Niosome as an Effective Nanoscale Solution for the Treatment of Microbial Infections

Demystifying the potential of lipid-based nanocarriers in targeting brain malignancies

Drug targeting for brain malignancies is restricted due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-brain tumor barrier (BBTB), which act as barriers between the blood and brain parenchyma. Certainly, the limited therapeutic options for brain malignancies have made notable progress with enhanced biological understanding and innovative approaches, such as targeted therapies and immunotherapies. These advancements significantly contribute to improving patient prognoses and represent a promising shift in the landscape of brain malignancy treatments. A more comprehensive understanding of the histology and pathogenesis of brain malignancies is urgently needed. Continued research focused on unraveling the intricacies of brain malignancy biology holds the key to developing innovative and tailored therapies that can improve patient outcomes. Lipid nanocarriers are highly effective drug delivery systems that significantly improve their solubility, bioavailability, and stability while also minimizing unwanted side effects. Surface-modified lipid nanocarriers (liposomes, niosomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, lipid nanocapsules, lipid-polymer hybrid nanocarriers, lipoproteins, and lipoplexes) are employed to improve BBB penetration and uptake through various mechanisms. This systematic review illuminates and covers various topics related to brain malignancies. It explores the different methods of drug delivery used in treating brain malignancies and delves into the benefits, limitations, and types of brain-targeted lipid-based nanocarriers. Additionally, this review discusses ongoing clinical trials and patents related to brain malignancy therapies and provides a glance into future perspectives for treating this condition.

Multifunctional poloxamer-based thermo-responsive hydrogel loaded with human lactoferricin niosomes: In vitro study on anti-bacterial activity, accelerate wound healing, and anti-inflammation

Chronic wound infections are attributed to delayed tissue repair, which remains a major clinical challenge in long-term health care. Particularly, infections with antibiotic resistance have more serious effects on health, often resulting in unsuccessful treatments. Thus, antimicrobial peptide (AMP)-based therapy holds promise as a potential therapeutic approach to overcoming drug resistance. Conventional wound dressing is a passive strategy for wound care that is not capable of eradicating pathogens and promoting tissue repair. In this study, we aim to construct an advanced wound dressing; a thermo-responsive hydrogel incorporated with lactoferricin (Lfcin) niosome (Lfcin-Nio/hydrogel) for bacterial pathogen treatment. The Lfcin-loaded niosome (Lfcin-Nio) has a particle size of 396.91 ± 20.96 nm, 0.38 ± 0.01 of PdI, -10.5 ± 0.3 mV of ζ potential, and 72.30 ± 7.05 % Lfcin entrapment efficiency. Lfcin-Nio exhibited broad antibacterial activity on both drug-susceptible and drug-resistant strains, and also on bacteria residing in the biofilm matrix. The Lfcin-Nio/hydrogel was fabricated from 0.5 % w/v poloxamer 188-20 % w/v poloxamer 407, and supplemented with Lfcin-Nio and epidermal growth factor (EGF). The physical properties of Lfcin-Nio/hydrogels showed elasticity, swelling ability, and strong injectability with responsiveness to 33-37 °C temperatures. The biological properties of Lfcin-Nio/hydrogels exhibited a bactericidal effect against drug-resistant strains of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, and showed less toxicity to the human skin fibroblast. It also promoted the healing of scratches by 55 % within 6 h, compared to the wound closure rate of 20 % in the cell control. The inflammatory response of the Lfcin-Nio/hydrogel-treated cells was reduced via suppression of IL-1β and COX-2 mRNA expressions. From this study, Lfcin-Nio/hydrogels can be suggested as a modern wound dressing that possesses multifunctional and beneficial properties for the management of chronic wound infections.

Nanocarrier-Mediated Dermal Drug Delivery System of Antimicrobial Agents for Targeting Skin and Soft Tissue Infections

Antimicrobial resistance in disease-causing microbes is seen as a severe problem that affects the entire world, makes therapy less effective, and raises mortality rates. Dermal antimicrobial therapy becomes a desirable choice in the management of infectious disorders since the rising resistance to systemic antimicrobial treatment frequently necessitates the use of more toxic drugs. Nanoparticulate systems such as nanobactericides, which have built-in antibacterial activity, and nanocarriers, which function as drug delivery systems for conventional antimicrobials, are just two examples of the treatment methods made feasible by nanotechnology. Silver nanoparticles, zinc oxide nanoparticles, and titanium dioxide nanoparticles are examples of inorganic nanoparticles that are efficient on sensitive and multidrug-resistant bacterial strains both as nanobactericides and nanocarriers. To stop the growth of microorganisms that are resistant to standard antimicrobials, various antimicrobials for dermal application are widely used. This review covers the most prevalent microbes responsible for skin and soft tissue infections, techniques to deliver dermal antimicrobials, topical antimicrobial safety concerns, current issues, challenges, and potential future developments. A thorough and methodical search of databases, such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, and others, using specified keyword combinations, such as "antimicrobials," "dermal," "nanocarriers," and numerous others, was used to gather relevant literature for this work.

Comparative efficacy of Knema retusa extract delivery via PEG-b-PCL, niosome, and their combination against Acanthamoeba triangularis genotype T4: characterization, inhibition, anti-adhesion, and cytotoxic activity

Background

Acanthamoeba spp. is a waterborne, opportunistic protozoan that can cause amebic keratitis and granulomatous amebic encephalitis. Knema retusa is a native tree in Malaysia, and its extracts possess a broad range of biological activities. Niosomes are non-ionic surfactant-based vesicle formations and suggest a future targeted drug delivery system. Copolymer micelle (poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(ɛ-caprolactone); PEG-b-PCL) is also a key constituent of niosome and supports high stability and drug efficacy. To establish Knema retusa extract (KRe) loading in diverse nanocarriers via niosome, PEG-b-PCL micelle, and their combination and to study the effect of all types of nanoparticles (NPs) on Acanthamoeba viability, adherent ability, elimination of adherence, and cytotoxicity.

Methods

In this study, we characterized niosomes, PEG-b-PCL, and their combination loaded with KRe and tested the effect of these NPs on Acanthamoeba triangularis stages. KRe-loaded PEG-b-PCL, KRe-loaded niosome, and KRe-loaded PEG-b-PCL plus niosome were synthesized and characterized regarding particle size and charge, yield, encapsulation efficiency (EE), and drug loading content (DLC). The effect of these KRe-loaded NPs on trophozoite and cystic forms of A. triangularis was assessed through assays of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), using trypan blue exclusion to determine the viability. The effect of KRe-loaded NPs was also determined on A. triangularis trophozoite for 24-72 h. Additionally, the anti-adhesion activity of the KRe-loaded niosome on trophozoites was also performed on a 96-well plate. Cytotoxicity activity of KRe-loaded NPs was assessed on VERO and HaCaT cells using MTT assay.

Results

KRe-loaded niosome demonstrated a higher yielded (87.93 ± 6.03%) at 286 nm UV-Vis detection and exhibited a larger size (199.3 ± 29.98 nm) and DLC (19.63 ± 1.84%) compared to KRe-loaded PEG-b-PCL (45.2 ± 10.07 nm and 2.15 ± 0.25%). The EE (%) of KRe-loaded niosome was 63.67 ± 4.04, which was significantly lower than that of the combination of PEG-b-PCL and niosome (79.67 ± 2.08). However, the particle charge of these NPs was similar (-28.2 ± 3.68 mV and -28.5 ± 4.88, respectively). Additionally, KRe-loaded niosome and KRe-loaded PEG-b-PCL plus niosome exhibited a lower MIC at 24 h (0.25 mg/mL), inhibiting 90-100% of Acanthamoeba trophozoites which lasted 72 h. KRe-loaded niosome affected adherence by around 40-60% at 0.125-0.25 mg/mL and removed Acanthamoeba adhesion on the surface by about 90% at 0.5 mg/mL. Cell viability of VERO and HaCaT cells treated with 0.125 mg/mL of KRe-loaded niosome and KRe-loaded PEG-b-PCL plus niosome exceeded 80%.

Conclusion

Indeed, niosome and niosome plus PEG-b-PCL were suitable nanocarrier-loaded KRe, and they had a greater nanoparticle property to test with high activities against A. triangularis on the reduction of adherence ability and demonstration of its low toxicity to VERO and HaCaT cells.

Advancing therapeutic efficacy: nanovesicular delivery systems for medicinal plant-based therapeutics

The utilization of medicinal plant extracts in therapeutics has been hindered by various challenges, including poor bioavailability and stability issues. Nanovesicular delivery systems have emerged as promising tools to overcome these limitations by enhancing the solubility, bioavailability, and targeted delivery of bioactive compounds from medicinal plants. This review explores the applications of nanovesicular delivery systems in antibacterial and anticancer therapeutics using medicinal plant extracts. We provide an overview of the bioactive compounds present in medicinal plants and their therapeutic properties, emphasizing the challenges associated with their utilization. Various types of nanovesicular delivery systems, including liposomes, niosomes, ethosomes, and solid lipid nanoparticles, among others, are discussed in detail, along with their potential applications in combating bacterial infections and cancer. The review highlights specific examples of antibacterial and anticancer activities demonstrated by these delivery systems against a range of pathogens and cancer types. Furthermore, we address the challenges and limitations associated with the scale-up, stability, toxicity, and regulatory considerations of nanovesicular delivery systems. Finally, future perspectives are outlined, focusing on emerging technologies, integration with personalized medicine, and potential collaborations to drive forward research in this field. Overall, this review underscores the potential of nanovesicular delivery systems for enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of medicinal plant extracts in antibacterial and anticancer applications, while identifying avenues for further research and development.

Exploring the potential of silymarin-loaded nanovesicles as an effective drug delivery system for cancer therapy: in vivo, in vitro, and in silico experiments

We aimed to perform a comprehensive study on the development and characterization of silymarin (Syl)-loaded niosomes as potential drug delivery systems. The results demonstrate significant novelty and promising outcomes in terms of morphology, size distribution, encapsulation efficiency, in vitro release behavior, free energy profiles of Syl across the niosome bilayer, hydrogen bonding interactions, antimicrobial properties, cytotoxicity, and in vivo evaluations. The physical appearance, size, and morphology assessment of free niosomes and Syl-loaded niosomes indicated stable and well-formed vesicular structures suitable for drug delivery. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed spherical shapes with distinct sizes for each formulation, confirming uniform distribution. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis confirmed the size distribution results with higher polydispersity index for Syl-loaded niosomes. The encapsulation efficiency of Syl in the niosomes was remarkable at approximately 91%, ensuring protection and controlled release of the drug. In vitro release studies showed a sustained release profile for Syl-loaded niosomes, enhancing therapeutic efficacy over time. Free energy profiles analysis identified energy barriers hindering Syl permeation through the niosome bilayer, emphasizing challenges in drug delivery system design. Hydrogen bonding interactions between Syl and niosome components contributed to energy barriers, impacting drug permeability. Antimicrobial assessments revealed significant differences in inhibitory effects against S. aureus and E. coli. Cytotoxicity evaluations demonstrated the superior tumor-killing potential of Syl-loaded niosomes compared to free Syl. In vivo studies indicated niosome formulations' safety profiles in terms of liver and kidney parameters compared to bulk Syl, showcasing potential for clinical applications. Overall, this research highlights the promising potential of Syl-loaded niosomes as effective drug delivery systems with enhanced stability, controlled release, and improved therapeutic outcomes.

Nanophytomedicine: A promising practical approach in phytotherapy

The long and rich history of herbal therapeutic nutrients is fascinating. It is incredible to think about how ancient civilizations used plants and herbs to treat various ailments and diseases. One group of bioactive phytochemicals that has gained significant attention recently is dietary polyphenols. These compounds are commonly found in a variety of fruits, vegetables, spices, nuts, drinks, legumes, and grains. Despite their incredible therapeutic properties, one challenge with polyphenols is their poor water solubility, stability, and bioavailability. This means that they are not easily absorbed by the body when consumed in essential diets. Because of structural complexity, polyphenols with high molecular weight cannot be absorbed in the small intestine and after arriving in the colon, they are metabolized by gut microbiota. However, researchers are constantly working on finding solutions to enhance the bioavailability and absorption of these compounds. This study aims to address this issue by applying nanotechnology approaches to overcome the challenges of the therapeutic application of dietary polyphenols. This combination of nanotechnology and phytochemicals could cause a completely new field called nanophytomedicine or herbal nanomedicine.

Antibiofilm activity of mesoporous silica nanoparticles against the biofilm associated infections

In pharmaceutical industries, various chemical carriers are present which are used for drug delivery to the correct target sites. The most popular and upcoming drug delivery carriers are mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN). The main reason for its popularity is its ability to be specific and optimize the drug delivery process in a controlled manner. Nowadays, MSNs are widely used to eradicate various microbial infections, especially the ones related to biofilms. Biofilms are sessile groups of cells that live by forming a consortium and exhibit antibacterial resistance (AMR). They exhibit AMR by extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and various quorum sensing (QS) signaling molecules. Usually, bacterial and fungal cells are capable of forming biofilms. These biofilms are pathogenic. In the majority of the cases, biofilms cause nosocomial diseases. This review will focus on the antibiofilm activities of MSN, its mechanism of target-specific drug delivery, and its ability to disrupt the bacterial biofilms inhibiting the infection. The review will also discuss various mechanisms for the delivery of pharmaceutical molecules by the MSNs to inhibit the bacterial biofilms, and lastly, we will talk about the different types of MSNs and their antibiofilm activities.

Advancements in nanoparticle-based therapies for multidrug-resistant candidiasis infections: a comprehensive review

Candida auris, a rapidly emerging multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen, poses a global health threat, with cases reported in over 47 countries. Conventional detection methods struggle, and the increasing resistance ofC. auristo antifungal agents has limited treatment options. Nanoparticle-based therapies, utilizing materials like silver, carbon, zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, polymer, and gold, show promise in effectively treating cutaneous candidiasis. This review explores recent advancements in nanoparticle-based therapies, emphasizing their potential to revolutionize antifungal therapy, particularly in combatingC. aurisinfections. The discussion delves into mechanisms of action, combinations of nanomaterials, and their application against multidrug-resistant fungal pathogens, offering exciting prospects for improved clinical outcomes and reduced mortality rates. The aim is to inspire further research, ushering in a new era in the fight against multidrug-resistant fungal infections, paving the way for more effective and targeted therapeutic interventions.

Revolutionizing Infection Control: Harnessing MXene-Based Nanostructures for Versatile Antimicrobial Strategies and Healthcare Advancements

The escalating global health challenge posed by infections prompts the exploration of innovative solutions utilizing MXene-based nanostructures. Societally, the need for effective antimicrobial strategies is crucial for public health, while scientifically, MXenes present promising properties for therapeutic applications, necessitating scalable production and comprehensive characterization techniques. Here we review the versatile physicochemical properties of MXene materials for combatting microbial threats and their various synthesis methods, including etching and top-down or bottom-up techniques. Crucial characterization techniques such as XRD, Raman spectroscopy, SEM/TEM, FTIR, XPS, and BET analysis provide insightful structural and functional attributes. The review highlights MXenes' diverse antimicrobial mechanisms, spanning membrane disruption and oxidative stress induction, demonstrating efficacy against bacterial, viral, and fungal infections. Despite translational hurdles, MXene-based nanostructures offer broad-spectrum antimicrobial potential, with applications in drug delivery and diagnostics, presenting a promising path for advancing infection control in global healthcare.

Role of Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) in treating and diagnosing microbial infections

This review article highlights the innovative role of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in addressing global healthcare challenges related to microbial infections. MOFs, comprised of metal nodes and organic ligands, offer unique properties that can be applied in the treatment and diagnosis of these infections. Traditional methods, such as antibiotics and conventional diagnostics, face issues such as antibiotic resistance and diagnostic limitations. MOFs, with their highly porous and customizable structure, can encapsulate and deliver therapeutic or diagnostic molecules precisely. Their large surface area and customizable pore structures allow for sensitive detection and selective recognition of microbial pathogens. They also show potential in delivering therapeutic agents to infection sites, enabling controlled release and possible synergistic effects. However, challenges like optimizing synthesis techniques, enhancing stability, and developing targeted delivery systems remain. Regulatory and safety considerations for clinical translation also need to be addressed. This review not only explores the potential of MOFs in treating and diagnosing microbial infections but also emphasizes their unique approach and discusses existing challenges and future directions.

Composition, preparation methods, and applications of nanoniosomes as codelivery systems: a review of emerging therapies with emphasis on cancer

Nanoniosome-based drug codelivery systems have become popular therapeutic instruments, demonstrating tremendous promise in cancer therapy, infection treatment, and other therapeutic domains. An emerging form of vesicular nanocarriers, niosomes are self-assembling vesicles composed of nonionic surfactants, along with cholesterol or other amphiphilic molecules. This comprehensive review focuses on how nanosystems may aid in making anticancer and antibacterial pharmaceuticals more stable and soluble. As malleable nanodelivery instruments, the composition, types, preparation procedures, and variables affecting the structure and stability of niosomes are extensively investigated. In addition, the advantages of dual niosomes for combination therapy and the administration of multiple medications simultaneously are highlighted. Along with categorizing niosomal drug delivery systems, a comprehensive analysis of various preparation techniques, including thin-layer injection, ether injection, and microfluidization, is provided. Dual niosomes for cancer treatment are discussed in detail regarding the codelivery of two medications and the codelivery of a drug with organic, plant-based bioactive compounds or gene agents. In addition, niogelosomes and metallic niosomal carriers for targeted distribution are discussed. The review also investigates the simultaneous delivery of bioactive substances and gene agents, including siRNA, microRNA, shRNA, lncRNA, and DNA. Additional sections discuss the use of dual niosomes for cutaneous drug delivery and treating leishmanial infections, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The study concludes by delineating the challenges and potential routes for nanoniosome-based pharmaceutical codelivery systems, which will be useful for nanomedicine practitioners and researchers.

Topical bismuth oxide-manganese composite nanospheres alleviate atopic dermatitis-like inflammation

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common skin disease involving important immune mechanisms. There is an unmet need for a treatment for this condition. Herein, we focused on elucidating the role of Bi2-xMnxO3 nanospheres (BM) in alleviating skin inflammation in AD-like C57BL/6 mice. The BM was fabricated via sacrificial templates and its biosafety was systematically evaluated. The BM was applied topically to skin lesions of AD-like C57BL/6 mice. The phenotypic and histological changes in the skin were examined carefully. The responses of barrier proteins, inflammatory cytokines and cells to BM were evaluated in HaCaT cells and AD mouse models. The data demonstrated that BM treatment alleviated the AD phenotypes and decreased the level of inflammatory factors, while increasing the expression of the barrier proteins filaggrin/involucrin in the skin. BM effectively reduced the expression of phosphorylated STAT6, which in turn reduced the expression of GATA3, and further decreased the differentiation ratio of Th2 cells, thereby reducing the expression of IL-4. In conclusion, topical drug therapy with BM provides a safe and effective treatment modality for AD by reducing IL-4 and increasing barrier proteins.