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Zhao XY, Yu TT, Liu S, Liu YJ, Liu JJ, Qin J. Effect of liraglutide on endoplasmic reticulum stress in the renal tissue of type 2 diabetic rats. World J Diabetes 2020; 11:611-621. [PMID: 33384768 PMCID: PMC7754169 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v11.i12.611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liraglutide is a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist analog that has been found to have a therapeutic effect in diabetes. In addition to its ability to treat diabetes, liraglutide has beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system and kidney as well as other beneficial effects, but its specific mechanism is not clear. In this study, a rat model of type 2 diabetes was established by administration of a high-sugar, high-fat diet combined with low-dose streptozotocin (STZ) to observe the effect of liraglutide on the kidneys of type 2 diabetes rats and the possible underlying mechanisms.
AIM To explore whether liraglutide has a protective effect on type 2 diabetic rat kidneys and the underlying mechanisms.
METHODS Eight-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a control group, model group, low-dose liraglutide group, and high-dose liraglutide group. Control rats were fed a standard diet, while model group and intervention group rats were fed high-sugar, high-fat feed for 1 mo and then intraperitoneally injected with 40 mg/kg STZ to induce type 2 diabetes. The low-dose and high-dose intervention groups received 100 µg/kg and 200 µg/kg liraglutide, respectively, once daily by subcutaneous injection. The control and model groups were given an equivalent volume of physiological saline for 8 wk. Pathological changes in renal tissues were observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining and periodic acid-Schiff staining, and GRP78 and caspase-12 expression was detected by Western blot and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).
RESULTS Western blot analysis showed that GRP78 and caspase-12 protein expression in kidney tissue was significantly higher in model rats than in normal rats and lower in the liraglutide-treated groups than in the model group, with a more significant decrease being observed in the high-dose group than in the low-dose group. RT-PCR showed that the mRNA expression of GRP78 and caspase-12 was higher in model rats than in control rats and lower in the liraglutide-treated groups than in the model group, with the high-dose group exhibiting a more significant decrease than the low-dose group.
CONCLUSION Liraglutide may delay the progression of diabetic nephropathy by reducing endoplasmic reticulum stress and protect the kidneys in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan-Ye Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan 030012, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Ting-Ting Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan 030012, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Sheng Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan 030012, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Yao-Ji Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan 030012, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Jing-Jin Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan 030012, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Jie Qin
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan 030012, Shanxi Province, China
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Xie RJ, Hu XX, Zheng L, Cai S, Chen YS, Yang Y, Yang T, Han B, Yang Q. Calpain-2 activity promotes aberrant endoplasmic reticulum stress-related apoptosis in hepatocytes. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:1450-1462. [PMID: 32308346 PMCID: PMC7152521 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i13.1450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calpain-2 is a Ca2+-dependent cysteine protease, and high calpain-2 activity can enhance apoptosis mediated by multiple triggers.
AIM To investigate whether calpain-2 can modulate aberrant endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related apoptosis in rat hepatocyte BRL-3A cells.
METHODS BRL-3A cells were treated with varying doses of dithiothreitol (DTT), and their viability and apoptosis were quantified by 3-[4, 5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl]-2, 5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide and flow cytometry. The expression of ER stress- and apoptosis-related proteins was detected by Western blot analysis. The protease activity of calpain-2 was determined using a fluorescent substrate, N-succinyl-Leu-Leu-Val-Tyr-AMC. Intracellular Ca2+ content, and ER and calpain-2 co-localization were characterized by fluorescent microscopy. The impact of calpain-2 silencing by specific small interfering RNA on caspase-12 activation and apoptosis of BRL-3A cells was quantified.
RESULTS DTT exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxicity against BRL-3A cells and treatment with 2 mmol/L DTT triggered BRL-3A cell apoptosis. DTT treatment significantly upregulated 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein, activating transcription factor 4, C/EBP-homologous protein expression by >2-fold, and enhanced PRKR-like ER kinase phosphorylation, caspase-12 and caspase-3 cleavage in BRL-3A cells in a trend of time-dependence. DTT treatment also significantly increased intracellular Ca2+ content, calpain-2 expression, and activity by >2-fold in BRL-3A cells. Furthermore, immunofluorescence revealed that DTT treatment promoted the ER accumulation of calpain-2. Moreover, calpain-2 silencing to decrease calpain-2 expression by 85% significantly mitigated DTT-enhanced calpain-2 expression, caspase-12 cleavage, and apoptosis in BRL-3A cells.
CONCLUSION The data indicated that Ca2+-dependent calpain-2 activity promoted the aberrant ER stress-related apoptosis of rat hepatocytes by activating caspase-12 in the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Jia Xie
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic Diseases, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Hu
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Lu Zheng
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic Diseases, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Shuang Cai
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic Diseases, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Yu-Si Chen
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic Diseases, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic Diseases, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic Diseases, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Bing Han
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic Diseases, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Qin Yang
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Drug Research on Common Chronic Diseases, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China
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