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Taleb M, Atabakhshi‐Kashi M, Wang Y, Rezavani Alanagh H, Farhadi Sabet Z, Li F, Cheng K, Li C, Qi Y, Nie G, Ying Z. Bifunctional Therapeutic Peptide Assembled Nanoparticles Exerting Improved Activities of Tumor Vessel Normalization and Immune Checkpoint Inhibition. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100051. [PMID: 34021735 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness of cancer immunotherapy is impaired by the dysfunctional vasculature of tumors. Created hypoxia zones and limited delivery of cytotoxic immune cells help to have immune resistance in tumor tissue. Structural and functional normalization of abnormal tumor vasculature provide vessels for more perfusion efficiency and drug delivery that result in alleviating the hypoxia in the tumor site and increasing infiltration of antitumor T cells. Taking advantage of peptide amphiphiles, herein, a novel peptide amphiphile nanoparticle composed of an antiangiogenic peptide (FSEC) and an immune checkpoint blocking peptide (D PPA) is designed and characterized. FSEC peptide is known to be involved in vessel normalization of tumors in vivo. D PPA is an inhibitory peptide of the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint pathway. The peptide amphiphile nanoparticle sets out to test whether simultaneous modulation of tumor vasculature and immune systems in the tumor microenvironment has a synergistic effect on tumor suppression. Increased intratumoral infiltration of immune cells following vascular normalization, and simultaneously blocking the immune checkpoint function of PD-L1 reactivates effective immune responses to the tumors. In summary, the current study provides a new perspective on the regulation of tumor vessel normalization and immunotherapy based on functional peptide nanoparticles as nanomedicine for improved therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Taleb
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety CAS Center of Excellence in Nanoscience National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Mona Atabakhshi‐Kashi
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety CAS Center of Excellence in Nanoscience National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Yazhou Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety CAS Center of Excellence in Nanoscience National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Hamideh Rezavani Alanagh
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety CAS Center of Excellence in Nanoscience National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Zeinab Farhadi Sabet
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety CAS Center of Excellence in Nanoscience National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Fenfen Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety CAS Center of Excellence in Nanoscience National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Keman Cheng
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety CAS Center of Excellence in Nanoscience National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Chen Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety CAS Center of Excellence in Nanoscience National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Yingqiu Qi
- School of Basic Medical Science Zhengzhou University Henan 450001 China
| | - Guangjun Nie
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety CAS Center of Excellence in Nanoscience National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
- GBA Research Innovation Institute for Nanotechnology Guangdong 510700 P. R. China
| | - Zhao Ying
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety CAS Center of Excellence in Nanoscience National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
- GBA Research Innovation Institute for Nanotechnology Guangdong 510700 P. R. China
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Ma J, Ma Y, Chen S, Guo S, Hu J, Yue T, Zhang J, Zhu J, Wang P, Chen G, Liu Y. SPARC enhances 5-FU chemosensitivity in gastric cancer by modulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition and apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 558:134-140. [PMID: 33910127 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) proteins can inhibit the development of cancer cells in various ways, such as by inhibiting angiogenesis and inhibiting cell proliferation. In fact, SPARC proteins may have an effect on the chemoresistance of gastric cancer cells to 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), which needs further research in the future. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between SPARC proteins and the chemosensitivity of gastric cancer cells to 5-FU. In vitro, after SPARC protein levels were regulated by plasmid, siRNA and human recombinant SPARC protein transfection in MGC-803, SGC-7901 and BGC-823 cells, we detected epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), apoptosis markers and cell viability after 5-FU treatment. In vivo, we implanted BGC-823 cells with stable SPARC overexpression into nude mice. Tumour size was measured to assess the effect of SPARC protein on tumour formation and 5-FU chemosensitivity. In SGC-7901 and BGC-823 cells, both endogenous and exogenous upregulation of SPARC protein levels decreased cell viability, destroyed cytoskeletal F-actin, inhibited cell migration, and downregulated a series of transcription factors to inhibit cell EMT; it also upregulated cell apoptosis-related proteins to promote cell apoptosis. However, we obtained opposite results in SPARC knockdown MGC-803 cells. In vivo, compared with the control group, the group engrafted with BGC-823 cells stably overexpressing SPARC had a significant smaller tumour size. After 5-FU treatment, the new tumour gradually decreased in size. Our results show that the SPARC protein could enhance 5-FU chemosensitivity in gastric cancer cell lines by inhibiting EMT and promoting cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Ma
- Division of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yongchen Ma
- Division of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shanwen Chen
- Division of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shihao Guo
- Division of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jianwen Hu
- Division of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Taohua Yue
- Division of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Junling Zhang
- Division of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Division of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Pengyuan Wang
- Division of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Guowei Chen
- Division of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Yucun Liu
- Division of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, PR China.
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Collagen Structure-Function Mapping Informs Applications for Regenerative Medicine. Bioengineering (Basel) 2020; 8:bioengineering8010003. [PMID: 33383610 PMCID: PMC7824244 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering8010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I collagen, the predominant protein of vertebrates, assembles into fibrils that orchestrate the form and function of bone, tendon, skin, and other tissues. Collagen plays roles in hemostasis, wound healing, angiogenesis, and biomineralization, and its dysfunction contributes to fibrosis, atherosclerosis, cancer metastasis, and brittle bone disease. To elucidate the type I collagen structure-function relationship, we constructed a type I collagen fibril interactome, including its functional sites and disease-associated mutations. When projected onto an X-ray diffraction model of the native collagen microfibril, data revealed a matrix interaction domain that assumes structural roles including collagen assembly, crosslinking, proteoglycan (PG) binding, and mineralization, and the cell interaction domain supporting dynamic aspects of collagen biology such as hemostasis, tissue remodeling, and cell adhesion. Our type III collagen interactome corroborates this model. We propose that in quiescent tissues, the fibril projects a structural face; however, tissue injury releases blood into the collagenous stroma, triggering exposure of the fibrils' cell and ligand binding sites crucial for tissue remodeling and regeneration. Applications of our research include discovery of anti-fibrotic antibodies and elucidating their interactions with collagen, and using insights from our angiogenesis studies and collagen structure-function model to inform the design of super-angiogenic collagens and collagen mimetics.
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Recinella L, Orlando G, Ferrante C, Chiavaroli A, Brunetti L, Leone S. Adipokines: New Potential Therapeutic Target for Obesity and Metabolic, Rheumatic, and Cardiovascular Diseases. Front Physiol 2020; 11:578966. [PMID: 33192583 PMCID: PMC7662468 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.578966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides its role as an energy storage organ, adipose tissue can be viewed as a dynamic and complex endocrine organ, which produces and secretes several adipokines, including hormones, cytokines, extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, and growth and vasoactive factors. A wide body of evidence showed that adipokines play a critical role in various biological and physiological functions, among which feeding modulation, inflammatory and immune function, glucose and lipid metabolism, and blood pressure control. The aim of this review is to summarize the effects of several adipokines, including leptin, diponectin, resistin, chemerin, lipocalin-2 (LCN2), vaspin, omentin, follistatin-like 1 (FSTL1), secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), secreted frizzled-related protein 5 (SFRP5), C1q/TNF-related proteins (CTRPs), family with sequence similarity to 19 member A5 (FAM19A5), wingless-type inducible signaling pathway protein-1 (WISP1), progranulin (PGRN), nesfatin-1 (nesfatin), visfatin/PBEF/NAMPT, apelin, retinol binding protein 4 (RPB4), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in the regulation of insulin resistance and vascular function, as well as many aspects of inflammation and immunity and their potential role in managing obesity-associated diseases, including metabolic, osteoarticular, and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Luigi Brunetti
- Department of Pharmacy, Gabriele d’Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
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Liu Y, Feng Y, Wang X, Yang X, Hu Y, Li Y, Zhang Q, Huang Y, Shi K, Ran C, Hou J, Jiang L, Li J, Wang X. SPARC Negatively Correlates With Prognosis After Transarterial Chemoembolization and Facilitates Proliferation and Metastasis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma via ERK/MMP Signaling Pathways. Front Oncol 2020; 10:813. [PMID: 32670867 PMCID: PMC7326074 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) represents a widely accepted treatment procedure for intermediate stage or unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, few studies have evaluated serologic prognosis factors in patients with HCC before TACE. Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) is a matricellular glycoprotein affecting tumorigenesis and metastasis, and leading to poor prognosis in HCC. Therefore, to further explore the potential prognosis value of SPARC, the expression levels in the plasma of patients and its potential molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of HCC were investigated in this study. Materials and Methods: The study population included 43 patients with HCC who underwent TACE. To evaluate the expression of SPARC in different grades of pathological tissues, the immunohistochemistry was performed on tissues from 89 patients with HCC. Lentiviral vectors carrying interference sequences, as well as vectors harboring the complete open reading frame of SPARC for the knockdown or overexpression of SPARC in HuH-7 or HepG2 cells, respectively, allowed us to determine the biological functions of SPARC in vitro and in vivo. We also evaluated the levels of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (p-ERK1/2) and matrix metalloproteinases 2/9 (MMP2/9) activation. Results: The association between serum levels of SPARC and the survival at different TNM and Barcelona-Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stages in patients with HCC undergoing TACE were evaluated. We observed a significant upregulation of SPARC in high grade HCC tissues, predicting unfavorable prognosis, and suggesting an important tumor-promoting effect of SPARC. Functional studies indicated that downregulation of SPARC contributed to the inhibition of proliferation and metastasis of HuH-7 cells in vitro, whereas its overexpression led to opposite phenotypes. Mechanistically, decreased expression of SPARC resulted in dephosphorylation of ERK1/2 and deactivation of MMP2/9, thereby inhibiting growth and metastasis of HCC. Importantly, low expression levels of SPARC inhibited the formation of subcutaneous tumors in nude mice. Conclusions: SPARC was found to facilitate proliferation and metastasis of HCC via modulation of the ERK1/2-MMP2/9 signaling pathways. Our research has provided a glimpse on the biological mechanism of SPARC and might contribute to the eventual treatment of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Liu
- Center of Integrative Medicine, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Feng
- Center of Integrative Medicine, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Center of Integrative Medicine, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Center of Integrative Medicine, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Hu
- Center of Integrative Medicine, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxin Li
- Center of Integrative Medicine, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qun Zhang
- Center of Integrative Medicine, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunyi Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chongping Ran
- Center of Integrative Medicine, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Hou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Surgery, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Junfa Li
- Department of Neurobiology and Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xianbo Wang
- Center of Integrative Medicine, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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6
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Chlenski A, Dobratic M, Salwen HR, Applebaum M, Guerrero LJ, Miller R, DeWane G, Solomaha E, Marks JD, Cohn SL. Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) induces lipotoxicity in neuroblastoma by regulating transport of albumin complexed with fatty acids. Oncotarget 2018; 7:77696-77706. [PMID: 27776337 PMCID: PMC5363614 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
SPARC is a matrix protein that mediates interactions between cells and the microenvironment. In cancer, SPARC may either promote or inhibit tumor growth depending upon the tumor type. In neuroblastoma, SPARC is expressed in the stromal Schwannian cells and functions as a tumor suppressor. Here, we developed a novel in vivo model of stroma-rich neuroblastoma using non-tumorigenic SHEP cells with modulated levels of SPARC, mixed with tumorigenic KCNR cells. Tumors with stroma-derived SPARC displayed suppressed growth, inhibited angiogenesis and increased lipid accumulation. Based on the described chaperone function of SPARC, we hypothesized that SPARC binds albumin complexed with fatty acids and transports them to tumors. We show that SPARC binds albumin with Kd=18.9±2.3 uM, and enhances endothelial cell internalization and transendothelial transport of albumin in vitro. We also demonstrate that lipids induce toxicity in neuroblastoma cells and show that lipotoxicity is increased when cells are cultured in hypoxic conditions. Studies investigating the therapeutic potential of SPARC are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marija Dobratic
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Helen R Salwen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mark Applebaum
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lisa J Guerrero
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ryan Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gillian DeWane
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Elena Solomaha
- Biological Sciences Division, Biophysics Core Facility, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jeremy D Marks
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Susan L Cohn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Said N. Roles of SPARC in urothelial carcinogenesis, progression and metastasis. Oncotarget 2018; 7:67574-67585. [PMID: 27564266 PMCID: PMC5341897 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Secreted Protein Acidic and Rich in Cysteine (SPARC) is a matricellular glycoprotein that is implicated in myriad physiological and pathological conditions characterized by extensive remodeling and plasticity. The functions and disease association of SPARC in cancer is being increasingly appreciated as it plays multi-faceted contextual roles depending on the cancer type, cell of origin and the unique cancer milieu at both primary and metastatic sites. Herein we will review our current knowledge of the role of SPARC in the multistep cascades of urinary bladder carcinogenesis, progression and metastasis from preclinical models and clinical data and shine the light on its prognostic and therapeutic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neveen Said
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston Salem, NC, USA
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Follistatin and the Breast Implant Capsule. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2017; 5:e1258. [PMID: 28458972 PMCID: PMC5404443 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000001258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Background: Breast capsular contracture remains an elusive problem faced by plastic surgeons and is the leading long-term complication after breast implantation. Follistatin (Fst) is a protein with known anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic properties and has the potential to limit the severity of diseases associated with inflammation and fibrosis such as capsular contracture. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of Fst288 on capsular fibrosis around silicone implants in a mouse model. Methods: BALB/c mice were implanted subcutaneously with untreated silicone implants (baseline control). In the experimental group, immediately after silicone implant insertion, the implant pocket received either a single injection of 1 µg Fst288 or normal saline (internal control). The animals were killed at 3, 5, 7, 14, 28, and 90 days after surgery, and serum, implants, and the surrounding tissue were removed for histological and immunohistochemical analyses. Results: Fst288 treatment resulted in significant decreases in capsule thickness at 28 days (P < 0.05) and 3 months (P < 0.001), decreased collagen production at 14 days (P < 0.05) and 3 months (P < 0.01), decreased angiogenesis at 3 months (P < 0.001), decreased α-smooth muscle actin levels at 3 months (P < 0.05), and a decrease in the number of CD45+ cells at days 5 (P < 0.05) and 7 (P < 0.01), respectively, when compared with control implants. Conclusions: A single injection of Fst288 at the time of silicone implant insertion into the mice results in a significant reduction in pericapsular inflammation and capsular fibrosis.
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Diwakarla C, Hannan K, Hein N, Yip D. Advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma - Complexities of treatment and emerging therapeutic options. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:2276-2285. [PMID: 28428707 PMCID: PMC5385394 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i13.2276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is a devastating disease with a poor prognosis regardless of stage. To date the mainstay of therapy for advanced disease has been chemotherapy with little incremental improvements in outcome. Despite extensive research investigating new treatment options the current practices continue to utilise fluorouracil or gemcitabine containing combinations. The need for novel therapeutic approaches is mandated by the ongoing poor survival rates associated with this disease. One such approach may include manipulation of ribosome biogenesis and the nucleolar stress response, which has recently been applied to haematological malignancies such as lymphoma and prostate cancer with promising results. This review will focus on the current therapeutic options for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and the complexities associated with developing novel treatments, with a particular emphasis on the role of the nucleolus as a treatment strategy.
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10
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Wong SLI, Sukkar MB. The SPARC protein: an overview of its role in lung cancer and pulmonary fibrosis and its potential role in chronic airways disease. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 174:3-14. [PMID: 27759879 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The SPARC (secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine) protein is matricellular molecule regulating interactions between cells and their surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM). This protein thus governs fundamental cellular functions such as cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation. SPARC also regulates the expression and activity of numerous growth factors and matrix metalloproteinases essential for ECM degradation and turnover. Studies in SPARC-null mice have revealed a critical role for SPARC in tissue development, injury and repair and in the regulation of the immune response. In the lung, SPARC drives pathological responses in non-small cell lung cancer and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis by promoting microvascular remodelling and excessive deposition of ECM proteins. Remarkably, although chronic airway conditions such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) involve significant remodelling in both the airway and vascular compartments, the role of SPARC in these conditions has thus far been overlooked. In this review, we discuss the role of SPARC in lung cancer and pulmonary fibrosis, as well as potential mechanisms by which it may contribute to the disease process in asthma and COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon L I Wong
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Maria B Sukkar
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
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11
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SPARC (secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine) of the intestinal nematode Strongyloides ratti is involved in mucosa-associated parasite-host interaction. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2016; 207:75-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Theocharis AD, Skandalis SS, Gialeli C, Karamanos NK. Extracellular matrix structure. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 97:4-27. [PMID: 26562801 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1342] [Impact Index Per Article: 167.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) is a non-cellular three-dimensional macromolecular network composed of collagens, proteoglycans/glycosaminoglycans, elastin, fibronectin, laminins, and several other glycoproteins. Matrix components bind each other as well as cell adhesion receptors forming a complex network into which cells reside in all tissues and organs. Cell surface receptors transduce signals into cells from ECM, which regulate diverse cellular functions, such as survival, growth, migration, and differentiation, and are vital for maintaining normal homeostasis. ECM is a highly dynamic structural network that continuously undergoes remodeling mediated by several matrix-degrading enzymes during normal and pathological conditions. Deregulation of ECM composition and structure is associated with the development and progression of several pathologic conditions. This article emphasizes in the complex ECM structure as to provide a better understanding of its dynamic structural and functional multipotency. Where relevant, the implication of the various families of ECM macromolecules in health and disease is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achilleas D Theocharis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
| | - Spyros S Skandalis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
| | - Chrysostomi Gialeli
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece; Division of Medical Protein Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine Malmö, Lund University, S-20502 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Nikos K Karamanos
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece.
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Borriello L, Seeger RC, Asgharzadeh S, DeClerck YA. More than the genes, the tumor microenvironment in neuroblastoma. Cancer Lett 2015; 380:304-14. [PMID: 26597947 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is the second most common solid tumor in children. Since the seminal discovery of the role of amplification of the MYCN oncogene in the pathogenesis of neuroblastoma in the 1980s, much focus has been on the contribution of genetic alterations in the progression of this cancer. However it is now clear that not only genetic events play a role but that the tumor microenvironment (TME) substantially contributes to the biology of neuroblastoma. In this article, we present a comprehensive review of the literature on the contribution of the TME to the ten hallmarks of cancer in neuroblastoma and discuss the mechanisms of communication between neuroblastoma cells and the TME that underlie the influence of the TME on neuroblastoma progression. We end our review by discussing how the knowledge acquired over the last two decades in this field is now leading to new clinical trials targeting the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Borriello
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Robert C Seeger
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Shahab Asgharzadeh
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Yves A DeClerck
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Sun YW, Li FG, Chen J, Jiang XY, Zou SM. Two follistatin-like 1 homologs are differentially expressed in adult tissues and during embryogenesis in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 223:1-8. [PMID: 26439673 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Follistatin-like 1 (Fstl1) peptides play important roles in inhibiting myoblast proliferation and differentiation. Here, we characterized and examined the expression patterns of fstl1a and -b in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). These genes encode 314 aa and 310 aa peptides, respectively, sharing a sequence identity of 83%. Except for the existence of the follistatin-N-terminal (FOLN) and Kazal-type 2 serine protease inhibitor (Kazal 2) domains, grass carp Fstl1a and -b do not share amino acid sequence similarity with Fst1 and -b. Both fstl1a and -b mRNAs were widely expressed in adult tissues. During embryogenesis, grass carp fstl1a and -b mRNA was detected in the presomitic mesoderm and somites at 12h post fertilization (hpf). At 24hpf, fstl1a mRNA was expressed in the hindbrain, somites, notochord and tailbud, while fstl1b mRNA was only detected in the tailbud. At 36hpf, fstl1a mRNA was detected in the hindbrain and notochord, and fstl1b was also expressed in the notochord. Furthermore, fstl1a and -b were downregulated in brain and liver tissue following injection with 10 or 50μg hGH, while fstl1b was significantly up-regulated in muscle tissue after 10μg hGH treatment. Both fstl1a and -b were significantly up-regulated at 2, 4 or 6days of nutrient restriction, and fstl1a was still highly expressed in the liver and muscle after 3days of refeeding, as was fstl1b in the brain and muscle. The expression of these genes returned to near control levels following 6days of refeeding. Our findings suggest that the two fstls play important but divergent roles in embryonic development and tissue growth regulation in grass carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wen Sun
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Fu-Gui Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Xia-Yun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Shu-Ming Zou
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai 201306, China.
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15
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Neuzillet C, Tijeras-Raballand A, Cros J, Faivre S, Hammel P, Raymond E. Stromal expression of SPARC in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2014; 32:585-602. [PMID: 23690170 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-013-9439-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) stands as the poorest prognostic tumor of the digestive tract, with a 5-year survival rate of less than 5%. Therapeutic options for unresectable PDAC are extremely limited and there is a pressing need for expanded therapeutic approaches to improve current options available with gemcitabine-based regimens. With PDAC displaying one of the most prominent desmoplastic stromal reactions of all carcinomas, recent research has focused on the microenvironment surrounding PDAC cells. Secreted protein acid and rich in cysteine (SPARC), which is overexpressed in PDAC, may display tumor suppressor functions in several cancers (e.g., in colorectal, ovarian, prostate cancers, and acute myelogenous leukemia) but also appears to be overexpressed in other tumor types (e.g., breast cancer, melanoma, and glioblastoma). The apparent contradictory functions of SPARC may yield inhibition of angiogenesis via inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor, while promoting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and invasion through matrix metalloprotease expression. This feature is of particular interest in PDAC where SPARC overexpression in the stroma stands along with inhibition of angiogenesis and promotion of cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Several therapeutic strategies to deplete stromal tissue have been developed. In this review, we focused on key preclinical and clinical data describing the role of SPARC in PDAC biology, the properties, and mechanisms of delivery of drugs that interact with SPARC and discuss the proof-of-concept clinical trials using nab-paclitaxel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Neuzillet
- Department of Medical Oncology (INSERM U728-PRES Paris 7 Diderot), Beaujon University Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 100 boulevard du Général Leclerc, 92110, Clichy-La-Garenne, France
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16
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Ribeiro N, Sousa SR, Brekken RA, Monteiro FJ. Role of SPARC in bone remodeling and cancer-related bone metastasis. J Cell Biochem 2014; 115:17-26. [PMID: 24038053 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing socioeconomic recognition that clinical bone diseases such as bone infections, bone tumors and osteoporotic bone loss mainly associated with ageing, are major issues in today's society. SPARC (secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine), a matricellular glycoprotein, may be a promising therapeutic target for preventing or treating bone-related diseases. In fact, SPARC is associated with tissue remodeling, repair, development, cell turnover, bone mineralization and may also participate in growth and progression of tumors, namely cancer-related bone metastasis. Yet, the function of SPARC in such biological processes is poorly understood and controversial. The main objective of this work is to review the current knowledge related to the activity of SPARC in bone remodeling, tumorigenesis, and bone metastasis. Progress in understanding SPARC biology may provide novel strategies for bone regeneration and the development of anti-angiogenic, anti-proliferative, or counter-adhesive treatments specifically against bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilza Ribeiro
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 823, 4150-180, Porto, Portugal; Departamento de Engenharia Metalúrgica e de Materiais, Faculdade de Engenharia (FEUP), Universidade do Porto, Rua Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
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17
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Janicka-Klos A, Czapor-Irzabek H, Czyznikowska Z, Cebrat M, Brasun J. The binding of Cu(II) by the peptide with β -Asp located in non-coordinating site – Solution and structural studies. Inorganica Chim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2014.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Murphy-Ullrich JE, Sage EH. Revisiting the matricellular concept. Matrix Biol 2014; 37:1-14. [PMID: 25064829 PMCID: PMC4379989 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The concept of a matricellular protein was first proposed by Paul Bornstein in the mid-1990s to account for the non-lethal phenotypes of mice with inactivated genes encoding thrombospondin-1, tenascin-C, or SPARC. It was also recognized that these extracellular matrix proteins were primarily counter or de-adhesive. This review reappraises the matricellular concept after nearly two decades of continuous investigation. The expanded matricellular family as well as the diverse and often unexpected functions, cellular location, and interacting partners/receptors of matricellular proteins are considered. Development of therapeutic strategies that target matricellular proteins are discussed in the context of pathology and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne E Murphy-Ullrich
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0019, United States.
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Nagaraju GP, Dontula R, El-Rayes BF, Lakka SS. Molecular mechanisms underlying the divergent roles of SPARC in human carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:967-73. [PMID: 24675529 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Communication between the cell and its surrounding environment, consisting of proteinaceous (non-living material) and extracellular matrix (ECM), is important for biophysiological and chemical signaling. This signaling results in a range of cellular activities, including cell division, adhesion, differentiation, invasion, migration and angiogenesis. The ECM non-structural secretory glycoprotein called secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), plays a significant role in altering cancer cell activity and the tumor's microenvironment (TME). However, the role of SPARC in cancer research has been the subject of controversy. This review mainly focuses on recent advances in understanding the contradictory nature of SPARC in relation to ECM assembly, cancer cell proliferation, adhesion, migration, apoptosis and tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganji Purnachandra Nagaraju
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA and
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20
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Sepporta MV, Tumminello FM, Flandina C, Crescimanno M, Giammanco M, La Guardia M, di Majo D, Leto G. Follistatin as potential therapeutic target in prostate cancer. Target Oncol 2013; 8:215-23. [PMID: 23456439 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-013-0268-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Follistatin is a single-chain glycosylated protein whose primary function consists in binding and neutralizing some members of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily such as activin and bone morphogenic proteins. Emerging evidence indicates that this molecule may also play a role in the malignant progression of several human tumors including prostate cancer. In particular, recent findings suggest that, in this tumor, follistatin may also contribute to the formation of bone metastasis through multiple mechanisms, some of which are not related to its specific activin or bone morphogenic proteins' inhibitory activity. This review provides insight into the most recent advances in understanding the role of follistatin in the prostate cancer progression and discusses the clinical and therapeutic implications related to these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vittoria Sepporta
- Operative Unit of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Palermo, via Augusto Elia, 3, 90127, Palermo, Italy
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Kakodkar NC, Peddinti RR, Tian Y, Guerrero LJ, Chlenski A, Yang Q, Salwen HR, Maitland ML, Cohn SL. Sorafenib inhibits neuroblastoma cell proliferation and signaling, blocks angiogenesis, and impairs tumor growth. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 59:642-7. [PMID: 22147414 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.24004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND More effective therapy for children with high-risk neuroblastoma is desperately needed. Preclinical studies have shown that neuroblastoma tumor growth can be inhibited by agents that block angiogenesis. We hypothesized that drugs which target both neuroblastoma cells and tumor angiogenesis would have potent anti-tumor activity. In this study we tested the effects of sorafenib, a multi-kinase inhibitor, on neuroblastoma cell proliferation and signaling, and in mice with subcutaneous human neuroblastoma xenografts or orthotopic adrenal tumors. PROCEDURE Mice with subcutaneous neuroblastoma xenografts or orthotopic adrenal tumors were treated with sorafenib, and tumor growth rates were measured. Blood vessel architecture and vascular density were evaluated histologically in treated and control neuroblastoma tumors. The in vitro effects of sorafenib on neuroblastoma proliferation, cell cycle, and signaling were also evaluated. RESULTS Sorafenib inhibited tumor growth in mice with subcutaneous and orthotopic adrenal tumors. Decreased numbers of cycling neuroblastoma cells and tumor blood vessels were seen in treated versus control tumors, and the blood vessels in the treated tumors had more normal architecture. Sorafenib treatment also decreased neuroblastoma cell proliferation, attenuated ERK signaling, and enhanced G(1) /G(0) cell cycle arrest in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that sorafenib inhibits the growth of neuroblastoma tumors by targeting both neuroblastoma cells and tumor blood vessels. Single agent sorafenib should be evaluated in future phase II neuroblastoma studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha C Kakodkar
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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22
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Abstract
Cartilage is one of the very few naturally occurring avascular tissues where lack of angiogenesis is the guiding principle for its structure and function. This has attracted investigators who have sought to understand the biochemical basis for its avascular nature, hypothesising that it could be used in designing therapies for treating cancer and related malignancies in humans through antiangiogenic applications. Cartilage encompasses primarily a specialised extracellular matrix synthesised by chondrocytes that is both complex and unique as a result of the myriad molecules of which it is composed. Of these components, a few such as thrombospondin-1, chondromodulin-1, the type XVIII-derived endostatin, SPARC (secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine) and the type II collagen-derived N-terminal propeptide (PIIBNP) have demonstrated antiangiogenic or antitumour properties in vitro and in vivo preclinical trials that involve several complicated mechanisms that are not completely understood. Thrombospondin-1, endostatin and the shark-cartilage-derived Neovastat preparation have also been investigated in human clinical trials to treat several different kinds of cancers, where, despite the tremendous success seen in preclinical trials, these molecules are yet to show success as anticancer agents. This review summarises the current state-of-the-art antiangiogenic characterisation of these molecules, highlights their most promising aspects and evaluates the future of these molecules in antiangiogenic applications.
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McClung HM, Golembieski WA, Schultz CR, Jankowski M, Schultz LR, Rempel SA. Deletion of the SPARC acidic domain or EGF-like module reduces SPARC-induced migration and signaling through p38 MAPK/HSP27 in glioma. Carcinogenesis 2011; 33:275-84. [PMID: 22114076 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) increases heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) expression and phosphorylation and promotes glioma cell migration through the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/HSP27 signaling pathway. As different regions of the SPARC protein mediate different SPARC functions, elucidating which SPARC domains regulate HSP27 expression, signaling and migration might provide potential therapeutic strategies to target these functions. To investigate the roles of specific domains, we used an SPARC-green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion protein and constructs of SPARC-GFP with deletions of either the acidic domain (ΔAcidic) or the epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like module (ΔEGF). GFP, SPARC-GFP and the two deletion mutants were expressed in U87MG glioma cells. Characterization of the derived stable clones by confocal imaging and western blotting suggests proper folding, processing and secretion of the deletion constructs. Uptake of the constructs by naive cells suggests enhanced internalization of ΔAcidic and reduced internalization of ΔEGF. Wound and transwell migration assays and western blot analysis confirm our previous results and indicate that ΔAcidic reduces SPARC-induced migration and p38 MAPK/HSP27 signaling and ΔEGF decreases SPARC-induced migration and dramatically decreases the expression and phosphorylation of HSP27 but is poorly internalized. Loss of the EGF-like module suppresses the enhanced HSP27 protein stability conferred by SPARC. In conclusion, deletions of the acidic domain and EGF-like module have differential effects on cell surface binding and HSP27 protein stability; however, both regions regulate SPARC-induced migration and signaling through HSP27. Our data link the domains of SPARC with different functions and suggest one or both of the constructs as potential therapeutic agents to inhibit SPARC-induced migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M McClung
- Hermelin Brain Tumor Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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Rahman M, Chan APK, Tang M, Tai IT. A peptide of SPARC interferes with the interaction between caspase8 and Bcl2 to resensitize chemoresistant tumors and enhance their regression in vivo. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26390. [PMID: 22069448 PMCID: PMC3206029 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SPARC, a matricellular protein with tumor suppressor properties in certain human cancers, was initially identified in a genome-wide analysis of differentially expressed genes in chemotherapy resistance. Its exciting new role as a potential chemosensitizer arises from its ability to augment the apoptotic cascade, although the exact mechanisms are unclear. This study further examines the mechanism by which SPARC may be promoting apoptosis and identifies a smaller peptide analogue with greater chemosensitizing and tumor-regressing properties than the native protein. We examined the possibility that the apoptosis-enhancing activity of SPARC could reside within one of its three biological domains (N-terminus (NT), the follistatin-like (FS), or extracellular (EC) domains), and identified the N-terminus as the region with its chemosensitizing properties. These results were not only confirmed by studies utilizing stable cell lines overexpressing the different domains of SPARC, but as well, with a synthetic 51-aa peptide spanning the NT-domain. It revealed that the NT-domain induced a significantly greater reduction in cell viability than SPARC, and that it enhanced the apoptotic cascade via its activation of caspase 8. Moreover, in chemotherapy resistant human colon, breast and pancreatic cancer cells, its chemosensitizing properties also depended on its ability to dissociate Bcl2 from caspase 8. These observations translated to clinically significant findings in that, in-vivo, mouse tumor xenografts overexpressing the NT-domain of SPARC had significantly greater sensitivity to chemotherapy and tumor regression, even when compared to the highly-sensitive SPARC-overexpressing tumors. Our results identified an interplay between the NT-domain, Bcl2 and caspase 8 that helps augment apoptosis and as a consequence, a tumor's response to therapy. This NT-domain of SPARC and its 51-aa peptide are highly efficacious in modulating and enhancing apoptosis, thereby conferring greater chemosensitivity to resistant tumors. Our findings provide additional insight into mechanisms involved in chemotherapy resistance and a potential novel therapeutic that specifically targets this devastating phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahbuba Rahman
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Chlenski A, Guerrero LJ, Salwen HR, Yang Q, Tian Y, Morales La Madrid A, Mirzoeva S, Bouyer PG, Xu D, Walker M, Cohn SL. Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine is a matrix scavenger chaperone. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23880. [PMID: 21949685 PMCID: PMC3174944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Secreted Protein Acidic and Rich in Cysteine (SPARC) is one of the major non-structural proteins of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in remodeling tissues. The functional significance of SPARC is emphasized by its origin in the first multicellular organisms and its high degree of evolutionary conservation. Although SPARC has been shown to act as a critical modulator of ECM remodeling with profound effects on tissue physiology and architecture, no plausible molecular mechanism of its action has been proposed. In the present study, we demonstrate that SPARC mediates the disassembly and degradation of ECM networks by functioning as a matricellular chaperone. While it has low affinity to its targets inside the cells where the Ca(2+) concentrations are low, high extracellular concentrations of Ca(2+) activate binding to multiple ECM proteins, including collagens. We demonstrated that in vitro, this leads to the inhibition of collagen I fibrillogenesis and disassembly of pre-formed collagen I fibrils by SPARC at high Ca(2+) concentrations. In cell culture, exogenous SPARC was internalized by the fibroblast cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Pulse-chase assay further revealed that internalized SPARC is quickly released outside the cell, demonstrating that SPARC shuttles between the cell and ECM. Fluorescently labeled collagen I, fibronectin, vitronectin, and laminin were co-internalized with SPARC by fibroblasts, and semi-quantitative Western blot showed that SPARC mediates internalization of collagen I. Using a novel 3-dimensional model of fluorescent ECM networks pre-deposited by live fibroblasts, we demonstrated that degradation of ECM depends on the chaperone activity of SPARC. These results indicate that SPARC may represent a new class of scavenger chaperones, which mediate ECM degradation, remodeling and repair by disassembling ECM networks and shuttling ECM proteins into the cell. Further understanding of this mechanism may provide insight into the pathogenesis of matrix-associated disorders and lead to the novel treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Chlenski
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.
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26
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Serum follistatin in patients with prostate cancer metastatic to the bone. Clin Exp Metastasis 2010; 27:549-55. [PMID: 20623366 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-010-9344-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The clinical significance of circulating follistatin (FLST), an inhibitor of the multifunctional cytokine activin A (Act A), was investigated in patients with prostate cancer (PCa). The serum concentrations of this molecule were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in PCa patients with (M+) or without (M0) bone metastases, in patients with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and in healthy subjects (HS). The effectiveness of FLST in detecting PCa patients with skeletal metastases was determined by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Serum FLST was significantly higher in PCa patients than in BPH patients (P = 0.001) or HS (P = 0.011). Conversely, in BPH patients, FLST levels resulted lower than in HS (P = 0.025). In cancer patients the serum concentrations of FLST significantly correlated with the presence of bone metastases (P = 0.0005) or increased PSA levels (P = 0.04). Interestingly, significant differences in the ratio between FLST and Act A serum concentrations (FLST/Act A) were observed between HS and BPH patients (P = 0.001) or PCa patients (P = 0.0005). Finally, ROC curve analysis, highlighted a sound diagnostic performance of FLST in detecting M+ patients (P = 0.0001). However, the diagnostic effectiveness of FLST did not result significantly superior to that of Act A or PSA. These findings suggest that FLST may be regarded as a potential, molecular target in the treatment of metastatic bone disease while its clinical role as soluble marker in the clinical management of PCa patients with bone metastases needs to be better defined.
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Chlenski A, Guerrero LJ, Peddinti R, Spitz JA, Leonhardt PT, Yang Q, Tian Y, Salwen HR, Cohn SL. Anti-angiogenic SPARC peptides inhibit progression of neuroblastoma tumors. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:138. [PMID: 20525313 PMCID: PMC2895596 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background New, more effective strategies are needed to treat highly aggressive neuroblastoma. Our laboratory has previously shown that full-length Secreted Protein Acidic and Rich in Cysteine (SPARC) and a SPARC peptide corresponding to the follistatin domain of the protein (FS-E) potently block angiogenesis and inhibit the growth of neuroblastoma tumors in preclinical models. Peptide FS-E is structurally complex and difficult to produce, limiting its potential as a therapeutic in the clinic. Results In this study, we synthesized two smaller and structurally more simple SPARC peptides, FSEN and FSEC, that respectively correspond to the N-and C-terminal loops of peptide FS-E. We show that both peptides FSEN and FSEC have anti-angiogenic activity in vitro and in vivo, although FSEC is more potent. Peptide FSEC also significantly inhibited the growth of neuroblastoma xenografts. Histologic examination demonstrated characteristic features of tumor angiogenesis with structurally abnormal, tortuous blood vessels in control neuroblastoma xenografts. In contrast, the blood vessels observed in tumors, treated with SPARC peptides, were thin walled and structurally more normal. Using a novel method to quantitatively assess blood vessel abnormality we demonstrated that both SPARC peptides induced changes in blood vessel architecture that are consistent with blood vessel normalization. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that SPARC peptide FSEC has potent anti-angiogenic and anti-tumorigenic effects in neuroblastoma. Its simple structure and ease of production indicate that it may have clinical utility in the treatment of high-risk neuroblastoma and other types of pediatric and adult cancers, which depend on angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Chlenski
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, KCBD Rm. 5100, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Chlenski A, Cohn SL. Modulation of matrix remodeling by SPARC in neoplastic progression. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2009; 21:55-65. [PMID: 19958839 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2009.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 11/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
SPARC is a matricellular glycoprotein that mediates interactions between cells and their microenvironment. It is produced at sites of tissue remodeling, where it regulates matrix deposition and turnover, cell adhesion, and signaling by extracellular factors, exerting profound effects on tissue architecture and cell physiology. During extensive matrix remodeling in neoplastic progression, SPARC is expressed in cancer-associated stroma and in malignant cells of some types, affecting tumor development, invasion, metastases, angiogenesis and inflammation. SPARC-induced changes in the tumor microenvironment can suppress or promote progression of different cancers depending on the tissue and cell type. Understanding the mechanism of matrix remodeling and its regulation by SPARC is essential for the development of new treatment strategies for highly aggressive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Chlenski
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States.
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Arnold SA, Brekken RA. SPARC: a matricellular regulator of tumorigenesis. J Cell Commun Signal 2009; 3:255-73. [PMID: 19809893 PMCID: PMC2778590 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-009-0072-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although many clinical studies have found a correlation of SPARC expression with malignant progression and patient survival, the mechanisms for SPARC function in tumorigenesis and metastasis remain elusive. The activity of SPARC is context- and cell-type-dependent, which is highlighted by the fact that SPARC has shown seemingly contradictory effects on tumor progression in both clinical correlative studies and in animal models. The capacity of SPARC to dictate tumorigenic phenotype has been attributed to its effects on the bioavailability and signaling of integrins and growth factors/chemokines. These molecular pathways contribute to many physiological events affecting malignant progression, including extracellular matrix remodeling, angiogenesis, immune modulation and metastasis. Given that SPARC is credited with such varied activities, this review presents a comprehensive account of the divergent effects of SPARC in human cancers and mouse models, as well as a description of the potential mechanisms by which SPARC mediates these effects. We aim to provide insight into how a matricellular protein such as SPARC might generate paradoxical, yet relevant, tumor outcomes in order to unify an apparently incongruent collection of scientific literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanna A Arnold
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, Division of Surgical Oncology and Departments of Surgery and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-8593 USA
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Podhajcer OL, Benedetti LG, Girotti MR, Prada F, Salvatierra E, Llera AS. The role of the matricellular protein SPARC in the dynamic interaction between the tumor and the host. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2008; 27:691-705. [PMID: 18542844 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-008-9146-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumor growth is essentially the result of an evolving cross-talk between malignant and surrounding stromal cells (fibroblasts, endothelial cells and inflammatory cells). This heterogeneous mass of extracellular matrix and intermingled cells interact through cell-cell and cell-matrix contacts. Malignant cells also secrete soluble proteins that reach neighbor stromal cells, forcing them to provide the soil on which they will grow and metastasize. Different studies including expression array analysis identified the matricellular protein SPARC as a marker of poor prognosis in different cancer types. Further evidence demonstrated that high SPARC levels are often associated with the most aggressive and highly metastatic tumors. Here we describe the most recent evidence that links SPARC with human cancer progression, the controversy regarding its role in certain human cancers and the physiological processes in which SPARC is involved: epithelial-mesenchymal transition, immune surveillance and angiogenesis. Its relevance as a potential target in cancer therapy is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osvaldo L Podhajcer
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Fundacion Instituto Leloir, University of Buenos Aires, National Council for Scientific and Technological Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Orimoto AM, Dumaresq-Doiron K, Jiang JY, Tanphaichitr N, Tsang BK, Carmona E. Mammalian hyaluronidase induces ovarian granulosa cell apoptosis and is involved in follicular atresia. Endocrinology 2008; 149:5835-47. [PMID: 18653706 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
During ovarian folliculogenesis, the vast majority of follicles will undergo atresia by apoptosis, allowing a few dominant follicles to mature. Mammalian hyaluronidases comprise a family of six to seven enzymes sharing the same catalytic domain responsible for hyaluronan hydrolysis. Interestingly, some of these enzymes have been shown to induce apoptosis. In the ovary, expression of three hyaluronidases (Hyal-1, Hyal-2, and Hyal-3) has been documented. However, their precise cellular localization and role in ovarian regulation have not yet been defined. We herein investigated the possible involvement of these enzymes in ovarian atresia. First, we established a mouse model for ovarian atresia (gonadotropin withdrawal by anti-equine chorionic gonadotropin treatment) and showed that the mRNA levels of Hyal-1, Hyal-2, and Hyal-3 were significantly increased in apoptotic granulosa cells as well as in atretic follicles. Second, using ovaries of normally cycling mice, we demonstrated the correlation of Hyal-1 mRNA and protein expression with cleavage of caspase-3. In addition, we showed that expression of all three hyaluronidases induced apoptosis in transfected granulosa cells. Significantly, the induction of apoptosis by hyaluronidases was independent of catalytic activity, because enzymatically inactive Hyal-1 mutant (D157A/E159A) was as efficient as the wild-type enzyme in apoptosis induction. The activation of the extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway was involved in this induction, because increased levels of cleaved caspase-8, caspase-3, and poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) were observed upon hyaluronidase ectopic expression. Our present findings provide a better understanding of the role of hyaluronidases in ovarian functions, showing for the first time their involvement in follicular atresia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana M Orimoto
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H1T 2M4
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32
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SPARC in cancer biology: its role in cancer progression and potential for therapy. Drug Resist Updat 2008; 11:231-46. [PMID: 18849185 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2008.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Revised: 08/25/2008] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability to effectively target a tumor to achieve complete regression and cure is the ultimate goal that drives our need to better understand tumor biology. Recently, SPARC has generated considerable interest as a multi-faceted protein that belongs to a family of matricellular proteins. It functions not only to modulate cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, but its de-adhesive and growth inhibitory properties in non-transformed cells have led to studies to assess its role in cancer. Its divergent actions reflect the complexity of this protein, because in certain types of cancers, such as melanomas and gliomas, SPARC is associated with a highly aggressive tumor phenotype, while in others, mainly ovarian, neuroblastomas and colorectal cancers, SPARC may function as a tumor suppressor. Recent studies have also demonstrated a role for SPARC in sensitizing therapy-resistant cancers. Here, the role of SPARC in cancer progression and its potential application in cancer therapy is discussed.
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Podhajcer OL, Benedetti L, Girotti MR, Prada F, Salvatierra E, Llera AS. The role of the matricellular protein SPARC in the dynamic interaction between the tumor and the host. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2008; 27:523-37. [PMID: 18459035 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-008-9135-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Tumor growth is essentially the result of an evolving cross-talk between malignant and surrounding stromal cells (fibroblasts, endothelial cells and inflammatory cells). This heterogeneous mass of extracellular matrix and intermingled cells interact through cell-cell and cell-matrix contacts. Malignant cells also secrete soluble proteins that reach neighbor stromal cells, forcing them to provide the soil on which they will grow and metastasize. Different studies including expression array analysis identified the matricellular protein SPARC as a marker of poor prognosis in different cancer types. Further evidence demonstrated that high SPARC levels are often associated with the most aggressive and highly metastatic tumors. Here we describe the most recent evidence that links SPARC with human cancer progression, the controversy regarding its role in certain human cancers and the physiological processes in which SPARC is involved: epithelial-mesenchymal transition, immune surveillance and angiogenesis. Its relevance as a potential target in cancer therapy is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osvaldo L Podhajcer
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Fundacion Instituto Leloir, University of Buenos Aires, National Council for Scientific and Technological Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Clark CJ, Sage EH. A prototypic matricellular protein in the tumor microenvironment--where there's SPARC, there's fire. J Cell Biochem 2008; 104:721-32. [PMID: 18253934 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Within the tumor microenvironment is a dynamic exchange between cancer cells and their surrounding stroma. This complex biologic system requires carefully designed models to understand the role of its stromal components in carcinogenesis, tumor progression, invasion, and metastasis. Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) is a prototypic matricellular protein at the center of this exchange. Two decades of basic science research combined with recent whole genome analyses indicate that SPARC is an important player in vertebrate evolution, normal development, and maintenance of normal tissue homeostasis. Therefore, SPARC might also play an important role in the tumor microenvironment. Clinical evidence indicates that SPARC expression correlates with tumor progression, but tightly controlled animal models have shown that the role of SPARC in tumor progression is dependent on tissue and tumor cell type. In this Prospectus, we review the current understanding of SPARC in the tumor microenvironment and discuss current and future investigations of SPARC and tumor-stromal interactions that require careful consideration of growth factors, cytokines, proteinases, and angiotropic factors that might influence SPARC activity and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clancy J Clark
- Department of General Surgery, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
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35
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Said N, Socha MJ, Olearczyk JJ, Elmarakby AA, Imig JD, Motamed K. Normalization of the ovarian cancer microenvironment by SPARC. Mol Cancer Res 2007; 5:1015-30. [PMID: 17951402 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-07-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Malignant ascites is a major source of morbidity and mortality in ovarian cancer patients. It functions as a permissive reactive tumor-host microenvironment and provides sustenance for the floating tumor cells through a plethora of survival/metastasis-associated molecules. Using a syngeneic, immunocompetent model of peritoneal ovarian carcinomatosis in SP(-/-) mice, we investigated the molecular mechanisms implicated in the interplay between host secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) and ascitic fluid prosurvival/prometastasis factors that result in the significantly augmented levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP). Ascitic fluid-enhanced ID8 invasiveness was mediated through VEGF via a positive feedback loop with MMP-2 and MMP-9 and through activation of alpha(v) and beta(1) integrins. Host SPARC down-regulated the VEGF-MMP axis at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. In vitro, SPARC attenuated the basal as well as VEGF-induced integrin activation in tumor cells. SPARC inhibited the VEGF- and integrin-mediated ID8 proliferation in vitro and significantly suppressed their tumorigenicity in vivo. Relative to SP(+/+), SP(-/-) ascitic fluid contained significantly higher levels of bioactive lipids and exerted stronger chemotactic, proinvasive, and mitogenic effects on ID8 cells in vitro. SP(-/-) ascites also contained high levels of interleukin-6, macrophage chemoattractant protein-1, and 8-isoprostane (prostaglandin F(2)alpha) that were positively correlated with extensive infiltration of SP(-/-) ovarian tumors and ascites with macrophages. In summary, our findings strongly suggest that host SPARC normalizes the microenvironment of ovarian cancer malignant ascites through down-regulation of the VEGF-integrin-MMP axis, decreases the levels and activity of bioactive lipids, and ameliorates downstream inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neveen Said
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgea 30912, USA
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36
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Haber CL, Gottifredi V, Llera AS, Salvatierra E, Prada F, Alonso L, E. Helene S, Podhajcer OL. SPARC modulates the proliferation of stromal but not melanoma cells unless endogenous SPARC expression is downregulated. Int J Cancer 2007; 122:1465-75. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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37
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Karagiannis ED, Popel AS. Peptides derived from type I thrombospondin repeat-containing proteins of the CCN family inhibit proliferation and migration of endothelial cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2007; 39:2314-23. [PMID: 17707681 PMCID: PMC2886297 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2007.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2007] [Revised: 05/11/2007] [Accepted: 06/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis, or neovascularization, is tightly orchestrated by endogenous regulators that promote or inhibit the process. The fine-tuning of these pro- and anti-angiogenic elements (the angiogenic balance) helps establish the homeostasis in tissues, and any aberration leads to pathologic conditions. The type I thrombospondin repeats are a family of protein structural elements involved in the control of angiogenesis, and some proteins containing these repeats have been identified as negative regulators of angiogenesis. Here we identify a set of 11 novel, anti-angiogenic 18-20-amino acid peptides that are derived from proteins that belong to the CCN protein family and contain type I thrombospondin motifs. We have named these peptides spondinstatin-1, cyrostatin, connectostatin, nephroblastostatin, wispostatin-2, wispostatin-3, netrinstatin-5C, netrinstatin-5D, adamtsostatin-like-4, fibulostatin-6.1, and complestatin-C6 to reflect their origin. We have shown that these peptides inhibit proliferation and migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells in vitro. By conducting a clustering analysis of the amino acid sequences using sequence similarity criteria and of the experimental results using a hierarchical clustering algorithm, we have demonstrated that there is an underlying correlation between the sequence and activity of the identified peptides. This combination of experimental and computational approaches introduces a novel systematic framework for studying peptide activity, identifying novel peptides with anti-angiogenic activity, and designing mimetic peptides with tailored properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil D Karagiannis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Karagiannis ED, Popel AS. Anti-angiogenic peptides identified in thrombospondin type I domains. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 359:63-9. [PMID: 17531201 PMCID: PMC1945092 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2007] [Accepted: 05/08/2007] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Thrombospondin 1, the prototypical protein of the thrombospondin protein family, is a potent endogenous inhibitor of angiogenesis. Although the effects of the thrombospondin 1 on neovascularization have been well studied, little is known about the anti-angiogenic potency of other proteins or peptide fragments derived from the proteins in this family. Here we identify a set of 18 novel, anti-angiogenic 17- to 20-amino acid peptides that are derived from proteins containing type I thrombospondin motifs. We have named these peptides adamtsostatin-4, adamtsostatin-16, adamtsostatin-18, cartilostatin-1, cartilostatin-2, fibulostatin-6.2, fibulostatin-6.3, papilostatin-1, papilostatin-2, properdistatin, scospondistatin, semastatin-5A.1, semastatin-5A.2, semastatin-5B, thrombostatin containing-1, thrombostatin contaning-3, thrombostatin contaning-6, and wispostatin-1 to reflect their origin. We further demonstrate that these peptides inhibit the proliferation and migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells in vitro. The anti-proliferative and anti-migratory properties of the identified peptides may be important in maintaining angiogenic homeostasis in vivo and make these peptides suitable candidates for use as anti-angiogenic pharmaceutical agents in numerous therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil D Karagiannis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 613 Traylor Building, 720 Rultland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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39
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Rempel SA, Hawley RC, Gutiérrez JA, Mouzon E, Bobbitt KR, Lemke N, Schultz CR, Schultz LR, Golembieski W, Koblinski J, VanOsdol S, Miller CG. Splenic and immune alterations of the Sparc-null mouse accompany a lack of immune response. Genes Immun 2007; 8:262-74. [PMID: 17344888 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Sparc-null mice have been used as models to assess tumor-host immune cell interactions. However, it is not known if they have a competent immune system. In this study, the immune systems of Sparc wild-type and null mice were compared. Mice were assessed for differences in total body weight, spleen weight and spleen-to-body weight ratios. Spleens were compared with respect to morphology, and Sparc, Ki-67, MOMA-1 and IgM expression. Immune cells in blood, bone marrow and spleen were assessed by blood smears, automated blood panel, and flow cytometry. Additionally, the ability of Sparc-null mice to respond to immune challenge was evaluated using a footpad model. The morphological and immunohistochemical results indicated that Sparc-null spleens had more white pulp, hyperproliferative B cells in the germinal centers, and decreased marginal zones. Sparc-null spleens lacked normal Sparc expression in red and white pulp, marginal zones, endothelial and sinusoidal cells. By flow analysis, B cells were decreased and T cells were increased in the bone marrow. Finally, Sparc-null mice were unable to mount an immune response following footpad lipopolysaccharide challenge. These data confirm that Sparc-null mice have an impaired immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Rempel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Barbara Jane Levy Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Hermelin Brain Tumor Center, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA.
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Rocnik EF, Liu P, Sato K, Walsh K, Vaziri C. The Novel SPARC Family Member SMOC-2 Potentiates Angiogenic Growth Factor Activity. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:22855-64. [PMID: 16774925 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m513463200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
SMOC-2 is a novel member of the SPARC family of matricellular proteins. The purpose of this study was to determine whether SMOC-2 can modulate angiogenic growth factor activity and angiogenesis. SMOC-2 was localized in the extracellular periphery of cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Ectopically expressed SMOC-2 was also secreted into the tissue culture medium. In microarray profiling experiments, a recombinant SMOC-2 adenovirus induced the expression of transcripts required for cell cycle progression in HUVECs. Consistent with a growth-stimulatory role for SMOC-2, its overexpression stimulated DNA synthesis in a dose-dependent manner. Overexpressed SMOC-2 also synergized with vascular endothelial growth factor or with basic fibroblast growth factor to stimulate DNA synthesis. Ectopically expressed SMOC-2 stimulated formation of network-like structures as determined by in vitro matrigel angiogenesis assays. Fetal calf serum enhanced the stimulatory effect of overexpressed SMOC-2 in this assay. Conversely, small interference RNA directed toward SMOC-2 inhibited network formation and proliferation. The angiogenic activity of SMOC-2 was also examined in experimental mice by subdermal implantation of Matrigel plugs containing SMOC-2 adenovirus. SMOC-2 adenovirus induced a 3-fold increase in the number of cells invading Matrigel plugs when compared with a control adenoviral vector. Basic fibroblast growth factor and SMOC-2 elicited a synergistic effect on cell invasion. Taken together, our results demonstrate that SMOC-2 is a novel angiogenic factor that potentiates angiogenic effects of growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward F Rocnik
- Molecular Cardiology, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute and Department of Genetics and Genomics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA.
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Hooi CF, Blancher C, Qiu W, Revet IM, Williams LH, Ciavarella ML, Anderson RL, Thompson EW, Connor A, Phillips WA, Campbell IG. ST7-mediated suppression of tumorigenicity of prostate cancer cells is characterized by remodeling of the extracellular matrix. Oncogene 2006; 25:3924-33. [PMID: 16474848 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Multiple lines of evidence have provided compelling evidence for the existence of a tumor suppressor gene (TSG) on chromosome 7q31.1. ST7 may be the target of this genetic instability but its designation as a TSG is controversial. In this study, we show that, functionally, ST7 behaves as a tumor suppressor in human cancer. ST7 suppressed growth of PC-3 prostate cancer cells inoculated subcutaneously into severe combined immunodeficient mice, and increased the latency of tumor detection from 13 days in control tumors to 23 days. Re-expression of ST7 was also associated with suppression of colony formation under anchorage-independent conditions in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and ST7 mRNA expression was downregulated in 44% of primary breast cancers. Expression profiling of PC-3 cells revealed that ST7 predominantly induces changes in genes involved in re-modeling the extracellular matrix such as SPARC, IGFBP5 and several matrix metalloproteinases. These data indicate that ST7 may mediate tumor suppression through modification of the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cs-F Hooi
- VBCRC Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Chlenski A, Liu S, Guerrero LJ, Yang Q, Tian Y, Salwen HR, Zage P, Cohn SL. SPARC expression is associated with impaired tumor growth, inhibited angiogenesis and changes in the extracellular matrix. Int J Cancer 2006; 118:310-6. [PMID: 16052522 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), is a multifunctional matricellular glycoprotein. In vitro, SPARC has antiangiogenic properties, including the ability to inhibit the proliferation and migration of endothelial cells stimulated by bFGF and VEGF. Previously, we demonstrated that platelet-derived SPARC also inhibits angiogenesis and impairs the growth of neuroblastoma tumors in vivo. In the present study, we produced rhSPARC in the transformed human embryonic kidney cell line 293 and show that the recombinant molecule retains its ability to inhibit angiogenesis. Although 293 cell proliferation was not affected by exogenous expression of SPARC in vitro, growth of tumors formed by SPARC-transfected 293 cells was significantly impaired compared to tumors comprised of wild-type cells or 293 cells transfected with a control vector. Consistent with its function as an angiogenesis inhibitor, significantly fewer blood vessels were seen in SPARC-transfected 293 tumors compared to controls, and these tumors contained increased numbers of apoptotic cells. Light microscopy revealed small nests of tumor cells surrounded by abundant stromal tissue in xenografts with SPARC expression, whereas control tumors were comprised largely of neoplastic cells with scant stroma. Mature, covalently cross-linked collagen was detected in SPARC-transfected 293 xenografts but not in control tumors. Our studies suggest that SPARC may regulate tumor growth by inhibiting angiogenesis, inducing tumor cell apoptosis and mediating changes in the deposition and organization of the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Chlenski
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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Jodele S, Chantrain CF, Blavier L, Lutzko C, Crooks GM, Shimada H, Coussens LM, Declerck YA. The contribution of bone marrow-derived cells to the tumor vasculature in neuroblastoma is matrix metalloproteinase-9 dependent. Cancer Res 2005; 65:3200-8. [PMID: 15833851 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-3770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of the tumor stroma to cancer progression has been increasingly recognized. We had previously shown that in human neuroblastoma tumors orthotopically implanted in immunodeficient mice, stromal-derived matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) contributes to the formation of a mature vasculature by promoting pericyte recruitment along endothelial cells. Here we show that MMP-9 is predominantly expressed by bone marrow-derived CD45-positive leukocytes. Using a series of bone marrow transplantation experiments in MMP-9(+/+) and MMP-9(-/-) mice xenotransplanted with human neuroblastoma tumors, we show that bone marrow-derived MMP-9 is critical for the recruitment of leukocytes from bone marrow into the tumor stroma and for the integration of bone marrow-derived endothelial cells into the tumor vasculature. Expression of MMP-9 by bone marrow-derived cells in the tumor stroma is also critical for the formation of a mature vasculature and coverage of endothelial cells with pericytes. Furthermore, in primary human neuroblastoma tumor specimens of unfavorable histology, we observed a higher level of tumor infiltration with MMP-9 expressing phagocytic cells and a higher degree of coverage of endothelial cells by pericytes when compared with tumor specimens with a favorable histology. Taken together, the data show that in neuroblastoma, MMP-9 plays a critical role in the recruitment of bone marrow-derived cells to the tumor microenvironment where they positively contribute to angiogenesis and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonata Jodele
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Southern California and The Saban Research Institute of Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
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