Prevalencia del consumo de tabaco en adolescentes. Influencia del entorno familiar

Prevalence and factors associated with binge drinking among Brazilian young adults, 18 to 24 years old

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the prevalence and factors associated with binge drinking (BD) among young Brazilians.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study used data from the 2013 National Health Survey. The sample consisted of 7,823 young people aged between 18 and 24 years. The outcome was BD: four or more doses on one occasion for women and five doses or more for men. Sociodemographic, health and behavioral explanatory variables were considered. Binary Logistic Regression was used, with estimation of odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI).

RESULTS

The prevalence of BD among young Brazilians was 17%, with regional differences. The associated factors with a higher chance of BD were: 21 and 24 years old (OR = 1.35; 95%CI 1.08 - 1.70); employed (OR = 1.27; 95%CI 1.01 - 1.61); report tiredness (OR = 1.53; 95%CI 1.19 - 1.97) and currently smoking (OR = 4.10; 95%CI 2.95 - 5.70). Women (OR = 0.43; 95%CI 0.34 - 0.54) and participating in religious activities (OR = 0.67; 95%CI 0.53 - 0.84) were associated with a lower chance of BD.

CONCLUSIONS

A national study evaluating the profile of young Brazilians who present episodes of binge drinking is important to favor the implementation of public prevention policies aimed at this specific population.

Densidade de estabelecimentos que comercializam bebidas alcoólicas na área residencial está associada ao consumo de álcool em adolescentes?

RESUMO: Objetivos: Investigar a associação entre a densidade de estabelecimentos de venda de bebidas alcoólicas no entorno da residência dos adolescentes e a prevalência de consumo de álcool na vida e atual, ajustado por fatores individuais e familiares. Métodos: As informações provêm da pesquisa domiciliar por amostragem probabilística estratificada e por conglomerados em três estágios (setor censitário, domicílio, adulto e adolescente), realizada em Belo Horizonte, Brasil (Saúde em Beagá, 2008-9) e de fontes oficiais de estabelecimentos que comercializam bebidas alcoólicas, devidamente georreferenciados. O desfecho foi o autorrelato de consumo de álcool na vida e atual pelos adolescentes. A variável de exposição foi a densidade de estabelecimentos definida como número de locais de venda de bebida dentro do buffer de 200 metros da residência dos adolescentes. A associação foi estimada pela regressão de Poisson ajustada por fatores individuais e familiares. Resultados: Participaram 601 adolescentes de 14-17 anos; 53,3% eram homens e 71% tinham renda familiar até cinco salários mínimos. A prevalência de consumo de álcool na vida foi de 57,0% (intervalo de confiança de 95% - IC95% 51,5 - 62,6) e o atual de 11,9% (IC95% 8,7 - 15,0). Na análise multivariada, verificou-se associação significativa entre o consumo atual de bebidas alcoólicas e a densidade de lanchonetes (razão de prevalência - RP = 1,13; IC95% 1,03 - 1,24), bares (RP = 1,21; IC95% 1,05 - 1,38) e restaurantes (RP = 1,11; IC95% 1,02 - 1,21). Interações significativas entre densidade de estabelecimentos com sexo e idade foram encontradas. Conclusão: O consumo atual de álcool pode ser potencializado pela presença de alguns tipos de estabelecimentos localizados no buffer de 200 metros da residência dos adolescentes.

[Smoking among adolescents and young adults in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil: the influence of family setting and social group]

The study aimed to estimate smoking prevalence in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, and related risk factors among adolescents. We used data from the household survey conducted by the Brazilian National Cancer Institute (2002-2003). The following variables were analyzed: demographic data; physical activity; smoking; and alcohol consumption. The study included information on 630 adolescents (15-24 years of age) living in Belo Horizonte. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were carried out, with hierarchical entry of variables into the model and the generalized estimating equation (GEE) method. Overall smoking prevalence was 11.7%. The following factors were associated with smoking: alcohol consumption (OR = 20.6), older age (OR = 1.2), paternal smoking (OR = 4.0), sibling smoker (OR = 2.5), and best friend smoker (OR = 5.2). Smoking prevalence among adolescents was high, increasing with age and alcohol consumption.

Prevalence of asthma and allergies in 13- to 14-year-old adolescents and the frequency of risk factors in carriers of current asthma in Taubaté, São Paulo, Brazil

BACKGROUND

The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of asthma and allergies in 13- to 14-year-old adolescents in the city of Taubaté, São Paulo, Brazil using the INTERNATIONAL STUDY OF ASTHMA AND ALLERGIES IN CHILDHOOD (ISAAC) questionnaire and to describe the presence of risk factors in current asthma carriers.

METHODS

We used a cross-sectional study involving 920 adolescents who completed the ISAAC questionnaire and answered additional questions regarding smoking and the presence of pets and/or insects at home.

RESULTS

The mean prevalence rate of "current asthma" was 15.3% and "asthma ever" was 6.8%. The mean prevalence rate of "current rhinitis" was 36.6% and "rhinitis ever" 37.6%. The prevalence of "eczema ever" was 16.2%. The frequency of active smoking was low (0.7%), and the presence of indoor animals (34%) and of insects (55.1%) was high.

CONCLUSIONS

The prevalence of "current asthma" was twice as high as that of "asthma ever". There was no association between risk factors studied and current asthma.

[To find out the life habits and risk factors of adolescents seen in the Health Centres of two semi-urban populations using a structured open response clinical interview]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the habits and risk factors of adolescents from two Health Centres in two semi-urban populations using a structured clinical interview with open questions.

DESIGN

Cross-sectional descriptive study.

SETTING

Two semi-urban populations from the Malaga area.

PARTICIPANTS

Adolescents aged between 16 and 18 years old. We selected 5 medical clinics out of the 19 clinics in the Health Centres, using stratified random sampling. A total of 204 adolescents were included, with 62 (30.39%) of them not attending.

OUTCOMES

42.3% were overweight or obese. The BMI and MBP ratio was R=0.4 They ate fruit, vegetables or dairy products at least once a day 54.2%, 57.8% and 24.5%, respectively. 32.3% of the male teenagers and 63.5% of females did not exercise regularly. 21.8% were smokers, and this was related to a low socio-economical level (OR: 3.38 P=0.001 95% CI: 1.27 to 9) and with abandoning education (OR: 2.88 P=0.015 CI 95%. 1.20 to 6,86). 56.3% usually drink and this habit was also related to abandoning education. (OR: 3.5 95% CI: 1.43 to 8.94). 10.6% of the teenagers consumed illegal substances and their group of friends in 36.6% of the cases. 12.1% had unprotected sex. 12.4% and 13.4% did not use a crash helmet or seat belt, respectively. 24.2% have driven in a drunken state at some point. 20.4% have felt depressed at least once.

CONCLUSIONS

Risk factors and life style habits prevalent in reference to weight, fruit, vegetables and dairy products consumption, sport, smoking, alcohol and depression problems have been similar to the ones found in other studies that have used anonymous surveys. Prevalence of substance abuse has been lower.

Factors associated with commencing smoking in 12-year-old students in Catalonia (Spain): a cross-sectional population-based study

Background

Over the last decade notable progress has been made in developed countries on monitoring smoking although experimenting with cigarettes and smoking in young people remains a serious public health problem. This paper reports a cross-sectional study at the beginning of the 3-year follow-up community study TA_BES. The aim was to study the prevalence of smoking in addition to determining predictive factors for when smoking commences in a representative population of 12-year-old first year compulsory secondary education students.

Methods

Twenty-nine secondary schools (N = 29) from an area of Catalonia participated in the study. In these schools 2245 students answered a questionnaire to study the attitudes, behaviors, and tobacco consumption in the subject's surrounding circle and family in relation to smoking; carbon monoxide measurements were taken by means of co-oximetry on 2 different occasions. A smoker was defined as a student who had smoked daily or occasionally in the last 30 days. For non-smokers the criteria of not considering was set up for those who answered that in the future they would not be smokers and considering those who answered that they did not rule out becoming a smoker in the future.

Results

Among the total 2245 students included in the analysis 157(7%) were classified as smokers. Among non-smokers we differentiated between those not considering smoking 1757 (78.3%) and those considering smoking 288 (12.8%).

Age is among the factors related to commencing smoking. The risk of becoming a smoker increases 2.27 times/year. The influence of the group of friends with a very high risk for boys OR 149.5 and lower, albeit high, in girls OR 38.1. Tobacco consumption of parents produces different effects in young people. A smoking father does not produce alterations in the smoking behavior of young people. However having a smoking mother or former smoking is a risk factor for boys and a protective factor for girls.

We detected a gradual risk of becoming a smoker by means of the co-oximetry test. A boy/girl with a test between 6 p.p.m and 10 p.p.m increased the probability of smoking by 2.29 and co-oximetry values > 10 p.p.m multiplied the risk 4 times over.

Conclusions

Results indicate that the age of commencing smoking is maintained in spite of prevalence having decreased in the last few years. The risk factors identified should be used to involve families and the educational community by offering them tobacco weaning programmes.