangle Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States.,Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Gabriel P López
- NSF Research Triangle Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States.,Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Christine Selhuber-Unkel
- Institute of Materials Science, Biocompatible Nanomaterials, University of Kiel, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Evans MA, Shields CW, Krishnan V, Wang LL, Zhao Z, Ukidve A, Lewandowski M, Gao Y, Mitragotri S. Macrophage‐Mediated Delivery of Hypoxia‐Activated Prodrug Nanoparticles. Adv Therap 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201900162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Evans
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard University 29 Oxford St. Cambridge MA 02138 USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired EngineeringHarvard University Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - C. Wyatt Shields
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard University 29 Oxford St. Cambridge MA 02138 USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired EngineeringHarvard University Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Vinu Krishnan
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard University 29 Oxford St. Cambridge MA 02138 USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired EngineeringHarvard University Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Lily Li‐Wen Wang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard University 29 Oxford St. Cambridge MA 02138 USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired EngineeringHarvard University Cambridge MA 02138 USA
- Harvard‐MIT Division of Health Sciences and TechnologyMassachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Zhongmin Zhao
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard University 29 Oxford St. Cambridge MA 02138 USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired EngineeringHarvard University Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Anvay Ukidve
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard University 29 Oxford St. Cambridge MA 02138 USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired EngineeringHarvard University Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Michael Lewandowski
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired EngineeringHarvard University Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Yongsheng Gao
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard University 29 Oxford St. Cambridge MA 02138 USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired EngineeringHarvard University Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied SciencesHarvard University 29 Oxford St. Cambridge MA 02138 USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired EngineeringHarvard University Cambridge MA 02138 USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
He W, Kapate N, Shields CW, Mitragotri S. Drug delivery to macrophages: A review of targeting drugs and drug carriers to macrophages for inflammatory diseases. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 165-166:15-40. [PMID: 31816357 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages play a key role in defending against foreign pathogens, healing wounds, and regulating tissue homeostasis. Driving this versatility is their phenotypic plasticity, which enables macrophages to respond to subtle cues in tightly coordinated ways. However, when this coordination is disrupted, macrophages can aid the progression of numerous diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and autoimmune disease. The central link between these disorders is aberrant macrophage polarization, which misguides their functional programs, secretory products, and regulation of the surrounding tissue microenvironment. As a result of their important and deterministic roles in both health and disease, macrophages have gained considerable attention as targets for drug delivery. Here, we discuss the role of macrophages in the initiation and progression of various inflammatory diseases, summarize the leading drugs used to regulate macrophages, and review drug delivery systems designed to target macrophages. We emphasize strategies that are approved for clinical use or are poised for clinical investigation. Finally, we provide a prospectus of the future of macrophage-targeted drug delivery systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei He
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Neha Kapate
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - C Wyatt Shields
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pusuluri A, Krishnan V, Wu D, Shields CW, Wang LW, Mitragotri S. Role of synergy and immunostimulation in design of chemotherapy combinations: An analysis of doxorubicin and camptothecin. Bioeng Transl Med 2019; 4:e10129. [PMID: 31249879 PMCID: PMC6584462 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Combination chemotherapy is often employed to improve therapeutic efficacies of drugs. However, traditional combination regimens often utilize drugs at or near-their maximum tolerated doses (MTDs), elevating the risk of dose-related toxicity and impeding their clinical success. Further, high doses of adjuvant or neoadjuvant chemotherapies can cause myeloablation, which compromises the immune response and hinders the efficacy of chemotherapy as well as accompanying treatments such as immunotherapy. Clinical outcomes can be improved if chemotherapy combinations are designed to reduce the overall doses without compromising their therapeutic efficacy. To this end, we investigated a combination of camptothecin (CPT) with doxorubicin (DOX) as a low-dose treatment option for breast cancer. DOX-CPT combinations were synergistic in several breast cancer cell lines in vitro and one particular ratio displayed extremely high synergy on human triple negative breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231). This combination led to excellent long-term survival of mice bearing MDA-MB-231 tumors at doses roughly five-fold lower than the reported MTD values of its constituent drugs. Impact of low dose DOX-CPT treatment on local tumor immune environment was assessed in immunocompetent mice bearing breast cancer (4T1) tumors. The combination was not only superior in inhibiting the disease progression compared to individual drugs, but it also generated a more favorable antitumor immunogenic response. Engineering DOX and CPT ratios to manifest synergy enables treatment at doses much lower than their MTDs, which could ultimately facilitate their translation into the clinic as a promising combination for breast cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Pusuluri
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard UniversityCambridgeMA 02138
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard UniversityBostonMA 02115
- Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaSanta BarbaraCA 93106
| | - Vinu Krishnan
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard UniversityCambridgeMA 02138
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard UniversityBostonMA 02115
| | - Debra Wu
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard UniversityCambridgeMA 02138
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard UniversityBostonMA 02115
| | - C. Wyatt Shields
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard UniversityCambridgeMA 02138
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard UniversityBostonMA 02115
| | - Li W. Wang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard UniversityCambridgeMA 02138
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard UniversityBostonMA 02115
- Harvard–MIT Health Sciences and Technology ProgramInstitute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA 02139
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard UniversityCambridgeMA 02138
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard UniversityBostonMA 02115
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Shields CW, White JP, Osta EG, Patel J, Rajkumar S, Kirby N, Therrien JP, Zauscher S. Encapsulation and controlled release of retinol from silicone particles for topical delivery. J Control Release 2018; 278:37-48. [PMID: 29604311 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Retinol, a derivative of vitamin A, is a ubiquitous compound used to treat acne, reduce wrinkles and protect against conditions like psoriasis and ichthyosis. While retinol is used as the primary active ingredient (AI) in many skin care formulations, its efficacy is often limited by an extreme sensitivity to degrade and toxicity at high concentrations. While microencapsulation is an appealing method to help overcome these issues, few microencapsulation strategies have made a major translational impact due to challenges with complexity, cost, limited protection of the AI and poor control of the release of the AI. We have developed a class of silicone particles that addresses these challenges for the encapsulation, protection and controlled release of retinol and other hydrophobic compounds. The particles are prepared by the sol-gel polymerization of silane monomers, which enables their rapid and facile synthesis at scale while maintaining a narrow size distribution (i.e., CV < 20%). We show that our particles can: (i) encapsulate retinol with high efficiency (>85%), (ii) protect retinol from degradation (yielding a half-life 9× greater than unencapsulated retinol) and (iii) slowly release retinol over several hours (at rates from 0.14 to 0.67 μg cm-2 s-1/2). To demonstrate that the controlled release of retinol from the particles can reduce irritation, we performed a double blind study on human subjects and found that formulations containing our particles were 12-23% less irritating than identical formulations containing Microsponge® particles (an industry standard by Amcol, Inc.). To show that the silicone particles can elicit a favorable biological response, similar to the Microsponge® particles, we applied both formulations to reconstructed human epidermal tissues and found an upregulation of keratin 19 (K19) and a downregulation of K10, indicating that the reduced irritation observed in the human study was not caused by reduced activity. We also found a decrease in the production of interleukin-1α (IL-1α) compared to formulations containing the Microsponge particles, suggesting lower irritation levels and supporting the findings from the human study. Finally, we show that the silicone particles can encapsulate other AIs, including betamethasone, N, N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET), homosalate and ingenol mebutate, establishing these particles as a true platform technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Wyatt Shields
- NSF Research Triangle Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
| | - John P White
- NSF Research Triangle Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Erica G Osta
- NSF Research Triangle Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; NSF Partnerships for Research and Education in Materials, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
| | - Jerishma Patel
- NSF Research Triangle Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Shashank Rajkumar
- NSF Research Triangle Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Nickolas Kirby
- NSF Research Triangle Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | | | - Stefan Zauscher
- NSF Research Triangle Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Han K, Shields CW, Diwakar NM, Bharti B, López GP, Velev OD. Sequence-encoded colloidal origami and microbot assemblies from patchy magnetic cubes. Sci Adv 2017; 3:e1701108. [PMID: 28798960 PMCID: PMC5544397 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1701108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal-scale assemblies that reconfigure on demand may serve as the next generation of soft "microbots," artificial muscles, and other biomimetic devices. This requires the precise arrangement of particles into structures that are preprogrammed to reversibly change shape when actuated by external fields. The design and making of colloidal-scale assemblies with encoded directional particle-particle interactions remain a major challenge. We show how assemblies of metallodielectric patchy microcubes can be engineered to store energy through magnetic polarization and release it on demand by microscale reconfiguration. The dynamic pattern of folding and reconfiguration of the chain-like assemblies can be encoded in the sequence of the cube orientation. The residual polarization of the metallic facets on the microcubes leads to local interactions between the neighboring particles, which is directed by the conformational restrictions of their shape after harvesting energy from external magnetic fields. These structures can also be directionally moved, steered, and maneuvered by global forces from external magnetic fields. We illustrate these capabilities by examples of assemblies of specific sequences that can be actuated, reoriented, and spatially maneuvered to perform microscale operations such as capturing and transporting live cells, acting as prototypes of microbots, micromixers, and other active microstructures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koohee Han
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695–7905, USA
- Research Triangle Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - C. Wyatt Shields
- Research Triangle Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Nidhi M. Diwakar
- Research Triangle Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Bhuvnesh Bharti
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695–7905, USA
- Research Triangle Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Gabriel P. López
- Research Triangle Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Corresponding author. (O.D.V.); (G.P.L.)
| | - Orlin D. Velev
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695–7905, USA
- Research Triangle Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Corresponding author. (O.D.V.); (G.P.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Fu L, Bian C, Shields CW, Cruz DF, López GP, Charbonneau P. Assembly of hard spheres in a cylinder: a computational and experimental study. Soft Matter 2017; 13:3296-3306. [PMID: 28405662 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm00316a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hard spheres are an important benchmark of our understanding of natural and synthetic systems. In this work, colloidal experiments and Monte Carlo simulations examine the equilibrium and out-of-equilibrium assembly of hard spheres of diameter σ within cylinders of diameter σ≤D≤ 2.82σ. Although phase transitions formally do not exist in such systems, marked structural crossovers can nonetheless be observed. Over this range of D, we find in simulations that structural crossovers echo the structural changes in the sequence of densest packings. We also observe that the out-of-equilibrium self-assembly depends on the compression rate. Slow compression approximates equilibrium results, while fast compression can skip intermediate structures. Crossovers for which no continuous line-slip exists are found to be dynamically unfavorable, which is the main source of this difference. Results from colloidal sedimentation experiments at low diffusion rate are found to be consistent with the results of fast compressions, as long as appropriate boundary conditions are used.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Fu
- NSF Research Triangle Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ohiri KA, Evans BA, Shields CW, Gutiérrez RA, Carroll NJ, Yellen BB, López GP. Magnetically Responsive Negative Acoustic Contrast Microparticles for Bioanalytical Applications. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:25030-25035. [PMID: 27622731 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b09591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Smart colloidal particles are routinely used as carriers for biological molecules, fluorescent reporters, cells, and other analytes for the purposes of sample preparation and detection. However, such particles are typically engineered to respond to a single type of stimulus (e.g., commercial magnetic beads to magnetic fields). Here, we demonstrate a unique class of particles that display both positive magnetic contrast and negative acoustic contrast in water. This dual functionality allows for fine spatiotemporal control, enabling multiple separation modalities and increasing the utility of the particles in various chemical and biological assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin A Evans
- Department of Physics, Elon University , Elon, North Carolina 27244, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Gabriel P López
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Shields CW, Ohiri KA, Szott LM, López GP. Translating microfluidics: Cell separation technologies and their barriers to commercialization. Cytometry B Clin Cytom 2016; 92:115-125. [PMID: 27282966 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Advances in microfluidic cell sorting have revolutionized the ways in which cell-containing fluids are processed, now providing performances comparable to, or exceeding, traditional systems, but in a vastly miniaturized format. These technologies exploit a wide variety of physical phenomena to manipulate cells and fluid flow, such as magnetic traps, sound waves and flow-altering micropatterns, and they can evaluate single cells by immobilizing them onto surfaces for chemotherapeutic assessment, encapsulate cells into picoliter droplets for toxicity screenings and examine the interactions between pairs of cells in response to new, experimental drugs. However, despite the massive surge of innovation in these high-performance lab-on-a-chip devices, few have undergone successful commercialization, and no device has been translated to a widely distributed clinical commodity to date. Persistent challenges such as an increasingly saturated patent landscape as well as complex user interfaces are among several factors that may contribute to their slowed progress. In this article, we identify several of the leading microfluidic technologies for sorting cells that are poised for clinical translation; we examine the principal barriers preventing their routine clinical use; finally, we provide a prospectus to elucidate the key criteria that must be met to overcome those barriers. Once established, these tools may soon transform how clinical labs study various ailments and diseases by separating cells for downstream sequencing and enabling other forms of advanced cellular or sub-cellular analysis. © 2016 International Clinical Cytometry Society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Wyatt Shields
- NSF Research Triangle Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708
| | - Korine A Ohiri
- NSF Research Triangle Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708.,Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708
| | - Luisa M Szott
- NSF Research Triangle Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708
| | - Gabriel P López
- NSF Research Triangle Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708.,Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27708.,Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Johnson KA, Vormohr HR, Doinikov AA, Bouakaz A, Shields CW, López GP, Dayton PA. Experimental verification of theoretical equations for acoustic radiation force on compressible spherical particles in traveling waves. Phys Rev E 2016; 93:053109. [PMID: 27300980 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.93.053109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Acoustophoresis uses acoustic radiation force to remotely manipulate particles suspended in a host fluid for many scientific, technological, and medical applications, such as acoustic levitation, acoustic coagulation, contrast ultrasound imaging, ultrasound-assisted drug delivery, etc. To estimate the magnitude of acoustic radiation forces, equations derived for an inviscid host fluid are commonly used. However, there are theoretical predictions that, in the case of a traveling wave, viscous effects can dramatically change the magnitude of acoustic radiation forces, which make the equations obtained for an inviscid host fluid invalid for proper estimation of acoustic radiation forces. To date, experimental verification of these predictions has not been published. Experimental measurements of viscous effects on acoustic radiation forces in a traveling wave were conducted using a confocal optical and acoustic system and values were compared with available theories. Our results show that, even in a low-viscosity fluid such as water, the magnitude of acoustic radiation forces is increased manyfold by viscous effects in comparison with what follows from the equations derived for an inviscid fluid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kennita A Johnson
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
- NSF Research Triangle Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Hannah R Vormohr
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46227, USA
| | | | - Ayache Bouakaz
- INSERM U930, Université François Rabelais, 37032 Tours, France
| | - C Wyatt Shields
- NSF Research Triangle Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Gabriel P López
- NSF Research Triangle Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Paul A Dayton
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wang PY, Shields CW, Zhao T, Jami H, López GP, Kingshott P. Rapid Self-Assembly of Shaped Microtiles into Large, Close-Packed Crystalline Monolayers on Solid Surfaces. Small 2016; 12:1309-1314. [PMID: 26756607 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201503130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The rapid self-assembly of photolithographic microtiles into large crystalline monolayers is achieved. Crystalline monolayers get trapped at the liquid-liquid interface and re-emerge at the air-liquid interface by mixing a cosolvent, which then deposits on the solid surface in seconds. This method has the potential to assemble different shapes and sizes of microtiles into complex architectures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Yuan Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, John St, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - C W Shields
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, NSF Research Triangle Materials Research Science and Engineering Center (MRSEC), Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tianheng Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, John St, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Hesamodin Jami
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, John St, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Gabriel P López
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, NSF Research Triangle Materials Research Science and Engineering Center (MRSEC), Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Peter Kingshott
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Swinburne University of Technology, John St, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Shields CW, Cruz DF, Ohiri KA, Yellen BB, Lopez GP. Fabrication and Operation of Acoustofluidic Devices Supporting Bulk Acoustic Standing Waves for Sheathless Focusing of Particles. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27022681 PMCID: PMC4828217 DOI: 10.3791/53861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Acoustophoresis refers to the displacement of suspended objects in response to directional forces from sound energy. Given that the suspended objects must be smaller than the incident wavelength of sound and the width of the fluidic channels are typically tens to hundreds of micrometers across, acoustofluidic devices typically use ultrasonic waves generated from a piezoelectric transducer pulsating at high frequencies (in the megahertz range). At characteristic frequencies that depend on the geometry of the device, it is possible to induce the formation of standing waves that can focus particles along desired fluidic streamlines within a bulk flow. Here, we describe a method for the fabrication of acoustophoretic devices from common materials and clean room equipment. We show representative results for the focusing of particles with positive or negative acoustic contrast factors, which move towards the pressure nodes or antinodes of the standing waves, respectively. These devices offer enormous practical utility for precisely positioning large numbers of microscopic entities (e.g., cells) in stationary or flowing fluids for applications ranging from cytometry to assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Wyatt Shields
- NSF Research Triangle Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Duke University; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University
| | - Daniela F Cruz
- NSF Research Triangle Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Duke University; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University
| | - Korine A Ohiri
- NSF Research Triangle Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Duke University; Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University
| | - Benjamin B Yellen
- NSF Research Triangle Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Duke University; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University; Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University
| | - Gabriel P Lopez
- NSF Research Triangle Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Duke University; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University; Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University;
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Owens CE, Shields CW, Cruz DF, Charbonneau P, López GP. Highly parallel acoustic assembly of microparticles into well-ordered colloidal crystallites. Soft Matter 2016; 12:717-28. [PMID: 26558940 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm02348c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The precise arrangement of microscopic objects is critical to the development of functional materials and ornately patterned surfaces. Here, we present an acoustics-based method for the rapid arrangement of microscopic particles into organized and programmable architectures, which are periodically spaced within a square assembly chamber. This macroscale device employs two-dimensional bulk acoustic standing waves to propel particles along the base of the chamber toward pressure nodes or antinodes, depending on the acoustic contrast factor of the particle, and is capable of simultaneously creating thousands of size-limited, isotropic and anisotropic assemblies within minutes. We pair experiments with Brownian dynamics simulations to model the migration kinetics and assembly patterns of spherical microparticles. We use these insights to predict and subsequently validate the onset of buckling of the assemblies into three-dimensional clusters by experiments upon increasing the acoustic pressure amplitude and the particle concentration. The simulations are also used to inform our experiments for the assembly of non-spherical particles, which are then recovered via fluid evaporation and directly inspected by electron microscopy. This method for assembly of particles offers several notable advantages over other approaches (e.g., magnetics, electrokinetics and optical tweezing) including simplicity, speed and scalability and can also be used in concert with other such approaches for enhancing the types of assemblies achievable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Crystal E Owens
- NSF Research Triangle Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Shields CW, Reyes CD, López GP. Microfluidic cell sorting: a review of the advances in the separation of cells from debulking to rare cell isolation. Lab Chip 2015; 15:1230-49. [PMID: 25598308 PMCID: PMC4331226 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc01246a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 537] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Accurate and high throughput cell sorting is a critical enabling technology in molecular and cellular biology, biotechnology, and medicine. While conventional methods can provide high efficiency sorting in short timescales, advances in microfluidics have enabled the realization of miniaturized devices offering similar capabilities that exploit a variety of physical principles. We classify these technologies as either active or passive. Active systems generally use external fields (e.g., acoustic, electric, magnetic, and optical) to impose forces to displace cells for sorting, whereas passive systems use inertial forces, filters, and adhesion mechanisms to purify cell populations. Cell sorting on microchips provides numerous advantages over conventional methods by reducing the size of necessary equipment, eliminating potentially biohazardous aerosols, and simplifying the complex protocols commonly associated with cell sorting. Additionally, microchip devices are well suited for parallelization, enabling complete lab-on-a-chip devices for cellular isolation, analysis, and experimental processing. In this review, we examine the breadth of microfluidic cell sorting technologies, while focusing on those that offer the greatest potential for translation into clinical and industrial practice and that offer multiple, useful functions. We organize these sorting technologies by the type of cell preparation required (i.e., fluorescent label-based sorting, bead-based sorting, and label-free sorting) as well as by the physical principles underlying each sorting mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Wyatt Shields
- NSF Research Triangle Materials Research Science and Engineering Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Gao L, Wyatt Shields C, Johnson LM, Graves SW, Yellen BB, López GP. Two-dimensional spatial manipulation of microparticles in continuous flows in acoustofluidic systems. Biomicrofluidics 2015; 9:014105. [PMID: 25713687 PMCID: PMC4304957 DOI: 10.1063/1.4905875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We report a modeling and experimental study of techniques to acoustically focus particles flowing through a microfluidic channel. Our theoretical model differs from prior works in that we solve an approximate 2-D wave transmission model that accounts for wave propagation in both the solid and fluid phases. Our simulations indicate that particles can be effectively focused at driving frequencies as high as 10% off of the resonant condition. This conclusion is supported by experiments on the acoustic focusing of particles in nearly square microchannels, which are studied for different flow rates, driving frequencies and placements of the lead zirconate titanate transducer, either underneath the microchannel or underneath a parallel trough. The relative acoustic potential energy and the resultant velocity fields for particles with positive acoustic contrast coefficients are estimated in the 2-D limit. Confocal microscopy was used to observe the spatial distribution of the flowing microparticles in three dimensions. Through these studies, we show that a single driving frequency from a single piezoelectric actuator can induce the 2-D concentration of particles in a microchannel with a nearly square cross section, and we correlate these behaviors with theoretical predictions. We also show that it is possible to control the extent of focusing of the microparticles, and that it is possible to decouple the focusing of microparticles in the vertical direction from the lateral direction in rectangular channels with anisotropic cross sections. This study provides guidelines to design and operate microchip-based acoustofluidic devices for precise control over the spatial arrangement of microparticles for applications such as flow cytometry and cellular sorting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leah M Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Steven W Graves
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Shields CW, Sun D, Johnson KA, Duval KA, Rodriguez AV, Gao L, Dayton PA, López GP. Nucleation and Growth Synthesis of Siloxane Gels to Form Functional, Monodisperse, and Acoustically Programmable Particles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201402471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
31
|
Shields CW, Livingston CE, Yellen BB, López GP, Murdoch DM. Magnetographic array for the capture and enumeration of single cells and cell pairs. Biomicrofluidics 2014; 8:041101. [PMID: 25379081 PMCID: PMC4188346 DOI: 10.1063/1.4885840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We present a simple microchip device consisting of an overlaid pattern of micromagnets and microwells capable of capturing magnetically labeled cells into well-defined compartments (with accuracies >95%). Its flexible design permits the programmable deposition of single cells for their direct enumeration and pairs of cells for the detailed analysis of cell-cell interactions. This cell arraying device requires no external power and can be operated solely with permanent magnets. Large scale image analysis of cells captured in this array can yield valuable information (e.g., regarding various immune parameters such as the CD4:CD8 ratio) in a miniaturized and portable platform.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Carissa E Livingston
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | | | | | - David M Murdoch
- Department of Medicine, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Shields CW, Sun D, Johnson KA, Duval KA, Rodriguez AV, Gao L, Dayton PA, López GP. Nucleation and growth synthesis of siloxane gels to form functional, monodisperse, and acoustically programmable particles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:8070-3. [PMID: 24853411 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201402471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Nucleation and growth methods offer scalable means of synthesizing colloidal particles with precisely specified size for applications in chemical research, industry, and medicine. These methods have been used to prepare a class of silicone gel particles that display a range of programmable properties and narrow size distributions. The acoustic contrast factor of these particles in water is estimated and can be tuned such that the particles undergo acoustophoresis to either the pressure nodes or antinodes of acoustic standing waves. These particles can be synthesized to display surface functional groups that can be covalently modified for a range of bioanalytical and acoustophoretic sorting applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Wyatt Shields
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC (USA); NSF Research Triangle Materials Research Science and Engineering Center (USA)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Shields CW, Johnson LM, Gao L, López GP. Elastomeric negative acoustic contrast particles for capture, acoustophoretic transport, and confinement of cells in microfluidic systems. Langmuir 2014; 30:3923-7. [PMID: 24673242 DOI: 10.1021/la404677w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We present a particle-based method for the immunospecific capture and confinement of cells using acoustic radiation forces. Ultrasonic standing waves in microfluidic systems have previously been used for the continuous focusing of cells in rapid screening and sorting applications. In aqueous fluids, cells typically exhibit positive acoustic contrast and are thus forced toward the pressure nodes of a standing wave. Conversely, elastomeric particles exhibit negative acoustic contrast and travel toward the pressure antinodes. We have developed a class of elastomeric particles that are synthesized in bulk using a simple nucleation and growth process, providing precise control over their size and functional properties. We demonstrate that the biofunctionalization of these particles can allow the capture and transport of cells to the pressure antinodes solely via acoustic radiation forces, which may enable new acoustics-based cell handling techniques such as the washing, labeling, and sorting of cells with minimal preparatory steps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Wyatt Shields
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, ‡NSF Research Triangle Materials Research Science & Engineering Center, and §Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
AbstractColloids with anisotropic shape and properties can enable the assembly of advanced materials otherwise not attainable by microfabrication. In this study, we present a convenient method using common microfabrication tools to generate a diverse array of non-spherical microparticles with well-defined shapes, sizes, electromagnetic properties for self-assembly applications. Projection photolithography onto SU-8 photoresist enabled the production of large aspect ratio microparticles such as cubes, cuboids, cylinders, hexagonal prisms, and parallelepipeds. We characterized these particles to confirm their anisotropic shape and size monodispersity. Fluorescent stains (e.g., Nile red) were mixed into the photoresist prepolymer to enhance the visualization of particle orientation. Particles designed for passive self-assembly were prepared by conventional photolithographic techniques. Particles designed for active assembly were then decorated with metallic patches in precise locations along the surface (e.g., top, side or multiple sides) using electron beam metal evaporation. This metal deposition process can enable orientational control of particles during their assembly in directed fields. After fabrication, large particles (e.g., 1,000 µm3) were released from the substrate via gentle sheer forces, whereas small particles (e.g., 10 µm3) were released by the dissolution of a sacrificial layer underneath the SU-8. Suspending the particles in water with surfactant (or other suitable solvents) provided amenable conditions for their assembly in static or dynamic systems. These conventional methods have the potential to catalyze new research in the fabrication and assembly of anisotropic patchy particles with controllable properties for the hierarchical development of self-assembled micromirrors, biosensors, and photonic crystals as examples.
Collapse
|
35
|
Shields CW, Zhu S, Yang Y, Bharti B, Liu J, Yellen BB, Velev OD, López GP. Field-directed of patchy anisotropic microparticles with defined shape. Soft Matter 2013; 9:9219-29. [PMID: 24988939 DOI: 10.1039/c3sm51119g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Electromagnetic fields can generate orientation-dependent, long range interactions between colloidal components that direct their into highly ordered structures, such as small ordered clusters, chains, and large crystalline lattices. While much effort has been devoted to exploring the assembly of spherical colloids, few reports have investigated the directed assembly of non-spherical particles with Janus or patchy morphologies. Here, we use photolithographic techniques to fabricate a wide range of anisotropically shaped patchy particles and follow their in liquid suspensions under the influence of electric and magnetic fields. We analyze the assembly of several types of patchy particles across a range of field parameters and fluid compositions, and report a number of distinct, well-ordered, architectures including cylindrical, prismatic, and staggered chains. The structures assembled from anisotropic patchy components provide a glimpse into the range of architectures that can be created by combining field directed with rationally designed particles. By using numerical simulations to model the electric and magnetic field interactions between these particles, we interpret the results of the assembly process and explain how they can be controlled by the position of the metal facet, the frequency (for AC fields), or magnetic susceptibility of the medium. The resulting structures, and similar ones produced through the field-directed assembly of patchy anisotropic particles, can possess unique electrical and optical properties and may have potential applications in a number of future technology applications such as microactuators, metamaterials and multiferroic materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Wyatt Shields
- Research Triangle Materials Research Science and Engineering Center (Triangle MRSEC), Durham, NC, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|