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Duan S, Rico K, Merchant JL. Gastrin: From Physiology to Gastrointestinal Malignancies. FUNCTION (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2021; 3:zqab062. [PMID: 35330921 PMCID: PMC8788842 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqab062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Abetted by widespread usage of acid-suppressing proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), the mitogenic actions of the peptide hormone gastrin are being revisited as a recurring theme in various gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies. While pathological gastrin levels are intricately linked to hyperplasia of enterochromaffin-like cells leading to carcinoid development, the signaling effects exerted by gastrin on distinct cell types of the gastric mucosa are more nuanced. Indeed, mounting evidence suggests dichotomous roles for gastrin in both promoting and suppressing tumorigenesis. Here, we review the major upstream mediators of gastrin gene regulation, including inflammation secondary to Helicobacter pylori infection and the use of PPIs. We further explore the molecular biology of gastrin in GI malignancies, with particular emphasis on the regulation of gastrin in neuroendocrine neoplasms. Finally, we highlight tissue-specific transcriptional targets as an avenue for targetable therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzann Duan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Arizona Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Karen Rico
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Arizona Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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2
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The expression of RIPK3 is associated with cell turnover of gastric mucosa in the mouse and human stomach. J Mol Histol 2021; 52:849-857. [PMID: 34173165 PMCID: PMC8324621 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-021-10001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Necroptosis is a novel manner of programmed cell death and important for tissue development, homeostasis, damage, and repair. Activation of receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3), a key member of receptor-interacting protein family in contributing significantly to necroptosis, in tissues is a hallmark of cells dying by necroptosis. However, there are few studies that examine the expression of RIPK3 in the glandular cells of stomachs under physiological condition. We have therefore conducted this study to immunohistochemically characterize the key element of necroptosis, RIPK3, in the mouse and human stomach. Results showed that RIPK3 positive cells could be observed in the surface mucosal cells, granular cells, and lamina propria cells in both mouse and human stomach tissues. Ratios of PCNA/RIPK3 positive cells in the glandular cells were ~ 2.1 in mouse and ~ 4.15 in human sections respectively. Morphological and double immunofluorescence analysis confirmed that these RIPK3 positive cells were mucous, parietal and lamina propria cells. Our results indicate that the expression of RIPK3 in different cell types might contribute to cell turnover of gastric mucosa in the mouse and human stomach under physiological condition.
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Abstract
Gastric acid secretion (i) facilitates digestion of protein as well as absorption of micronutrients and certain medications, (ii) kills ingested microorganisms, including Helicobacter pylori, and (iii) prevents bacterial overgrowth and enteric infection. The principal regulators of acid secretion are the gastric peptides gastrin and somatostatin. Gastrin, the major hormonal stimulant for acid secretion, is synthesized in pyloric mucosal G cells as a 101-amino acid precursor (preprogastrin) that is processed to yield biologically active amidated gastrin-17 and gastrin-34. The C-terminal active site of gastrin (Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-NH2 ) binds to gastrin/CCK2 receptors on parietal and, more importantly, histamine-containing enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells, located in oxyntic mucosa, to induce acid secretion. Histamine diffuses to the neighboring parietal cells where it binds to histamine H2 -receptors coupled to hydrochloric acid secretion. Gastrin is also a trophic hormone that maintains the integrity of gastric mucosa, induces proliferation of parietal and ECL cells, and is thought to play a role in carcinogenesis. Somatostatin, present in D cells of the gastric pyloric and oxyntic mucosa, is the main inhibitor of acid secretion, particularly during the interdigestive period. Somatostatin exerts a tonic paracrine restraint on gastrin secretion from G cells, histamine secretion from ECL cells, and acid secretion from parietal cells. Removal of this restraint, for example by activation of cholinergic neurons during ingestion of food, initiates and maximizes acid secretion. Knowledge regarding the structure and function of gastrin, somatostatin, and their respective receptors is providing novel avenues to better diagnose and manage acid-peptic disorders and certain cancers. Published 2020. Compr Physiol 10:197-228, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell L Schubert
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Richmond, Virginia, USA.,Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Tumor-Associated Fibroblasts and Microvessels Contribute to the Expression of Immunosuppressive Factor Indoleamine 2, 3-Dioxygenase in Human Esophageal Cancers. Pathol Oncol Res 2017; 24:269-275. [PMID: 28470572 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-017-0244-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have provided considerable evidence to support the hypothesis that tumor stroma plays a crucial role in the induction of immune tolerance to human cancers. Here, we investigated the contribution of reactive stromal tumor-associated fibroblasts (TAFs) and microvessels to the immunosuppressive factor indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) expression in the ESCC microenvironment. The immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses demonstrated a significant increased densities of TAFs and microvessels in the ESCC stroma, double IHCs showed that these increased TAFs and microvessels were with a high proliferation activity. Further IHC examinations revealed that increased expression of IDO were frequently observed in the stromal cells with TAF morphology and microvessels. Double immunofluorescence examinations confirmed the colocalization of IDO positive cells with SMA-alpha positive TAFs and CD34 positive endothelial cells in the ESCC stroma. Our current findings strongly suggest that the activated stromal TAFs and endothelial cells of microvessels contribute to the expression of IDO and then the orchestration of immunosuppressive microenvironment.
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Rabben HL, Zhao CM, Hayakawa Y, Wang TC, Chen D. Vagotomy and Gastric Tumorigenesis. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 14:967-972. [PMID: 26791481 PMCID: PMC5333586 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666160121114854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Vagotomy reduces gastric acid secretion and was therefore introduced as a surgical treatment for peptic ulcers in the 1970s. Later, it was replaced by acid reducing medication, such as histamine type 2 (H2) receptor antagonists and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). A large body of evidence has indicated that drug-induced hypochlorhydria per se does not increase the risk of gastric cancer. Early studies on the effects of vagotomy in chemically-induced rodent models of gastric cancer reported an increased risk of developing gastric cancer. This was most likely due to a delayed gastric emptying, which later has been accounted for by including an additional drainage procedure, e.g. pyloroplasty. In a recent study using three different mouse models of gastric cancer (including genetically engineered, chemically-induced and Helicobacter pylori-infected mice), either unilateral vagotomy or bilateral truncal vagotomy with pyloroplasty was found to significantly attenuate tumorigenesis in the denervated side of the stomach at early preneoplastic stages as well as at later stages of tumorigenesis. Consistently, pharmacological denervation using botulinum toxin A or muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 3 (M3R) blockade inhibited tumorigenesis. Moreover, it was found that recurrence of gastric cancer was reduced in patients following vagotomy. Thus, these new findings suggest the potential treatment strategies to target the nerve, neurotransmitters, corresponding receptors and their downstream signaling pathways for the malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Duan Chen
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, The Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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6
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Hayakawa Y, Chang W, Jin G, Wang TC. Gastrin and upper GI cancers. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2016; 31:31-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Marshall KM, Laval M, Sims I, Shulkes A, Baldwin GS. Retro-inverso forms of gastrin5-12 are as biologically active as glycine-extended gastrin in vitro but not in vivo. Peptides 2015; 74:16-22. [PMID: 26471904 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Non-amidated gastrin peptides such as glycine-extended gastrin (Ggly) are biologically active in vitro and in vivo and have been implicated in the development of gastric and colonic cancers. Previous studies have shown that the truncated form of Ggly, the octapeptide LE5AY, was still biologically active in vitro, and that activity was dependent on ferric ion binding but independent of binding to the cholecystokinin 2 (CCK2) receptor. The present work was aimed at creating more stable gastrin-derived 'super agonists' using retro-inverso technology. The truncated LE5AY peptide was synthesized using end protecting groups in three forms with l-amino acids (GL), d-amino acids (GD) or retro-inverso (reverse order with d-amino acids; GRI). All of these peptides bound ferric ions with a 2:1 (Fe: peptide) ratio. As predicted, Ggly, GL and GRI were biologically active in vitro and increased cell proliferation in mouse gastric epithelial (IMGE-5) and human colorectal cancer (DLD-1) cell lines, and increased cell migration in DLD-1 cells. These activities were likely via the same mechanism as Ggly since no CCK1 or CCK2 binding was identified, and GD remained inactive in all assays. Surprisingly, unlike Ggly, GL and GRI were not active in vivo. While Ggly stimulated colonic crypt height and proliferation rates in gastrin knockout mice, GL and GRI did not. The apparent lack of activity may be due to rapid clearance of these smaller peptides. Nevertheless further work designing and testing retro-inverso gastrins is warranted, as it may lead to the generation of super agonists that could potentially be used to treat patients with gastrointestinal disorders with reduced mucosal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Marshall
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Lance Townsend Building, Level 8, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084 Australia.
| | - Marie Laval
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Lance Townsend Building, Level 8, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084 Australia.
| | - Ioulia Sims
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Lance Townsend Building, Level 8, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084 Australia.
| | - Arthur Shulkes
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Lance Townsend Building, Level 8, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084 Australia.
| | - Graham S Baldwin
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Lance Townsend Building, Level 8, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084 Australia.
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Widmayer P, Goldschmid H, Henkel H, Küper M, Königsrainer A, Breer H. High fat feeding affects the number of GPR120 cells and enteroendocrine cells in the mouse stomach. Front Physiol 2015; 6:53. [PMID: 25774135 PMCID: PMC4343009 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term intake of dietary fat is supposed to be associated with adaptive reactions of the organism and it is assumptive that this is particularly true for fat responsive epithelial cells in the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract. Recent studies suggest that epithelial cells expressing the receptor for medium and long chain fatty acids, GPR120 (FFAR4), may operate as fat sensors. Changes in expression level and/or cell density are supposed to be accompanied with a consumption of high fat (HF) diet. To assess whether feeding a HF diet might impact on the expression of fatty acid receptors or the number of lipid sensing cells as well as enteroendocrine cell populations, gastric tissue samples of non-obese and obese mice were compared using a real time PCR and immunohistochemical approach. In this study, we have identified GPR120 cells in the corpus region of the mouse stomach which appeared to be brush cells. Monitoring the effect of HF diet on the expression of GPR120 revealed that after 3 weeks and 6 months the level of mRNA for GPR120 in the tissue was significantly increased which coincided with and probably reflected a significant increase in the number of GPR120 positive cells in the corpus region; in contrast, within the antrum region, the number of GPR120 cells decreased. Furthermore, dietary fat intake also led to changes in the number of enteroendocrine cells producing either ghrelin or gastrin. After 3 weeks and even more pronounced after 6 months the number of ghrelin cells and gastrin cells was significantly increased. These results imply that a HF diet leads to significant changes in the cellular repertoire of the stomach mucosa. Whether these changes are a consequence of the direct exposure to HF in the luminal content or a physiological response to the high level of fat in the body remains elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Helena Henkel
- Institute of Physiology, University of Hohenheim Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Markus Küper
- Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital for General Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alfred Königsrainer
- Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital for General Tübingen, Germany
| | - Heinz Breer
- Institute of Physiology, University of Hohenheim Stuttgart, Germany
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Cui G, Qi H, Gundersen MD, Yang H, Christiansen I, Sørbye SW, Goll R, Florholmen J. Dynamics of the IL-33/ST2 network in the progression of human colorectal adenoma to sporadic colorectal cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2015; 64:181-90. [PMID: 25324197 PMCID: PMC11028541 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-014-1624-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Most sporadic colorectal cancers (CRCs) develop from preformed adenomas. Cytokines are involved in the transition from adenoma to CRC. Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is a newly discovered proinflammatory cytokine belonging to the IL-1 cytokine family and involved in the development of chronic inflammation and cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the dynamics of the IL-33/ST2 axis during the sequence of progression from normal colorectum to adenoma to carcinoma and to investigate the association of IL-33 and ST2 expression with clinicopathological parameters and prognosis. The results demonstrated that the levels of IL-33 and ST2 in adenomas (n = 50), determined by real-time PCR, were significantly higher than those of normal controls (n = 30); the levels of both IL-33/ST mRNA in CRCs (n = 50) were higher than in normal controls but lower than in adenomas. Further analysis revealed that the expression level of ST2 in CRCs was associated with tumor/node/metastasis (TNM) stage. The log-rank test showed that neither the IL-33 nor the ST2 expression level was correlated with overall survival in patients with CRC. The increased expression of IL-33/ST2 in adenomas and CRC tissues was confirmed by immunohistochemistry and was observed in both the tumor stromal cells and adenomatous/cancerous cells. Notably, increased densities of IL-33-positive and ST2-positive microvessels were found in the stroma of adenomas and CRCs. In conclusion, increased expression of the IL-33/ST2 axis along the colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence might be involved in the neoplastic transformation via the participation of this axis in the regulation of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglin Cui
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 2 Jingba Road, Zhengzhou, 455000, Henan, China,
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10
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Abstract
Since its discovery in 1982, the global importance of Helicobacter pylori-induced disease, particularly in developing countries, remains high. The use of rodent models, particularly mice, and the unanticipated usefulness of the gerbil to study H. pylori pathogenesis have been used extensively to study the interactions of the host, the pathogen, and the environmental conditions influencing the outcome of persistent H. pylori infection. Dietary factors in humans are increasingly recognized as being important factors in modulating progression and severity of H. pylori-induced gastric cancer. Studies using rodent models to verify and help explain mechanisms whereby various dietary ingredients impact disease outcome should continue to be extremely productive.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G. Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Timothy C. Wang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
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Marshall KM, Patel O, Bramante G, Laval M, Yim M, Baldwin GS, Shulkes A. The C-terminal flanking peptide of progastrin induces gastric cell apoptosis and stimulates colonic cell division in vivo. Peptides 2013; 46:83-93. [PMID: 23742999 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Progastrin (PG) is processed into a number of smaller peptides including amidated gastrin (Gamide), non-amidated glycine-extended gastrin (Ggly) and the C-terminal flanking peptide (CTFP). Several groups have reported that PG, Gamide and Ggly are biologically active in vitro and in vivo, and are involved in the development of gastrointestinal cancers. CTFP is bioactive in vitro but little is known of its effects in vivo. This study investigated the bioactivity of CTFP in vivo in normal tissues using gastrin deficient (GASKO) mice and in two mouse models of cancer (SCID mice bearing xenograft tumors expressing normal or knocked-down levels of gastrin and a mouse model of hepatic metastasis). As with Ggly, CTFP treatment stimulated colonic proliferation in GASKO mice compared to control. CTFP also significantly increased apoptosis in the gastric mucosa of male GASKO mice. CTFP did not appear to effect xenograft growth or the incidence of liver metastases. This is the first demonstration that CTFP has specific biological activity in vivo in the colon and stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Marshall
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Lance Townsend Building, Lvl 8, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia 3084.
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Hayakawa Y, Fox JG, Gonda T, Worthley DL, Muthupalani S, Wang TC. Mouse models of gastric cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2013; 5:92-130. [PMID: 24216700 PMCID: PMC3730302 DOI: 10.3390/cancers5010092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models have greatly enriched our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of numerous types of cancers. Gastric cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide, with a poor prognosis and high incidence of drug-resistance. However, most inbred strains of mice have proven resistant to gastric carcinogenesis. To establish useful models which mimic human gastric cancer phenotypes, investigators have utilized animals infected with Helicobacter species and treated with carcinogens. In addition, by exploiting genetic engineering, a variety of transgenic and knockout mouse models of gastric cancer have emerged, such as INS-GAS mice and TFF1 knockout mice. Investigators have used the combination of carcinogens and gene alteration to accelerate gastric cancer development, but rarely do mouse models show an aggressive and metastatic gastric cancer phenotype that could be relevant to preclinical studies, which may require more specific targeting of gastric progenitor cells. Here, we review current gastric carcinogenesis mouse models and provide our future perspectives on this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoku Hayakawa
- Department of Medicine and Irving Cancer Research Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Thomson MJ, Pritchard DM, Boxall SA, Abuderman AA, Williams JM, Varro A, Crabtree JE. Gastric Helicobacter infection induces iron deficiency in the INS-GAS mouse. PLoS One 2012. [PMID: 23185574 PMCID: PMC3501456 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence from clinical and population studies for a role of H. pylori infection in the aetiology of iron deficiency. Rodent models of Helicobacter infection are helpful for investigating any causal links and mechanisms of iron deficiency in the host. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of gastric Helicobacter infection on iron deficiency and host iron metabolism/transport gene expression in hypergastrinemic INS-GAS mice. INS-GAS mice were infected with Helicobacter felis for 3, 6 and 9 months. At post mortem, blood was taken for assessment of iron status and gastric mucosa for pathology, immunohistology and analysis of gene expression. Chronic Helicobacter infection of INS- GAS mice resulted in decreased serum iron, transferrin saturation and hypoferritinemia and increased Total iron binding capacity (TIBC). Decreased serum iron concentrations were associated with a concomitant reduction in the number of parietal cells, strengthening the association between hypochlorhydria and gastric Helicobacter-induced iron deficiency. Infection with H. felis for nine months was associated with decreased gastric expression of iron metabolism regulators hepcidin, Bmp4 and Bmp6 but increased expression of Ferroportin 1, the iron efflux protein, iron absorption genes such as Divalent metal transporter 1, Transferrin receptor 1 and also Lcn2 a siderophore-binding protein. The INS-GAS mouse is therefore a useful model for studying Helicobacter-induced iron deficiency. Furthermore, the marked changes in expression of gastric iron transporters following Helicobacter infection may be relevant to the more rapid development of carcinogenesis in the Helicobacter infected INS-GAS model.
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MESH Headings
- Acute-Phase Proteins/genetics
- Acute-Phase Proteins/metabolism
- Anemia, Iron-Deficiency/complications
- Anemia, Iron-Deficiency/metabolism
- Anemia, Iron-Deficiency/microbiology
- Anemia, Iron-Deficiency/pathology
- Animals
- Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides/genetics
- Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides/metabolism
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4/genetics
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4/metabolism
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein 6/genetics
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein 6/metabolism
- Cation Transport Proteins/genetics
- Cation Transport Proteins/metabolism
- Gastrins/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Helicobacter Infections/complications
- Helicobacter Infections/metabolism
- Helicobacter Infections/microbiology
- Helicobacter Infections/pathology
- Helicobacter felis/metabolism
- Helicobacter felis/pathogenicity
- Hepcidins
- Insulin/genetics
- Iron/metabolism
- Lipocalin-2
- Lipocalins/genetics
- Lipocalins/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Parietal Cells, Gastric/metabolism
- Parietal Cells, Gastric/microbiology
- Parietal Cells, Gastric/pathology
- Receptors, Transferrin/genetics
- Receptors, Transferrin/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie J. Thomson
- Molecular Gastroenterology, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, St. James’s University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - D. Mark Pritchard
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Sally A. Boxall
- Molecular Gastroenterology, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, St. James’s University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Abdul A. Abuderman
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan M. Williams
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Varro
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jean E. Crabtree
- Molecular Gastroenterology, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, St. James’s University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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14
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Liu J, Li Z, Cui J, Xu G, Cui G. Cellular changes in the tumor microenvironment of human esophageal squamous cell carcinomas. Tumour Biol 2011; 33:495-505. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-011-0281-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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15
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Kovac S, Anderson GJ, Baldwin GS. Gastrins, iron homeostasis and colorectal cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2011; 1813:889-95. [PMID: 21320535 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The peptide hormone gastrin has been identified as a major regulator of acid secretion and a potent mitogen for normal and malignant gastrointestinal cells. The importance of gastric acid in the absorption of dietary iron first became evident 50 years ago when iron deficiency anemia was recognized as a long-term consequence of partial gastrectomy. This review summarizes the connections between circulating gastrins, iron status and colorectal cancer. Gastrins bind two ferric ions with micromolar affinity and, in the case of non-amidated forms of the hormone, iron binding is essential for biological activity in vitro and in vivo. The demonstration of an interaction between gastrin and transferrin by biochemical techniques led to the proposal that gastrins catalyze the loading of transferrin with iron. Several lines of evidence, including the facts that the concentrations of circulating gastrins are increased in mice and humans with the iron overload disease hemochromatosis and that transferrin saturation positively correlates with circulating gastrin concentration, suggest the potential involvement of gastrins in iron homeostasis. Conversely, recognition that ferric ions play an unexpected role in the biological activity of gastrins may assist in the development of useful therapies for colorectal carcinoma and other disorders of mucosal proliferation in the gastrointestinal tract. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: 11th European Symposium on Calcium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzana Kovac
- The University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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16
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Liu J, Lu G, Li Z, Tang F, Liu Y, Cui G. Distinct compartmental distribution of mature and immature dendritic cells in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Pathol Res Pract 2010; 206:602-6. [PMID: 20547010 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2010.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a critical role in generating anti-tumor immunity. DC functional defect has been related to the growth and progression of various human cancers. In esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), the examination of DCs using immunohistochemistry (IHC) with anti-S100 antibody has demonstrated an increased infiltration of DCs into the tumor mass, however, the distribution patterns of DCs at different maturation states in ESCC are not fully evaluated. In this study, we immunohistochemically analyzed the DC maturation status by examining the S100-positive DCs, CD1alpha-positive immature DCs (iDCs), and CD208-positive mature DCs (mDCs) and their distribution patterns in 45 ESCCs and 10 control tissues. The IHC analysis showed that the number of S100-positive DCs was increased in both the cancer epithelium and tumor stroma. Further phenotypic analyses revealed that intraepithelial DCs in the cancer mass were predominantly CD1alpha-positive iDCs. Whereas DCs presented in the tumor stroma were exclusively CD208-positive mDCs, CD208-positive mDCs were particularly dense in the margin of cancerous lesions and formed clusters with CD3-positive lymphocytes. The number of CD208-positive mDCs in the tumor mass was significantly lower than the number of CD1alpha-positive iDCs. The current results suggest that ESCC tissue comprises a high frequency of iDCs in the cancerous epithelium and a low density of mDCs in the tumor stroma. Such a distinct distribution pattern may reflect the ongoing DC tracking in ESCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhong Liu
- Department of Pathology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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17
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Copps J, Murphy RF, Lovas S. The production and role of gastrin-17 and gastrin-17-gly in gastrointestinal cancers. Protein Pept Lett 2010; 16:1504-18. [PMID: 20001914 DOI: 10.2174/092986609789839269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal peptide hormone gastrin is responsible for initiating the release of gastric acid in the stomach in response to the presence of food and/or humoral factors such as gastrin releasing peptide. However, it has a role in the growth and maintenance of the gastric epithelium, and has been implicated in the formation and growth of gastric cancers. Hypergastrinemia resulting from atrophic gastritis and pernicious anemia leads to hyperplasia and carcinoid formation in rats, and contributes to tumor formation in humans. Additionally, gastrin has been suspected to play a role in the formation and growth of cancers of the colon, but recent studies have instead implicated gastrin processing intermediates, such as gastrin-17-Gly, acting upon a putative, non-cholecystokinin receptor. This review summarizes the production and chemical structures of gastrin and of the processing intermediate gastrin-17-Gly, as well as their activities in the gastrointestinal tract, particularly the promotion of colon cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Copps
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University School of Medicine, 2500 California Plaza, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
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18
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Cui G, Yuan A, Goll R, Vonen B, Florholmen J. Dynamic changes of interleukin-8 network along the colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 58:1897-905. [PMID: 19350238 PMCID: PMC11031025 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-009-0702-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2008] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The interleukin-8 (IL-8) network is involved in the colorectal cancer (CRC) progression. However, its role during the adenoma-carcinoma transition to date has not been fully investigated. To evaluate the dynamic changes of IL-8 network along the colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence, we examined the tissue IL-8 mRNA level in colorectal biopsies from 53 colorectal adenomas, 44 CRCs and 18 controls by quantitative real-time PCR (Q-PCR), and the expressions of IL-8 and its receptors (IL-8RA and IL-8RB) in the tumor microenvironment by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and double IHCs. The results showed that the tissue IL-8 mRNA level began to increase in the precancerous lesions (adenomas) as compared with the controls and became even higher in the CRCs. Significantly, the increase of IL-8 mRNA levels was associated with the increase of dysplastic grades in the adenomas, and also paralleled to the increase of Duke's stages in the CRCs. IHC results revealed that IL-8 and its receptors, IL-8RA and IL-8RB, were observed both in the stroma and in the adenomatous/cancerous cells. By double IHCs, the IL-8 expression was characterized in macrophages, lymphocytes and myofibroblasts in the tumor stroma. Further double IHC identified the co-expression of IL-8 receptors (IL-8RA and IL-8RB) with CD34 positive tumor-associated microvessels in both the adenomas and CRCs. We, therefore, conclude that activated IL-8 network in the tumor microenvironment may function as a significant regulatory factor for the adenoma progression and the adenoma-carcinoma transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglin Cui
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, 9037 Tromsø, Norway.
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19
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Cui G, Yuan A, Vonen B, Florholmen J. Progressive cellular response in the lamina propria of the colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence. Histopathology 2009; 54:550-60. [PMID: 19413637 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2009.03273.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The lamina propria is inevitably involved in epithelial transformation. The aim was to evaluate the dynamic cellular changes in the tumour lamina propria throughout the colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence. METHODS AND RESULTS Using immunohistochemistry and double immunohistochemistry, we examined lamina propria cellular changes in 41 colorectal adenomas, 25 colorectal cancers and 15 control tissues. The results showed that the proliferation labelling index in lamina propria cells began to increase in the precancerous lesions (adenomas) and became even higher in the colorectal cancers; these proliferative cells were primarily identified as myofibroblasts and lymphocytes. Phenotypic analysis revealed gradually increasing lymphocytic infiltration in both the lamina propria and adenomatous epithelium, as well as myofibroblasts in the lamina propria. However, the intraepithelial macrophage density also showed a tendency to increase gradually. Furthermore, cyclooxygenase-2-expressing cell density and microvessel density gradually increased in the tumour lamina propria throughout the adenoma-carcinoma sequence. CONCLUSIONS Progressive cellular responses in the lamina propria could be involved in the adenoma-carcinoma transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglin Cui
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway.
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20
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Burkitt MD, Varro A, Pritchard DM. Importance of gastrin in the pathogenesis and treatment of gastric tumors. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15:1-16. [PMID: 19115463 PMCID: PMC2653300 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to regulating acid secretion, the gastric antral hormone gastrin regulates several important cellular processes in the gastric epithelium including proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion, tissue remodelling and angiogenesis. Elevated serum concentrations of this hormone are caused by many conditions, particularly hypochlorhydria (as a result of autoimmune or Helicobacter pylori (H pylori)-induced chronic atrophic gastritis or acid suppressing drugs) and gastrin producing tumors (gastrinomas). There is now accumulating evidence that altered local and plasma concentrations of gastrin may play a role during the development of various gastric tumors. In the absence of H pylori infection, marked hypergastrinemia frequently results in the development of gastric enterochromaffin cell-like neuroendocrine tumors and surgery to remove the cause of hypergastrinemia may lead to tumor resolution in this condition. In animal models such as transgenic INS-GAS mice, hypergastrinemia has also been shown to act as a cofactor with Helicobacter infection during gastric adenocarcinoma development. However, it is currently unclear as to what extent gastrin also modulates human gastric adenocarcinoma development. Therapeutic approaches targeting hypergastrinemia, such as immunization with G17DT, have been evaluated for the treatment of gastric adenocarcinoma, with some promising results. Although the mild hypergastrinemia associated with proton pump inhibitor drug use has been shown to cause ECL-cell hyperplasia and to increase H pylori-induced gastric atrophy, there is currently no convincing evidence that this class of agents contributes towards the development of gastric neuroendocrine tumors or gastric adenocarcinomas in human subjects.
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21
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YUAN APING, STEIGEN SONJAE, GOLL RASMUS, VONEN BARTHOLD, HUSBEKK ANNE, CUI GUANGLIN, FLORHOLMEN JON. Dendritic cell infiltration pattern along the colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence. APMIS 2008; 18 Suppl 2:1-59. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2008.00879.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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22
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Yuan A, Liu J, Liu Y, Bjørnsen T, Varro A, Cui G. Immunohistochemical examination of gastrin, gastrin precursors, and gastrin/CCK-2 receptor in human esophageal squamous cell carcinomas. Pathol Oncol Res 2008; 14:449-55. [PMID: 18438722 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-008-9047-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2008] [Accepted: 04/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A promoting effect of gastrin on stimulating Barrett's oesophagus proliferation has been demonstrated, but whether it plays a regulating role for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) to date has not been fully investigated. The aim of this study is to examine the expressions of gastrin, gastrin precursors and gastrin/CCK-2 receptor in ESCC. Tissue specimen sections from 38 patients with ESSC obtained from a high incidence area of north China were assessed using immunohistochemistry for amidated gastrin, gastrin precursors (progastrin and glycine-extended gastrin) and gastrin/CCK-2 receptors. Their clinical histopathological significance was also analyzed. Of 38 ESCC, the immunoreactivities of gastrin, glycine-extended gastrin and progastrin were observed in 13.2% (5/38), 7.9% (3/38) and 23.68% (9/38) cases. The expression of progastrin was obviously higher than other gastrins, though not significantly (P > 0.05). In positive cases for gastrin or glycine-extended gastrin, the scores of positive tumor cell numbers were at a lower density (<10/abundant-distributed field). However, the scores of progastrin positive tumor cell density in five of nine positive cases were over 10/abundant-distributed field. The immunoreactivity of gastrin/CCK-2 receptor was also observed in 15.8% (6/38) ESCC cases. There was not significant correlation regarding immunohistochemical results with known histomorphological parameters i.e. gender, tumor location and TNM stages. Based on our current results, ESCC tumor cells could be a possible cellular source of gastrin precursors, which has been postulated to play a role in regulating the growth in some human tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aping Yuan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tromsø, 9037, Tromso, Norway
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23
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Yuan A, Liu J, Liu Y, Cui G. Chromogranin A-positive tumor cells in human esophageal squamous cell carcinomas. Pathol Oncol Res 2007; 13:321-5. [PMID: 18158567 DOI: 10.1007/bf02940311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2007] [Accepted: 10/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal cancers have frequently shown neuroendocrine (NE) differentiation, but whether NE differentiation occurs in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains unclear. In this study, tissue sections obtained from 43 patients with ESCC from a high-incidence area of Northern China were used for the assessing of NE differentiation by immunohistochemistry using antibody against chromogranin A (CGA). In addition, the malignant characteristics and proliferation capacity of CGA-positive cells were also examined by immunohistochemistry. The clinicopathological significance of these CGA-positive tumor cells in ESCC was assessed. Of 43 ESCC samples, CGAimmunoreactive tumor cells were detected in 10 cases (23.26%). However, the CGA-positive tumor cells were scattered at a very low number among non-immunoreactive tumor cells and were rarely constituted a major part of cancer cell nests. Only 4.65% (2/43) cases showed a high density (>10 cells but <1% of total tumor cell mass) of CGA-positive tumor cells. P53 immunoreactivity was frequently shown, while Ki67 was hard to detect in these CGApositive cells. In addition, no relationship between CGA positivity rate and clinicopathological parameters was found. Thus, we concluded that lowdensity CGA-positive tumor cells can be detected in ESCC, supporting the notion that heterogeneous NE differentiation also exists in tumors that lack neuroendocrine cells in their normal epithelial counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aping Yuan
- Department of Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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24
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Cui G, Yuan A, Goll R, Olsen T, Husebekk A, Vonen B, Florholmen J. Distinct changes of dendritic cell number and IL-12 mRNA level in adjacent mucosa throughout the colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56:1993-2001. [PMID: 17579859 PMCID: PMC11030106 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-007-0345-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2007] [Accepted: 05/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Adjacent mucosa may reflect the conflicting of host factors in response to the establishment or invasion of cancers. Characterization of anti-tumor immunity in this region may add help in understanding the immune-related mechanisms of colorectal carcinoma (CRC). In this study, adjacent non-tumor mucosa from 36 patients with colorectal adenoma (CRA), 26 with CRC and normal mucosa from 15 health controls were included, immune cell populations of dendritic cell, lymphocyte and macrophage were characterized with immunohistochemistry (IHC) and tissue messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of Th1 cytokines interferon (IFN)-gamma and its upstream inducers interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-18 were quantified with real-time PCR; In addition, dendritic cell differentiation and function inhibitors cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and IL-6 mRNA levels were also quantified. By IHC, a significant decreased dendritic cell density in the non-tumor mucosa adjacent to CRC was detected (P < 0.05) as compared to the normal controls or adjacent mucosa of CRA. The grading scores for lymphocyte number in the adjacent mucosa of CRA and CRC were gradually non-statistically increased, while the grading scores for macrophages number was not changed. By quantitative real-time PCR, distinct local cytokine gene expression profile was demonstrated. In which, the Th1 cytokines, particularly IL-12, were increased in adjacent mucosa of CRA, but all significantly decreased in adjacent mucosa of CRC. In addition, the mRNA levels of IL-6 and COX-2 were significantly higher in adjacent mucosa of CRC than that in adjacent mucosa of CRA (both P < 0.05). Therefore, dendritic cell functional changes could be one of the important mechanisms for altered anti-tumour immunity in the adjacent non-tumor mucosa throughout adenoma-carcinoma sequence. The increased COX-2 and IL-6 might contribute to dendritic cell functional defect in adjacent mucosa of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglin Cui
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø 9037, Norway.
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25
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Przemeck SMC, Varro A, Berry D, Steele I, Wang TC, Dockray GJ, Pritchard DM. Hypergastrinemia increases gastric epithelial susceptibility to apoptosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 146:147-56. [PMID: 17900712 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2007.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2007] [Revised: 08/02/2007] [Accepted: 09/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Plasma concentrations of the hormone gastrin are elevated by Helicobacter pylori infection and by gastric atrophy. It has previously been proposed that gastrin acts as a cofactor during gastric carcinogenesis and hypergastrinemic transgenic INS-GAS mice are prone to developing gastric adenocarcinoma, particularly following H. pylori infection. We hypothesised that the increased risk of carcinogenesis in these animals may partly result from altered susceptibility of gastric epithelial cells to undergo apoptosis. Gastric corpus apoptosis was significantly increased 48 h after 12Gy gamma-radiation in mice rendered hypergastrinemic by transgenic (INS-GAS) or pharmacological (omeprazole treatment of FVB/N mice) methods and in both cases the effects were inhibited by the CCK-2 receptor antagonist YM022. However, no alteration in susceptibility to gamma-radiation-induced gastric epithelial apoptosis was observed in mice overexpressing progastrin or glycine-extended gastrin. Apoptosis was also significantly increased in gastric corpus biopsies obtained from H. pylori-infected humans with moderate degrees of hypergastrinemia. We conclude that hypergastrinemia specifically renders cells within the gastric corpus epithelium more susceptible to induction of apoptosis by radiation or H. pylori. Altered susceptibility to apoptosis may therefore be one factor predisposing to gastric carcinogenesis in INS-GAS mice and similar mechanisms may also be involved in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M C Przemeck
- Division of Gastroenterology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK
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26
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Cui G, Goll R, Olsen T, Steigen SE, Husebekk A, Vonen B, Florholmen J. Reduced expression of microenvironmental Th1 cytokines accompanies adenomas-carcinomas sequence of colorectum. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2007; 56:985-95. [PMID: 17160410 PMCID: PMC11030272 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-006-0259-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2006] [Accepted: 11/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines have been suggested to be key factors in modulating immune response against tumorigenesis in the microenvironment. Therefore, characterization of cytokine expression along the colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence may add important information for understanding the immune-related mechanisms of the development of colorectal carcinoma (CRC). In this study, biopsies from 32 patients with colorectal adenoma (CRA), 20 patients with CRC and 18 healthy controls were examined. Cytokine gene expressions of interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interferon (IFN)-gamma and its upstream inducers (IL-12A and IL-18) were measured at messenger RNA (mRNA) level with quantitative real-time PCR (Q-PCR). Cytokine expressing cells were characterized using immunohistochemistry (IHC). A distinct different cytokine profile between adenoma and CRC was observed: the Th1 cytokines (IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-12A and IL-18) were increased in local tissues of CRA and decreased in CRC. Consistent with the quantitative cytokine data, IHC examinations revealed slightly increased densities of Th1 cytokine-expressing cells in CRA and a remarkably decreased density of the Th1 cells in CRC. In CRA, the cytokine-expressing cells were highly polarized to the subepithelial stroma while the cells were evenly distributed through the stroma in CRC. In conclusion, distinct changes in the Th1 cytokine profile appear along the colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence. This may reflect a change in the host immune regulatory function in the adenoma-carcinoma sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglin Cui
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tromsø, 9037 Tromsø, Norway.
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27
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Friis-Hansen L. Lessons from the gastrin knockout mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 139:5-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2006.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2006] [Revised: 11/30/2006] [Accepted: 12/01/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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28
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Cui G, Waldum HL. Physiological and clinical significance of enterochromaffin-like cell activation in the regulation of gastric acid secretion. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13:493-6. [PMID: 17278212 PMCID: PMC4065968 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v13.i4.493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric acid plays an important role in digesting food (especially protein), iron absorption, and destroying swallowed micro-organisms. H+ is secreted by the oxyntic parietal cells and its secretion is regulated by endocrine, neurocrine and paracrine mechanisms. Gastrin released from the antral G cell is the principal physiological stimulus of gastric acid secretion. Activation of the enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cell is accepted as the main source of histamine participating in the regulation of acid secretion and is functionally and trophically controlled by gastrin, which is mediated by gastrin/CCK-2 receptors expressed on the ECL cell. However, long-term hypergastrinemia will induce ECL cell hyperplasia and probably carcinoids. Clinically, potent inhibitors of acid secretion have been prescribed widely to patients with acid-related disorders. Long-term potent acid inhibition evokes a marked increase in plasma gastrin levels, leading to enlargement of oxyntic mucosa with ECL cell hyperplasia. Accordingly, the induction of ECL cell hyperplasia and carcinoids remains a topic of considerable concern, especially in long-term use. In addition, the activation of ECL cells also induces another clinical concern, i.e., rebound acid hypersecretion after acid inhibition. Recent experimental and clinical findings indicate that the activation of ECL cells plays a critical role both physiologically and clinically in the regulation of gastric acid secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglin Cui
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tromsø, Tromsø N-9037, Norway.
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29
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Although chronic Helicobacter pylori infection is the strongest known risk factor for development of gastric adenocarcinoma, only a small proportion of infected individuals will ever develop tumours. This article discusses various bacterial, host and environmental factors which may influence an individual's susceptibility. RECENT FINDINGS Recent research on bacterial virulence factors has focussed upon the cag pathogenicity island, particularly its roles in regulating epithelial growth and adhesion. Studies of host genetic factors have included several analyses of polymorphisms in inflammatory cytokines in human cohorts. Animal studies have recently clarified the roles of dysregulated epithelial apoptosis, proliferation and differentiation pathways during gastric carcinogenesis, and novel experiments involving H. felis infection of bone marrow transplanted irradiated mice have suggested that gastric cancer may originate from bone marrow-derived stem cells. Important roles for signalling between epithelial and mesenchymal cells, particularly myofibroblasts, are also emerging. Recent research on the importance of environmental factors has demonstrated how helminth coinfection may protect against atrophic gastritis and T helper type 1 responses. SUMMARY Complex interactions between several bacterial, host genetic and environmental factors determine whether H. pylori infected individuals develop gastric carcinoma. The importance of bone marrow stem cell engraftment during human gastric neoplasia is an area requiring urgent investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mark Pritchard
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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30
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Cui G, Takaishi S, Ai W, Betz KS, Florholmen J, Koh TJ, Houghton J, Pritchard DM, Wang TC. Gastrin-induced apoptosis contributes to carcinogenesis in the stomach. J Transl Med 2006; 86:1037-51. [PMID: 16894354 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypergastrinemia in INS-GAS mice leads to accelerated carcinogenesis of the stomach, but the mechanisms have not been well defined. We investigated the possible role of gastrin-induced gastric cell apoptosis in the development of gastric cancer. We examined apoptosis and the expression of Bcl-2 family proteins in INS-GAS mice of different ages, as well as in gastrin-deficient (GAS-KO) mice after gastrin-17 (G-17) infusion. In addition, we studied the effects of the gastrin/cholecystokinin-2 (CCK-2) receptor antagonist YF476 and/or histamine H2 (H-2) receptor antagonist loxtidine on apoptosis and atrophy in INS-GAS mice with or without Helicobacter felis (H. felis) infection. INS-GAS mice had age-associated increases in Bax protein expression and decreases in Bcl-2 protein expression, along with increased glandular and epithelial cell apoptosis. At 8-week gastrin infusions in GAS-KO mice resulted in a similar pattern of altered Bax and Bcl-2 expression, followed by gastric cell apoptosis. H. felis infection of INS-GAS mice led to increased apoptosis and the development of atrophy, whereas treatment with either YF476 and/or loxtidine strongly inhibited both apoptosis and atrophy. In vitro studies with Fas-expressing RGM1 cells showed that gastrin stimulation alone directly induced apoptosis via gastrin/CCK-2 receptor and synergized with FasL stimulation. These results indicate that gastrin can induce apoptosis in gastric epithelial cells and contribute to the development of gastric carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglin Cui
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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31
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Nilsson HO, Pietroiusti A, Gabrielli M, Zocco MA, Gasbarrini G, Gasbarrini A. Helicobacter pylori and extragastric diseases--other Helicobacters. Helicobacter 2005; 10 Suppl 1:54-65. [PMID: 16178972 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2005.00334.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of Helicobacter pylori in the pathogenesis of extragastric diseases continues to be an interesting topic in the field of Helicobacter-related pathology. Although conflicting findings have been reported for most of the disorders, a role of H. pylori seems to be important especially for the development of cardiovascular and hematologic disorders. Previously isolated human and animal Helicobacter sp. flexispira and "Helicobacter heilmannii" strains have been validated using polyphasic taxonomy. A novel enterohepatic Helicobacter has been isolated from mastomys and mice, adding to the list of helicobacters that colonize the liver. Genetic targets that may aid the classification of novel Helicobacter species have emerged. Animal models of Helicobacter-induced gastric and hepatobiliary diseases have offered insights to the mechanisms associated with premalignant transformation.
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Abstract
In 1905, a Cambridge physiologist, John Sydney Edkins, initially identified a hormone responsible of gastric acid secretion, which he called gastric secretin, or gastrin. While gastrin's role in acid secretion is now well defined, more recent studies have implicated the various isoforms of gastrin in cancer. Important advances in the last decade have included the recognition of biological activity for processing intermediates such as progastrin and the glycine-extended gastrin. Here, we give an overview of the roles of these peptides in cancer, highlighted by molecular, cellular and integrated studies on animal models for progastrin-derived peptides and their receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Ferrand
- IFR31, Institut Louis Bugnard, BP 84225, Unité INSERM 531, Biologie et Pathologie Digestives, 31432 TOULOUSE, Cedex 4, France.
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33
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Takaishi S, Cui G, Frederick DM, Carlson JE, Houghton J, Varro A, Dockray GJ, Ge Z, Whary MT, Rogers AB, Fox JG, Wang TC. Synergistic inhibitory effects of gastrin and histamine receptor antagonists on Helicobacter-induced gastric cancer. Gastroenterology 2005; 128:1965-83. [PMID: 15940630 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Apart from its importance as an acid secretogogue, the role of histamine as a downstream target of gastrin has not been fully explored. Previous studies have shown that the combination of hypergastrinemia and Helicobacter infection resulted in accelerated gastric cancer in mice. We used this model to examine the role of cholecystokinin 2 (CCK2)/gastrin receptor and histamine H2-receptor signaling in the development of gastric atrophy and cancer. METHODS Male hypergastrinemic mice (INS-GAS mice) were infected with Helicobacter felis and given the CCK2/gastrin receptor antagonist YF476 and/or the histamine H2-receptor antagonist loxtidine for 3 or 6 months. In addition, mice were treated with omeprazole alone or in combination with either YF476 or loxtidine for 3 months. RESULTS Mice treated with YF476 or loxtidine alone showed partial suppression of both gastric acid secretion and progression to neoplasia. The combination of YF476 plus loxtidine treatment resulted in nearly complete inhibition of both parameters. YF476 and/or loxtidine treatment did not alter the overall level of H. felis colonization but did result in significant down-regulation of the growth factors regenerating gene I and amphiregulin. Loxtidine treatment, with or without YF476, induced a mild shift in T-helper cell polarization. In contrast, omeprazole treatment resulted in mild progression of gastric hyperplasia/dysplasia, which was ameliorated by the addition of YF476 or loxtidine. CONCLUSIONS The combination of CCK2/gastrin- and histamine H2-receptor antagonists has synergistic inhibitory effects on development of gastric atrophy and cancer in H. felis/INS-GAS mice, while the proton pump inhibitor showed no such effects. These results support an important role for the gastrin-histamine axis in Helicobacter-induced gastric carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Takaishi
- Division of Digestive and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA
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