1
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Li Y, Li J, Guo E, Huang J, Fang G, Chen S, Yang B, Fu Y, Li F, Wang Z, Xiao R, Liu C, Huang Y, Wu X, Lu F, You L, Feng L, Xi L, Wu P, Ma D, Sun C, Wang B, Chen G. Integrating pathology, chromosomal instability and mutations for risk stratification in early-stage endometrioid endometrial carcinoma. Cell Biosci 2020; 10:122. [PMID: 33110489 PMCID: PMC7583263 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-020-00486-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Risk stratifications for endometrial carcinoma (EC) depend on histopathology and molecular pathology. Histopathological risk stratification lacks reproducibility, neglects heterogeneity and contributes little to surgical procedures. Existing molecular stratification is useless in patients with specific pathological or molecular characteristics and cannot guide postoperative adjuvant radiotherapies. Chromosomal instability (CIN), the numerical and structural alterations of chromosomes resulting from ongoing errors of chromosome segregation, is an intrinsic biological mechanism for the evolution of different prognostic factors of histopathology and molecular pathology and may be applicable to the risk stratification of EC. Results By analyzing CIN25 and CIN70, two reliable gene expression signatures for CIN, we found that EC with unfavorable prognostic factors of histopathology or molecular pathology had serious CIN. However, the POLE mutant, as a favorable prognostic factor, had elevated CIN signatures, and the CTNNB1 mutant, as an unfavorable prognostic factor, had decreased CIN signatures. Only if these two mutations were excluded were CIN signatures strongly prognostic for outcomes in different adjuvant radiotherapy subgroups. Integrating pathology, CIN signatures and POLE/CTNNB1 mutation stratified stageIendometrioid EC into four groups with improved risk prognostication and treatment recommendations. Conclusions We revealed the possibility of integrating histopathology and molecular pathology by CIN for risk stratification in early-stage EC. Our integrated risk model deserves further improvement and validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- National Clinical Research Center of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Anv, Wuhan, 430030 Hubei China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- National Clinical Research Center of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ensong Guo
- National Clinical Research Center of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Anv, Wuhan, 430030 Hubei China
| | - Jia Huang
- National Clinical Research Center of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Anv, Wuhan, 430030 Hubei China
| | - Guangguang Fang
- Department of Gynecology,Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Dapeng New District Maternity & Child Health Hospital, Shenzhen, 518038 China
| | - Shaohua Chen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The People's Hospital of Macheng City, Macheng, 438300 China
| | - Bin Yang
- National Clinical Research Center of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Anv, Wuhan, 430030 Hubei China
| | - Yu Fu
- National Clinical Research Center of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Anv, Wuhan, 430030 Hubei China
| | - Fuxia Li
- National Clinical Research Center of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Anv, Wuhan, 430030 Hubei China
| | - Zizhuo Wang
- National Clinical Research Center of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Anv, Wuhan, 430030 Hubei China
| | - Rourou Xiao
- National Clinical Research Center of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Anv, Wuhan, 430030 Hubei China
| | - Chen Liu
- National Clinical Research Center of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Anv, Wuhan, 430030 Hubei China
| | - Yuhan Huang
- National Clinical Research Center of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Anv, Wuhan, 430030 Hubei China
| | - Xue Wu
- National Clinical Research Center of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Anv, Wuhan, 430030 Hubei China
| | - Funian Lu
- National Clinical Research Center of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Anv, Wuhan, 430030 Hubei China
| | - Lixin You
- National Clinical Research Center of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Anv, Wuhan, 430030 Hubei China
| | - Ling Feng
- National Clinical Research Center of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Xi
- National Clinical Research Center of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Anv, Wuhan, 430030 Hubei China
| | - Peng Wu
- National Clinical Research Center of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Anv, Wuhan, 430030 Hubei China
| | - Ding Ma
- National Clinical Research Center of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Anv, Wuhan, 430030 Hubei China
| | - Chaoyang Sun
- National Clinical Research Center of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Anv, Wuhan, 430030 Hubei China
| | - Beibei Wang
- National Clinical Research Center of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Anv, Wuhan, 430030 Hubei China
| | - Gang Chen
- National Clinical Research Center of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Cancer Biology Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Anv, Wuhan, 430030 Hubei China
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2
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Wang F, Yang J, Lin H, Li Q, Ye Z, Lu Q, Chen L, Tu Z, Tian G. Improved Human Age Prediction by Using Gene Expression Profiles From Multiple Tissues. Front Genet 2020; 11:1025. [PMID: 33101366 PMCID: PMC7546819 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.01025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Studying transcriptome chronological change from tissues across the whole body can provide valuable information for understanding aging and longevity. Although there has been research on the effect of single-tissue transcriptomes on human aging or aging in mice across multiple tissues, the study of human body-wide multi-tissue transcriptomes on aging is not yet available. In this study, we propose a quantitative model to predict human age by using gene expression data from 46 tissues generated by the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project. Specifically, the biological age of a person is first predicted via the gene expression profile of a single tissue. Then, we combine the gene expression profiles from two tissues and compare the predictive accuracy between single and two tissues. The best performance as measured by the root-mean-square error is 3.92 years for single tissue (pituitary), which deceased to 3.6 years when we combined two tissues (pituitary and muscle) together. Different tissues have different potential in predicting chronological age. The prediction accuracy is improved by combining multiple tissues, supporting that aging is a systemic process involving multiple tissues across the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fayou Wang
- School of Computer and Data Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Technology, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Life Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jialiang Yang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.,Geneis Beijing Co., Ltd., Beijing, China.,Qingdao Geneis Institute of Big Data Mining and Precision Medicine, Qingdao, China
| | - Huixin Lin
- Geneis Beijing Co., Ltd., Beijing, China.,Qingdao Geneis Institute of Big Data Mining and Precision Medicine, Qingdao, China
| | - Qian Li
- Geneis Beijing Co., Ltd., Beijing, China.,Reproductive Center, Northwest Women and Children's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Zixuan Ye
- Geneis Beijing Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Qingqing Lu
- Geneis Beijing Co., Ltd., Beijing, China.,Qingdao Geneis Institute of Big Data Mining and Precision Medicine, Qingdao, China
| | - Luonan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Life Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhidong Tu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Geng Tian
- Geneis Beijing Co., Ltd., Beijing, China.,Qingdao Geneis Institute of Big Data Mining and Precision Medicine, Qingdao, China
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3
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Hendrickx DM, Glaab E. Comparative transcriptome analysis of Parkinson's disease and Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome reveals shared susceptible cellular network processes. BMC Med Genomics 2020; 13:114. [PMID: 32811487 PMCID: PMC7437934 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-020-00761-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's Disease (PD) and Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS) are two heterogeneous disorders, which both display molecular and clinical alterations associated with the aging process. However, similarities and differences between molecular changes in these two disorders have not yet been investigated systematically at the level of individual biomolecules and shared molecular network alterations. METHODS Here, we perform a comparative meta-analysis and network analysis of human transcriptomics data from case-control studies for both diseases to investigate common susceptibility genes and sub-networks in PD and HGPS. Alzheimer's disease (AD) and primary melanoma (PM) were included as controls to confirm that the identified overlapping susceptibility genes for PD and HGPS are non-generic. RESULTS We find statistically significant, overlapping genes and cellular processes with significant alterations in both diseases. Interestingly, the majority of these shared affected genes display changes with opposite directionality, indicating that shared susceptible cellular processes undergo different mechanistic changes in PD and HGPS. A complementary regulatory network analysis also reveals that the altered genes in PD and HGPS both contain targets controlled by the upstream regulator CDC5L. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our analyses reveal a significant overlap of affected cellular processes and molecular sub-networks in PD and HGPS, including changes in aging-related processes that may reflect key susceptibility factors associated with age-related risk for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M. Hendrickx
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 6, avenue du Swing, Belvaux, L- 4367 Luxembourg
| | - Enrico Glaab
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 6, avenue du Swing, Belvaux, L- 4367 Luxembourg
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4
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Raghuram GV, Chaudhary S, Johari S, Mittra I. Illegitimate and Repeated Genomic Integration of Cell-Free Chromatin in the Aetiology of Somatic Mosaicism, Ageing, Chronic Diseases and Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10060407. [PMID: 31142004 PMCID: PMC6628102 DOI: 10.3390/genes10060407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that an individual is a complex mosaic of genetically divergent cells. Post-zygotic genomes of the same individual can differ from one another in the form of single nucleotide variations, copy number variations, insertions, deletions, inversions, translocations, other structural and chromosomal variations and footprints of transposable elements. High-throughput sequencing has led to increasing detection of mosaicism in healthy individuals which is related to ageing, neuro-degenerative disorders, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. These age-related disorders are also known to be associated with significant increase in DNA damage and inflammation. Herein, we discuss a newly described phenomenon wherein the genome is under constant assault by illegitimate integration of cell-free chromatin (cfCh) particles that are released from the billions of cells that die in the body every day. We propose that such repeated genomic integration of cfCh followed by dsDNA breaks and repair by non-homologous-end-joining as well as physical damage to chromosomes occurring throughout life may lead to somatic/chromosomal mosaicism which would increase with age. We also discuss the recent finding that genomic integration of cfCh and the accompanying DNA damage is associated with marked activation of inflammatory cytokines. Thus, the triple pathologies of somatic mosaicism, DNA/chromosomal damage and inflammation brought about by a common mechanism of genomic integration of cfCh may help to provide an unifying model for the understanding of aetiologies of the inter-related conditions of ageing, degenerative disorders and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gorantla V Raghuram
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi-Mumbai 410210, India.
| | - Shahid Chaudhary
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi-Mumbai 410210, India.
| | - Shweta Johari
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi-Mumbai 410210, India.
| | - Indraneel Mittra
- Translational Research Laboratory, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Tata Memorial Centre, Navi-Mumbai 410210, India.
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5
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Chromosomal instability and pro-inflammatory response in aging. Mech Ageing Dev 2019; 182:111118. [PMID: 31102604 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2019.111118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Aging refers to the progressive deterioration of tissue and organ function over time. Increasing evidence points to the accumulation of highly damaged cell cycle-arrested cells with age (cellular senescence) as major reason for the development of certain aging-associated diseases. Recent studies have independently shown that aneuploidy, an abnormal chromosome set, occurs in senescent cells, and that the accumulation of cytoplasmic DNA driven by faulty chromosome segregation during mitosis aids in the establishment of senescence and its associated secretory phenotype known as SASP. Here we review the emerging link between chromosomal instability (CIN) and senescence in the context of aging, with emphasis on the cGAS-STING pathway activation and its role in the development of the SASP. Based on current evidence, we propose that age-associated CIN in mitotically active cells contributes to aging and its associated diseases, and we discuss the inhibition of CIN as a potential strategy to prevent the generation of aneuploid senescent cells and thereby to delay aging.
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6
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Macedo JC, Vaz S, Bakker B, Ribeiro R, Bakker PL, Escandell JM, Ferreira MG, Medema R, Foijer F, Logarinho E. FoxM1 repression during human aging leads to mitotic decline and aneuploidy-driven full senescence. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2834. [PMID: 30026603 PMCID: PMC6053425 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05258-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aneuploidy, an abnormal chromosome number, has been linked to aging and age-associated diseases, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. Here we show, through direct live-cell imaging of young, middle-aged, and old-aged primary human dermal fibroblasts, that aneuploidy increases with aging due to general dysfunction of the mitotic machinery. Increased chromosome mis-segregation in elderly mitotic cells correlates with an early senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) and repression of Forkhead box M1 (FoxM1), the transcription factor that drives G2/M gene expression. FoxM1 induction in elderly and Hutchison–Gilford progeria syndrome fibroblasts prevents aneuploidy and, importantly, ameliorates cellular aging phenotypes. Moreover, we show that senescent fibroblasts isolated from elderly donors’ cultures are often aneuploid, and that aneuploidy is a key trigger into full senescence phenotypes. Based on this feedback loop between cellular aging and aneuploidy, we propose modulation of mitotic efficiency through FoxM1 as a potential strategy against aging and progeria syndromes. Evidence for mitotic decline in aged cells and for aneuploidy-driven progression into full senescence is limited. Here, the authors find that in aged cells, mitotic gene repression leads to increased chromosome mis-segregation and aneuploidy that triggers permanent cell cycle arrest and full senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Catarina Macedo
- Aging and Aneuploidy Laboratory, IBMC, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Vaz
- Aging and Aneuploidy Laboratory, IBMC, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bjorn Bakker
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Aging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, NL-9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rui Ribeiro
- Aging and Aneuploidy Laboratory, IBMC, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.,i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Petra Lammigje Bakker
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Aging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, NL-9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jose Miguel Escandell
- Telomere and Genome Stability Laboratory, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Miguel Godinho Ferreira
- Telomere and Genome Stability Laboratory, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal.,Telomere Shortening and Cancer Laboratory, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging (IRCAN), UMR7284, U1081, UNS, 06107, Nice, France
| | - René Medema
- Division of Cell Biology and Cancer Genomics Center, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Floris Foijer
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Aging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, NL-9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elsa Logarinho
- Aging and Aneuploidy Laboratory, IBMC, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal. .,i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal. .,Cell Division Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Experimental Biology, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal.
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7
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Mitotic Dysfunction Associated with Aging Hallmarks. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1002:153-188. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-57127-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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8
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Kural KC, Tandon N, Skoblov M, Kel-Margoulis OV, Baranova AV. Pathways of aging: comparative analysis of gene signatures in replicative senescence and stress induced premature senescence. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:1030. [PMID: 28105936 PMCID: PMC5249001 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3352-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In culturing normal diploid cells, senescence may either happen naturally, in the form of replicative senescence, or it may be a consequence of external challenges such as oxidative stress. Here we present a comparative analysis aimed at reconstruction of molecular cascades specific for replicative (RS) and stressinduced senescence (SIPS) in human fibroblasts. Results An involvement of caspase-3/keratin-18 pathway and serine/threonine kinase Aurora A/ MDM2 pathway was shared between RS and SIPS. Moreover, stromelysin/MMP3 and N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase enzyme MGAT1, which initiates the synthesis of hybrid and complex Nglycans, were identified as key orchestrating components in RS and SIPS, respectively. In RS only, Aurora-B driven cell cycle signaling was deregulated in concert with the suppression of anabolic branches of the fatty acids and estrogen metabolism. In SIPS, Aurora-B signaling is deprioritized, and the synthetic branches of cholesterol metabolism are upregulated, rather than downregulated. Moreover, in SIPS, proteasome/ubiquitin ligase pathways of protein degradation dominate the regulatory landscape. This picture indicates that SIPS proceeds in cells that are actively fighting stress which facilitates premature senescence while failing to completely activate the orderly program of RS. The promoters of genes differentially expressed in either RS or SIPS are unusually enriched by the binding sites for homeobox family proteins, with particular emphasis on HMX1, IRX2, HDX and HOXC13. Additionally, we identified Iroquois Homeobox 2 (IRX2) as a master regulator for the secretion of SPP1-encoded osteopontin, a stromal driver for tumor growth that is overexpressed by both RS and SIPS fibroblasts. The latter supports the hypothesis that senescence-specific de-repression of SPP1 aids in SIPS-dependent stromal activation. Conclusions Reanalysis of previously published experimental data is cost-effective approach for extraction of additional insignts into the functioning of biological systems. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3352-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil C Kural
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA
| | | | - Mikhail Skoblov
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, 141700, Russia
| | | | - Ancha V Baranova
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, 20110, USA. .,Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia. .,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, 141700, Russia.
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9
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Does smoking, age or gender affect the protein phenotype of extracellular vesicles in plasma? Transfus Apher Sci 2016; 55:44-52. [PMID: 27470710 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are involved in several diseases, which have formed the basis for the potential use of EV analyses in a clinical setting. The protein phenotype of EVs can provide information on the functionality of the vesicles and may be used for identification of disease-related biomarkers. With this extensive study of 161 healthy individuals it was elucidated that certain markers of plasma EVs are influenced by demographic variations such as gender, age and smoking status. When the purpose is to use EVs as a diagnostic tool, it should be emphasized how important it is to choose the correct demographic group when comparing marker levels of plasma EVs.
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10
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Ha SY, Sohn I, Hwang SH, Yang JW, Park CK. The prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma after curative hepatectomy in young patients. Oncotarget 2016; 6:18664-73. [PMID: 26093092 PMCID: PMC4621918 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Age at diagnosis is a reported prognostic factor in a variety of solid cancers. In hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs), several previous studies focused on patient age, but demonstrated inconclusive results on prognosis of young patients. Clinical outcome may differ according to the balance between tumor's own biologic behavior and underlying liver function thus explaining the inconclusive results in previous studies. In this study, we enrolled 282 patients who underwent curative hepatectomy for primary HCCs and had Child Pugh Class A, representing good liver function. Clinicopathologic features were compared between patients aged ≤40 years (young age group) and those aged >40 years (old age group). Thirty-five patients (12.4%) were classified as the young age group and showed larger tumor size (>5cm), higher Edmondson grade, more frequent intrahepatic metastasis and higher alpha-fetoprotein level (>200ng/mL) than old age group. Young age group showed shorter disease specific survival than the old age group. Symptomatic presentation without surveillance was more frequent in the young age group than old age group (45.7% vs. 23.9%). In gene expression profiling analysis, 69 differentially expressed genes between young and old age groups were generated and these genes were mostly associated with cell cycle or cell division. Mitotic rate was significantly higher in HCCs of young patients than those of old patients. In conclusion, HCCs in young patients have distinct clinicopathologic features. Poor prognosis in the young age group could be explained by late detection as well as their own aggressive tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Yun Ha
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Insuk Sohn
- Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology Center, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Hwang
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Wook Yang
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Cheol-Keun Park
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Ozuemba B, Masilamani TJ, Loiselle JJ, Koenderink B, Vanderbeck KA, Knee J, Larivière C, Sutherland LC. Co- and post-transcriptional regulation of Rbm5 and Rbm10 in mouse cells as evidenced by tissue-specific, developmental and disease-associated variation of splice variant and protein expression levels. Gene 2016; 580:26-36. [PMID: 26784654 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.12.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expression and function of the two RNA binding proteins and regulators of alternative splicing, RBM5 and RBM10, have largely been studied in human tissue and cell lines. The objective of the study described herein was to examine their expression in mouse tissue, in order to lay the framework for comprehensive functional studies using mouse models. METHODS All RNA variants of Rbm5 and Rbm10 were examined in a range of normal primary mouse tissues. RNA and protein were examined in differentiating C2C12 myoblasts and in denervated and dystonin-deficient mouse skeletal muscle. RESULTS All Rbm5 and Rbm10 variants examined were expressed in all mouse tissues and cell lines. In general, Rbm5 and Rbm10 RNA expression was higher in brain than in skin. RNA expression levels were more varied between cardiac and skeletal muscle, depending on the splice variant: for instance, Rbm10v1 RNA was higher in skeletal than cardiac muscle, whereas Rbm10v3 RNA was higher in cardiac than skeletal muscle. In mouse brain, cardiac and skeletal muscle, RNA encoding an approximately 17kDa potential paralogue of a small human RBM10 isoform was detected, and the protein observed in myoblasts and myotubes. Expression of Rbm5 and Rbm10 RNA remained constant during C2C12 myogenesis, but protein levels significantly decreased. In two muscle disease models, neither Rbm10 nor Rbm5 showed significant transcriptional changes, although significant specific alternative splicing changes of Rbm5 pre-mRNA were observed. Increased RBM10 protein levels were observed following denervation. CONCLUSIONS The varied co-transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation aspects of Rbm5 and Rbm10 expression associated with mouse tissues, myogenesis and muscle disease states suggest that a mouse model would be an interesting and useful model in which to study comprehensive functional aspects of RBM5 and RBM10.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Twinkle J Masilamani
- Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - Julie J Loiselle
- Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - Benjamin Koenderink
- AMRIC, Health Sciences North, 41 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON, P3E 5J1, Canada
| | - Kaitlin A Vanderbeck
- School of Human Kinetics, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - Jose Knee
- AMRIC, Health Sciences North, 41 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON, P3E 5J1, Canada
| | - Céline Larivière
- Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6, Canada; School of Human Kinetics, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - Leslie C Sutherland
- Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6, Canada; AMRIC, Health Sciences North, 41 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON, P3E 5J1, Canada; Division of Medical Sciences, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6, Canada; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6, Canada; Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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12
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Loiselle JJ, Tessier SJ, Sutherland LC. Post-transcriptional regulation of Rbm5 expression in undifferentiated H9c2 myoblasts. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2015; 52:327-336. [PMID: 26659391 PMCID: PMC4833810 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-015-9976-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We previously examined the expression of Rbm5 during myoblast differentiation and found significantly more protein in the early stages of skeletal myoblast differentiation than during the later stages. We decided to determine if this elevated level was necessary for differentiation. Our hypothesis was that if high levels of Rbm5 protein expression were necessary for the initiation of skeletal myoblast differentiation, then inhibition of expression would prevent differentiation. Our long-term objective is to inhibit Rbm5 expression and examine the effect on H9c2 differentiation. Towards this end, stable knockdown clones and transient knockdown populations were generated. Expression analyses in H9c2 myoblasts demonstrated significant Rbm5 messenger RNA (mRNA) inhibition but, surprisingly, no effect on RBM5 protein levels. Expression of the Rbm5 paralogue Rbm10 was examined in order to (a) ensure no off-target knockdown effect, and (b) investigate any possible compensatory effects. RBM10 protein levels were found to be elevated, in both the clonal and transiently transfected populations. These results suggest that myoblast RBM5 expression is regulated by a process that includes RNA sequestration and/or controlled translation, and that (a) RBM5 function is compensated for by RBM10, and/or (b) RBM5 regulates RBM10 expression. We have developed a model to describe our findings, and suggest further experiments for testing its validity. Since upregulation of Rbm10 might compensate for downregulated Rbm5, and consequently might mask any potential knockdown effect, it could lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the importance of Rbm5 for differentiation. It is therefore imperative to determine how both RBM5 and RBM10 protein expression is regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie J Loiselle
- Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6, Canada. .,AMRIC, Health Sciences North, 41 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON, P3E 5J1, Canada.
| | - Sarah J Tessier
- Department of Biology, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6, Canada
| | - Leslie C Sutherland
- Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6, Canada.,AMRIC, Health Sciences North, 41 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON, P3E 5J1, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6, Canada.,Division of Medical Sciences, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Road, Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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13
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Genomic Copy Number Variation Affecting Genes Involved in the Cell Cycle Pathway: Implications for Somatic Mosaicism. Int J Genomics 2015; 2015:757680. [PMID: 26421275 PMCID: PMC4569762 DOI: 10.1155/2015/757680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic genome variations (mosaicism) seem to represent a common mechanism for human intercellular/interindividual diversity in health and disease. However, origins and mechanisms of somatic mosaicism remain a matter of conjecture. Recently, it has been hypothesized that zygotic genomic variation naturally occurring in humans is likely to predispose to nonheritable genetic changes (aneuploidy) acquired during the lifetime through affecting cell cycle regulation, genome stability maintenance, and related pathways. Here, we have evaluated genomic copy number variation (CNV) in genes implicated in the cell cycle pathway (according to Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes/KEGG) within a cohort of patients with intellectual disability, autism, and/or epilepsy, in which the phenotype was not associated with genomic rearrangements altering this pathway. Benign CNVs affecting 20 genes of the cell cycle pathway were detected in 161 out of 255 patients (71.6%). Among them, 62 individuals exhibited >2 CNVs affecting the cell cycle pathway. Taking into account the number of individuals demonstrating CNV of these genes, a support for this hypothesis appears to be presented. Accordingly, we speculate that further studies of CNV burden across the genes implicated in related pathways might clarify whether zygotic genomic variation generates somatic mosaicism in health and disease.
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14
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Expansion of stem cells counteracts age-related mammary regression in compound Timp1/Timp3 null mice. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 17:217-27. [PMID: 25706237 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Age is the primary risk factor for breast cancer in women. Bipotent basal stem cells actively maintain the adult mammary ductal tree, but with age tissues atrophy. We show that cell-extrinsic factors maintain the adult stem cell pool during ageing and dictate tissue stoichiometry. Mammary stem cells spontaneously expand more than 11-fold in virgin adult female mice lacking specific genes for TIMPs, the natural metalloproteinase inhibitors. Compound Timp1/Timp3 null glands exhibit Notch activation and accelerated gestational differentiation. Proteomics of mutant basal cells uncover altered cytoskeletal and extracellular protein repertoires, and we identify aberrant mitotic spindle orientation in these glands, a process that instructs asymmetric cell division and fate. We find that progenitor activity normally declines with age, but enriched stem/progenitor pools prevent tissue regression in Timp mutant mammary glands without affecting carcinogen-induced cancer susceptibility. Thus, improved stem cell content can extend mouse mammary tissue lifespan without altering cancer risk in this mouse model.
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15
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Benech PD, Patatian A. From experimental design to functional gene networks: DNA microarray contribution to skin ageing research. Int J Cosmet Sci 2014; 36:516-26. [PMID: 25066132 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There is no doubt that the DNA microarray-based technology contributed to increase our knowledge of a wide range of processes. However, integrating genes into functional networks, rather than terms describing generic characteristics, remains an important challenge. The highly context-dependent function of a given gene and feedback mechanisms complexify greatly the interpretation of the data. Moreover, it is difficult to determine whether changes in gene expression are the result or the cause of pathologies or physiological events. In both cases, the difficulty relies on the involvement of processes that, at an early stage, can be protective and later on, deleterious because of their runaway. Each individual cell has its own transcription profile that determines its behaviour and its relationships with its neighbours. This is particularly true when a mechanism such as cell cycle is concerned. Another issue concerns the analyses from samples of different donors. Whereas the statistical tools lead to determine common features among groups, they tend to smooth the overall data and consequently, the selected values represent the 'tip of the iceberg'. There is a significant overlap in the set of genes identified in the different studies on skin ageing processes described in the present review. The reason of this overlap is because most of these genes belong to the basic machinery controlling cell growth and arrest. To get a more full picture of these processes, a hard work has still to be done to determine the precise mechanisms conferring the cell type specificity of ageing. Integrative biology applied to the huge amount of existing microarray data should fulfil gaps, through the characterization of additional actors accounting for the activation of specific signalling pathways at crossing points. Furthermore, computational tools have to be developed taking into account that expression values among similar groups may not vary 'by chance' but may reflect, along with other subtle changes, specific features of one given donor. Through a better stratification, these tools will allow to recover genes from the 'bottom of the iceberg'. Identifying these genes should contribute to understand how skin ages among individuals, thus paving the way for personalized skin care.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Benech
- UMR 7259 (NICN) CNRS - Aix-Marseille Université, Faculté de Médecine Secteur Nord, CS80011, 51 Bd Pierre Dramard, Marseille CEDEX 15, 13344, France
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Jacobs K, Mertzanidou A, Geens M, Thi Nguyen H, Staessen C, Spits C. Low-grade chromosomal mosaicism in human somatic and embryonic stem cell populations. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4227. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Wen Y, Wani P, Zhou L, Baer T, Phadnis SM, Reijo Pera RA, Chen B. Reprogramming of fibroblasts from older women with pelvic floor disorders alters cellular behavior associated with donor age. Stem Cells Transl Med 2013; 2:118-28. [PMID: 23341439 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2012-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to derive induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines from vaginal fibroblasts from older women with pelvic organ prolapse. We examined the effect of donor age on iPSCs and on the cells redifferentiated from these iPSCs. Vaginal fibroblasts were isolated from younger and older subjects for reprogramming. iPSCs were generated simultaneously using an excisable polycistronic lentiviral vector expressing Oct4, Klf4, Sox2, and cMyc. The pluripotent markers of iPSCs were confirmed by immunocytochemistry and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Spectral karyotyping was performed. The ability of the iPSCs to differentiate into three germ layers was confirmed by embryoid body and teratoma formation. Senescence marker (p21, p53, and Bax) expressions were determined by qRT-PCR and Western blot. The iPSCs were redifferentiated to fibroblasts and were evaluated with senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA) activity and mitotic index using time-lapse dark-field microscopy. iPSCs derived from both the younger and older subjects expressed pluripotency markers and showed normal karyotype and positive teratoma assays. There was no significant difference in expression of senescence and apoptosis markers (p21, p53, and Bax) in iPSCs derived from the younger subject compared with the older subject. Furthermore, fibroblasts redifferentiated from these iPSCs did not differ in SA activity or mitotic index. We report successful derivation of iPSCs from women with pelvic organ prolapse. Older age did not interfere with successful reprogramming. Donor age differences were not observed in these iPSCs using standard senescence markers, and donor age did not appear to affect cell mitotic activity in fibroblasts redifferentiated from iPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wen
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5317, USA.
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18
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Arancio W. A bioinformatics analysis of Lamin-A regulatory network: a perspective on epigenetic involvement in Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. Rejuvenation Res 2012; 15:123-7. [PMID: 22533413 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2011.1250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is a rare human genetic disease that leads to premature aging. HGPS is caused by mutation in the Lamin-A (LMNA) gene that leads, in affected young individuals, to the accumulation of the progerin protein, usually present only in aging differentiated cells. Bioinformatics analyses of the network of interactions of the LMNA gene and transcripts are presented. The LMNA gene network has been analyzed using the BioGRID database (http://thebiogrid.org/) and related analysis tools such as Osprey (http://biodata.mshri.on.ca/osprey/servlet/Index) and GeneMANIA ( http://genemania.org/). The network of interaction of LMNA transcripts has been further analyzed following the competing endogenous (ceRNA) hypotheses (RNA cross-talk via microRNAs [miRNAs]) and using the miRWalk database and tools (www.ma.uni-heidelberg.de/apps/zmf/mirwalk/). These analyses suggest particular relevance of epigenetic modifiers (via acetylase complexes and specifically HTATIP histone acetylase) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent chromatin remodelers (via pBAF, BAF, and SWI/SNF complexes).
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19
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Pirone JR, D'Arcy M, Stewart DA, Hines WC, Johnson M, Gould MN, Yaswen P, Jerry DJ, Smith Schneider S, Troester MA. Age-associated gene expression in normal breast tissue mirrors qualitative age-at-incidence patterns for breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012; 21:1735-44. [PMID: 22859400 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-12-0451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age is the strongest breast cancer risk factor, with overall breast cancer risk increasing steadily beginning at approximately 30 years of age. However, while breast cancer risk is lower among younger women, young women's breast cancer may be more aggressive. Although, several genomic and epidemiologic studies have shown higher prevalence of aggressive, estrogen-receptor negative breast cancer in younger women, the age-related gene expression that predisposes to these tumors is poorly understood. Characterizing age-related patterns of gene expression in normal breast tissues may provide insights on etiology of distinct breast cancer subtypes that arise from these tissues. METHODS To identify age-related changes in normal breast tissue, 96 tissue specimens from patients with reduction mammoplasty, ages 14 to 70 years, were assayed by gene expression microarray. RESULTS Significant associations between gene expression levels and age were identified for 802 probes (481 increased, 321 decreased with increasing age). Enriched functions included "aging of cells," "shape change," and "chemotaxis," and enriched pathways included Wnt/beta-catenin signaling, Ephrin receptor signaling, and JAK/Stat signaling. Applying the age-associated genes to publicly available tumor datasets, the age-associated pathways defined two groups of tumors with distinct survival. CONCLUSION The hazard rates of young-like tumors mirrored that of high-grade tumors in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program, providing a biologic link between normal aging and age-related tumor aggressiveness. IMPACT These data show that studies of normal tissue gene expression can yield important insights about the pathways and biologic pressures that are relevant during tumor etiology and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Pirone
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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20
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Dekker P, Gunn D, McBryan T, Dirks RW, van Heemst D, Lim FL, Jochemsen AG, Verlaan-de Vries M, Nagel J, Adams PD, Tanke HJ, Westendorp RG, Maier AB. Microarray-based identification of age-dependent differences in gene expression of human dermal fibroblasts. Mech Ageing Dev 2012; 133:498-507. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Endesfelder D, McGranahan N, Birkbak NJ, Szallasi Z, Kschischo M, Graham TA, Swanton C. A breast cancer meta-analysis of two expression measures of chromosomal instability reveals a relationship with younger age at diagnosis and high risk histopathological variables. Oncotarget 2012; 2:529-37. [PMID: 21709316 PMCID: PMC3248181 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer in younger patients often presents with adverse histopathological features, including increased frequency of estrogen receptor negative and lymph node positive disease status. Chromosomal instability (CIN) is increasingly recognised as an important prognostic variable in solid tumours. In a breast cancer meta-analysis of 2423 patients we examine the relationship between clinicopathological parameters and two distinct chromosomal instability gene expression signatures in order to address whether younger age at diagnosis is associated with increased tumour genome instability. We find that CIN, assessed by the two independently derived CIN expression signatures, is significantly associated with increased tumour size, ER negative or HER2 positive disease, higher tumour grade and younger age at diagnosis in ER negative breast cancer. These data support the hypothesis that chromosomal instability may be a defining feature of breast cancer biology and clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Endesfelder
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, WC2A 3LY, United Kingdom
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22
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Technical desiderata for the integration of genomic data into Electronic Health Records. J Biomed Inform 2011; 45:419-22. [PMID: 22223081 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbi.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The era of "Personalized Medicine," guided by individual molecular variation in DNA, RNA, expressed proteins and other forms of high volume molecular data brings new requirements and challenges to the design and implementation of Electronic Health Records (EHRs). In this article we describe the characteristics of biomolecular data that differentiate it from other classes of data commonly found in EHRs, enumerate a set of technical desiderata for its management in healthcare settings, and offer a candidate technical approach to its compact and efficient representation in operational systems.
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Culture of human mesenchymal stem cells at low oxygen tension improves growth and genetic stability by activating glycolysis. Cell Death Differ 2011; 19:743-55. [PMID: 22139129 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2011.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Expansion of human stem cells before cell therapy is typically performed at 20% O(2). Growth in these pro-oxidative conditions can lead to oxidative stress and genetic instability. Here, we demonstrate that culture of human mesenchymal stem cells at lower, physiological O(2) concentrations significantly increases lifespan, limiting oxidative stress, DNA damage, telomere shortening and chromosomal aberrations. Our gene expression and bioenergetic data strongly suggest that growth at reduced oxygen tensions favors a natural metabolic state of increased glycolysis and reduced oxidative phosphorylation. We propose that this balance is disturbed at 20% O(2), resulting in abnormally increased levels of oxidative stress. These observations indicate that bioenergetic pathways are intertwined with the control of lifespan and decisively influence the genetic stability of human primary stem cells. We conclude that stem cells for human therapy should be grown under low oxygen conditions to increase biosafety.
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Atsumi Y, Fujimori H, Fukuda H, Inase A, Shinohe K, Yoshioka Y, Shikanai M, Ichijima Y, Unno J, Mizutani S, Tsuchiya N, Hippo Y, Nakagama H, Masutani M, Teraoka H, Yoshioka KI. Onset of quiescence following p53 mediated down-regulation of H2AX in normal cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23432. [PMID: 21858116 PMCID: PMC3155552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal cells, both in vivo and in vitro, become quiescent after serial cell proliferation. During this process, cells can develop immortality with genomic instability, although the mechanisms by which this is regulated are unclear. Here, we show that a growth-arrested cellular status is produced by the down-regulation of histone H2AX in normal cells. Normal mouse embryonic fibroblast cells preserve an H2AX diminished quiescent status through p53 regulation and stable-diploidy maintenance. However, such quiescence is abrogated under continuous growth stimulation, inducing DNA replication stress. Because DNA replication stress-associated lesions are cryptogenic and capable of mediating chromosome-bridge formation and cytokinesis failure, this results in tetraploidization. Arf/p53 module-mutation is induced during tetraploidization with the resulting H2AX recovery and immortality acquisition. Thus, although cellular homeostasis is preserved under quiescence with stable diploidy, tetraploidization induced under growth stimulation disrupts the homeostasis and triggers immortality acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Atsumi
- Division of Genome Stability Research, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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Iourov IY, Vorsanova SG, Yurov YB. Somatic genome variations in health and disease. Curr Genomics 2011; 11:387-96. [PMID: 21358982 PMCID: PMC3018718 DOI: 10.2174/138920210793176065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Revised: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
It is hard to imagine that all the cells of the human organism (about 10(14)) share identical genome. Moreover, the number of mitoses (about 10(16)) required for the organism's development and maturation during ontogeny suggests that at least a proportion of them could be abnormal leading, thereby, to large-scale genomic alterations in somatic cells. Experimental data do demonstrate such genomic variations to exist and to be involved in human development and interindividual genetic variability in health and disease. However, since current genomic technologies are mainly based on methods, which analyze genomes from a large pool of cells, intercellular or somatic genome variations are significantly less appreciated in modern bioscience. Here, a review of somatic genome variations occurring at all levels of genome organization (i.e. DNA sequence, subchromosomal and chromosomal) in health and disease is presented. Looking through the available literature, it was possible to show that the somatic cell genome is extremely variable. Additionally, being mainly associated with chromosome or genome instability (most commonly manifesting as aneuploidy), somatic genome variations are involved in pathogenesis of numerous human diseases. The latter mainly concerns diseases of the brain (i.e. autism, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease) and immune system (autoimmune diseases), chromosomal and some monogenic syndromes, cancers, infertility and prenatal mortality. Taking into account data on somatic genome variations and chromosome instability, it becomes possible to show that related processes can underlie non-malignant pathology such as (neuro)degeneration or other local tissue dysfunctions. Together, we suggest that detection and characterization of somatic genome behavior and variations can provide new opportunities for human genome research and genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Y Iourov
- National Research Center of Mental Health, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences
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Yurov YB, Vorsanova SG, Iourov IY. Ontogenetic variation of the human genome. Curr Genomics 2011; 11:420-5. [PMID: 21358986 PMCID: PMC3018722 DOI: 10.2174/138920210793175958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The human genome demonstrates variable levels of instability during ontogeny. Achieving the highest rate during early prenatal development, it decreases significantly throughout following ontogenetic stages. A failure to decrease or a spontaneous increase of genomic instability can promote infertility, pregnancy losses, chromosomal and genomic diseases, cancer, immunodeficiency, or brain diseases depending on developmental stage at which it occurs. Paradoxically, late ontogeny is associated with increase of genomic instability that is considered a probable mechanism for human aging. The latter is even more appreciable in human diseases associated with pathological or accelerated aging (i.e. Alzheimer's disease and ataxia-telangiectasia). These observations resulted in a hypothesis suggesting that somatic genomic variations throughout ontogeny are determinants of cellular vitality in health and disease including intrauterine development, postnatal life and aging. The most devastative effect of somatic genome variations is observed when it manifests as chromosome instability or aneuploidy, which has been repeatedly noted to produce pathologic conditions and to mediate developmental regulatory and aging processes. However, no commonly accepted concepts on the role of chromosome/genome instability in determination of human health span and life span are available. Here, a review of these ontogenetic variations is given to propose a new "dynamic genome" model for pathological and natural genomic changes throughout life that mimic those of phylogenetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y B Yurov
- Institute of Pediatrics and Children Surgery, Rosmedtechnologii
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Chen M, Huang JD, Deng HK, Dong S, Deng W, Tsang SL, Huen MSY, Chen L, Zan T, Zhu GX, Guan XY. Overexpression of eIF-5A2 in mice causes accelerated organismal aging by increasing chromosome instability. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:199. [PMID: 21612665 PMCID: PMC3118894 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Amplification of 3q26 is one of the most frequent genetic alterations in many human malignancies. Recently, we isolated a novel oncogene eIF-5A2 within the 3q26 region. Functional study has demonstrated the oncogenic role of eIF-5A2 in the initiation and progression of human cancers. In the present study, we aim to investigate the physiological and pathological effect of eIF-5A2 in an eIF-5A2 transgenic mouse model. Methods An eIF-5A2 transgenic mouse model was generated using human eIF-5A2 cDNA. The eIF-5A2 transgenic mice were characterized by histological and immunohistochemistry analyses. The aging phenotypes were further characterized by wound healing, bone X-ray imaging and calcification analysis. Mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEF) were isolated to further investigate molecular mechanism of eIF-5A2 in aging. Results Instead of resulting in spontaneous tumor formation, overexpression of eIF-5A2 accelerated the aging process in adult transgenic mice. This included decreased growth rate and body weight, shortened life span, kyphosis, osteoporosis, delay of wound healing and ossification. Investigation of the correlation between cellular senescence and aging showed that cellular senescence is not required for the aging phenotypes in eIF-5A2 mice. Interestingly, we found that activation of eIF-5A2 repressed p19 level and therefore destabilized p53 in transgenic mouse embryo fibroblast (MEF) cells. This subsequently allowed for the accumulation of chromosomal instability, such as errors in cell dividing during metaphase and anaphase. Additionally, a significantly increase in number of aneuploidy cells (p < 0.05) resulted from an increase in the incidences of misaligned and lagging chromosomal materials, anaphase bridges, and micronuclei in the transgenic mice. Conclusion These observations suggest that eIF-5A2 mouse models could accelerate organismal aging by increasing chromosome instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhan Chen
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China
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Remondini D, Salvioli S, Francesconi M, Pierini M, Mazzatti DJ, Powell JR, Zironi I, Bersani F, Castellani G, Franceschi C. Complex patterns of gene expression in human T cells during in vivo aging. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2010; 6:1983-92. [PMID: 20686723 DOI: 10.1039/c004635c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Human aging is associated with complex alterations that contribute to remodelling of physiological processes and ultimately manifests in loss of tissue/organ function. Peripheral blood T cells do not escape this phenomenon and undergo profound remodelling with aging. Thus, investigating the effects of aging on T cells transcriptomics and identifying the underlying regulatory mechanisms can be of extreme importance to understand the aging process in the Immune System (IS). To this aim, we performed an analysis of gene expression data of T cells collected from peripheral blood of 25 healthy human donors of different age from 25 to more than 95 years, in order to characterize changes that occur throughout the entire adult lifespan. By means of microarray analysis, we observed large groups of genes exhibiting non-monotonic expression patterns over time: such behaviour, that could not be observed in typical "two-group" experiments (e.g. young vs. old people) highlights similarities in gene expression profiles of young and "successfully aged" individuals. Genes whose expression profiles change during lifespan were grouped into three main patterns (eigenmodes) to which different biological functions were significantly associated. The analysis of KEGG pathways to which these genes belong indicated that the biological processes altered in T cell aging are not only those typically associated with immune cells (Jak-STAT signalling, T cell receptor signalling, cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions, etc.) but also some not specific of immune cells, such as long-term depression, PPAR and mTOR signalling, glucose and glutathione metabolism, suggesting that T cell aging may be representative of a more generalised aging phenomenon. Thus, the T cell may represent a useful cellular model to study organismal aging. We further searched for over-represented transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) in the promoter regions of genes clustered by similarity of their age-related patterns to evidence possible co-regulation. A comparison between over-representation of TFBSs and the time course of the corresponding transcription factor (TF) expression levels revealed that a restricted group of TFs may play a central role in driving aging-specific changes in gene expression of T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Remondini
- Department of Physics, University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy.
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Calaf GM, Caba F, Farias J, Rothhammer F. Factors that influence the incidence of breast cancer in Arica, Chile (Review). Oncol Lett 2010; 1:583-588. [PMID: 22966347 DOI: 10.3892/ol_00000103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a common disease estimated to occur in 1 in 9 women over their lifetime. Epidemiological research has identified a number of risk factors for breast cancer. Racial and ethnic differences in breast cancer mortality rates have been difficult to ascertain. The present review reports that there was an increase in the incidence of breast cancer in Arica, Chile, from 1997 to 2007, particularly in 2005, reaching 55.1% per 100,000 women, while the percentage decreased in 2006 and 2007. A greater percentage of breast cancer was found in individuals between 46 and 65 years of age when the population was distributed by age. The Indian population, Aymara, had only a 13.9% incidence of the disease. The incidence for breast cancer for patients with no family background reached approximately 88%, with or without Indian ethnicity, and 98.4% of these women did not have prior hormonal therapy. When the stage of the disease and the number of pregnancies were considered, results showed that there was an increase in the progression of the disease from stage I to stage III in women that had 1-3 pregnancies. Results also showed that 20.9 and 33.2% who received prior tamoxifen treatment were in stages I and IIA, respectively. The breast cancer incidence reached 42.4% when patients had a sister with the disease. It can be concluded that important differences in the risk factors of breast cancer should be identified in the future for a comparison with other biological factors, such as genetic and molecular factors. This may provide greater insight into breast cancer aetiology in different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria M Calaf
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica
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Colak D, Chishti MA, Al-Bakheet AB, Al-Qahtani A, Shoukri MM, Goyns MH, Ozand PT, Quackenbush J, Park BH, Kaya N. Integrative and comparative genomics analysis of early hepatocellular carcinoma differentiated from liver regeneration in young and old. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:146. [PMID: 20540791 PMCID: PMC2898705 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 06/12/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third-leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. It is often diagnosed at an advanced stage, and hence typically has a poor prognosis. To identify distinct molecular mechanisms for early HCC we developed a rat model of liver regeneration post-hepatectomy, as well as liver cells undergoing malignant transformation and compared them to normal liver using a microarray approach. Subsequently, we performed cross-species comparative analysis coupled with copy number alterations (CNA) of independent early human HCC microarray studies to facilitate the identification of critical regulatory modules conserved across species. RESULTS We identified 35 signature genes conserved across species, and shared among different types of early human HCCs. Over 70% of signature genes were cancer-related, and more than 50% of the conserved genes were mapped to human genomic CNA regions. Functional annotation revealed genes already implicated in HCC, as well as novel genes which were not previously reported in liver tumors. A subset of differentially expressed genes was validated using quantitative RT-PCR. Concordance was also confirmed for a significant number of genes and pathways in five independent validation microarray datasets. Our results indicated alterations in a number of cancer related pathways, including p53, p38 MAPK, ERK/MAPK, PI3K/AKT, and TGF-beta signaling pathways, and potential critical regulatory role of MYC, ERBB2, HNF4A, and SMAD3 for early HCC transformation. CONCLUSIONS The integrative analysis of transcriptional deregulation, genomic CNA and comparative cross species analysis brings new insights into the molecular profile of early hepatoma formation. This approach may lead to robust biomarkers for the detection of early human HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Colak
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Scientific Computing, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Viñuela A, Snoek LB, Riksen JAG, Kammenga JE. Genome-wide gene expression regulation as a function of genotype and age in C. elegans. Genome Res 2010; 20:929-37. [PMID: 20488933 DOI: 10.1101/gr.102160.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression becomes more variable with age, and it is widely assumed that this is due to a decrease in expression regulation. But currently there is no understanding how gene expression regulatory patterns progress with age. Here we explored genome-wide gene expression variation and regulatory loci (eQTL) in a population of developing and aging C. elegans recombinant inbred worms. We found almost 900 genes with an eQTL, of which almost half were found to have a genotype-by-age effect ((gxa)eQTL). The total number of eQTL decreased with age, whereas the variation in expression increased. In developing worms, the number of genes with increased expression variation (1282) was similar to the ones with decreased expression variation (1328). In aging worms, the number of genes with increased variation (1772) was nearly five times higher than the number of genes with a decreased expression variation (373). The number of cis-acting eQTL in juveniles decreased by almost 50% in old worms, whereas the number of trans-acting loci decreased by approximately 27%, indicating that cis-regulation becomes relatively less frequent than trans-regulation in aging worms. Of the 373 genes with decreased expression level variation in aging worms, approximately 39% had an eQTL compared with approximately 14% in developing worms. (gxa)eQTL were found for approximately 21% of these genes in aging worms compared with only approximately 6% in developing worms. We highlight three examples of linkages: in young worms (pgp-6), in old worms (daf-16), and throughout life (lips-16). Our findings demonstrate that eQTL patterns are strongly affected by age, and suggest that gene network integrity declines with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Viñuela
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Zahnreich S, Melnikova L, Winter M, Nasonova E, Durante M, Ritter S, Fournier C. Radiation-induced premature senescence is associated with specific cytogenetic changes. Mutat Res 2010; 701:60-6. [PMID: 20338260 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2010.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we set out to investigate cytogenetic changes in the progeny of two normal human fibroblast cell strains after exposure to sparsely or densely ionizing irradiation (X-rays or 9.8 MeV u(-1) carbon ions). The cells were regularly subcultured up to senescence. The transition to senescence was determined by measurement of population doubling numbers and senescence associated (SA) beta-galactosidase activity. Chromosomal changes (structural aberrations, tetraploidy) were investigated by solid staining. In temporal proximity to senescence, we observed for all populations of the two fibroblasts cell strains an increase in the fraction of cells with structural and numerical aberrations. The observed changes in the yield of structural chromosomal aberrations were similar for the progeny of controls and irradiated cells, except that a previous irradiation with a high, fractionated X-ray dose resulted in a stronger increase. Noteworthy, delayed tetraploidy in the descendants of irradiated cells exceeded the level in control cells. In addition, tetraploidy and the time of onset of senescence were significantly correlated for all populations, regardless of a preceding radiation exposure. However, the time of the onset of senescence depends on previous exposure to radiation. We conclude that the occurrence of tetraploidy is associated with senescence independently of exposure to radiation.
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Vorsanova SG, Yurov YB, Iourov IY. Human interphase chromosomes: a review of available molecular cytogenetic technologies. Mol Cytogenet 2010; 3:1. [PMID: 20180947 PMCID: PMC2830939 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8166-3-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human karyotype is usually studied by classical cytogenetic (banding) techniques. To perform it, one has to obtain metaphase chromosomes of mitotic cells. This leads to the impossibility of analyzing all the cell types, to moderate cell scoring, and to the extrapolation of cytogenetic data retrieved from a couple of tens of mitotic cells to the whole organism, suggesting that all the remaining cells possess these genomes. However, this is far from being the case inasmuch as chromosome abnormalities can occur in any cell along ontogeny. Since somatic cells of eukaryotes are more likely to be in interphase, the solution of the problem concerning studying postmitotic cells and larger cell populations is interphase cytogenetics, which has become more or less applicable for specific biomedical tasks due to achievements in molecular cytogenetics (i.e. developments of fluorescence in situ hybridization -- FISH, and multicolor banding -- MCB). Numerous interphase molecular cytogenetic approaches are restricted to studying specific genomic loci (regions) being, however, useful for identification of chromosome abnormalities (aneuploidy, polyploidy, deletions, inversions, duplications, translocations). Moreover, these techniques are the unique possibility to establish biological role and patterns of nuclear genome organization at suprachromosomal level in a given cell. Here, it is to note that this issue is incompletely worked out due to technical limitations. Nonetheless, a number of state-of-the-art molecular cytogenetic techniques (i.e multicolor interphase FISH or interpahase chromosome-specific MCB) allow visualization of interphase chromosomes in their integrity at molecular resolutions. Thus, regardless numerous difficulties encountered during studying human interphase chromosomes, molecular cytogenetics does provide for high-resolution single-cell analysis of genome organization, structure and behavior at all stages of cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana G Vorsanova
- Institute of Pediatrics and Children Surgery, Rosmedtechnologii, Moscow, 127412, Russia
- National Research Center of Mental Health, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow 119152, Russia
| | - Yuri B Yurov
- Institute of Pediatrics and Children Surgery, Rosmedtechnologii, Moscow, 127412, Russia
- National Research Center of Mental Health, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow 119152, Russia
| | - Ivan Y Iourov
- Institute of Pediatrics and Children Surgery, Rosmedtechnologii, Moscow, 127412, Russia
- National Research Center of Mental Health, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow 119152, Russia
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Zietkiewicz E, Wojda A, Witt M. Cytogenetic perspective of ageing and longevity in men and women. J Appl Genet 2009; 50:261-73. [PMID: 19638683 DOI: 10.1007/bf03195682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of relationships between the ageing cell phenotype and the age of cell donors is one of the ways towards understanding the link between cellular and organismal ageing. Cytogenetically, ageing is associated with a number of gross cellular changes, including altered size and morphology, genomic instability, and changes in expression and proliferation. Genomic instability can be easily assessed by analyzing the level of cytogenetic aberrations. In this review, we focus on the differences in the level and profile of cytogenetic aberrations observed in donors of different age and gender. Centenarians are a small fraction of the population at the extreme of human longevity. Their inclusion in such studies may shed light on one of the basic questions: whether genome stability is better maintained in successfully aged individuals compared to the rest of the population. At the same time, comparing the profile of age-related amount of chromosomal aberrations in men and women may help explaining the commonly observed gender differences in longevity.
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Humanized large-scale expanded endothelial colony-forming cells function in vitro and in vivo. Blood 2009; 113:6716-25. [PMID: 19321860 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-09-181362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial progenitor cells are critically involved in essential biologic processes, such as vascular homeostasis, regeneration, and tumor angiogenesis. Endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) are endothelial progenitor cells with robust proliferative potential. Their profound vessel-forming capacity makes them a promising tool for innovative experimental, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategies. Efficient and safe methods for their isolation and expansion are presently lacking. Based on the previously established efficacy of animal serum-free large-scale clinical-grade propagation of mesenchymal stromal cells, we hypothesized that endothelial lineage cells may also be propagated efficiently following a comparable strategy. Here we demonstrate that human ECFCs can be recovered directly from unmanipulated whole blood. A novel large-scale animal protein-free humanized expansion strategy preserves the progenitor hierarchy with sustained proliferation potential of more than 30 population doublings. By applying large-scale propagated ECFCs in various test systems, we observed vascular networks in vitro and perfused vessels in vivo. After large-scale expansion and cryopreservation phenotype, function, proliferation, and genomic stability were maintained. For the first time, proliferative, functional, and storable ECFCs propagated under humanized conditions can be explored in terms of their therapeutic applicability and risk profile.
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Shen J, Gammon MD, Terry MB, Wang Q, Bradshaw P, Teitelbaum SL, Neugut AI, Santella RM. Telomere length, oxidative damage, antioxidants and breast cancer risk. Int J Cancer 2009; 124:1637-43. [PMID: 19089916 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Telomeres play a critical role in maintaining the integrity and stability of the genome, and are susceptible to oxidative damage after telomere shortening to a critical length. In the present study, we explored the role of white blood cell DNA telomere length on breast cancer risk, and examined whether urinary 15-F(2)-isoprostanes (15-F(2t)-IsoP) and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydrodeoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) or dietary antioxidant intake modified the relationship between telomere length and breast cancer risk. A population-based case-control study-the Long Island Breast Cancer Study Project-was conducted among 1,067 cases and 1,110 controls. Telomere length was assessed by quantitative PCR. Overall, the mean levels of telomere length (T/S ratio), 15-F(2t)-IsoP and 8-oxodG were not significantly different between cases and controls. Among premenopausal women only, carrying shorter telomeres (Q3 and Q4), as compared with the longest (Q1), was associated with significantly increased breast cancer risk. Age-adjusted OR and 95% CI were 1.71 (1.10-2.67) and 1.61 (1.05-2.45). The 5-F(2t)-IsoP and 8-oxodG biomarkers did not modify the telomere-breast cancer association. A moderate increase in breast cancer risk was observed among women with the shortest telomeres (Q4) and lower dietary and supplemental intake of beta-carotene, vitamin C or E intake [OR (95% CI) = 1.48 (1.08-2.03), 1.39 (1.01-1.92) and 1.57 (1.14-2.18), respectively], although the trend test exhibited statistical significance only within the lower vitamin E intake subgroup (p(trend) = 0.01). These results provided the strongest evidence to date that breast cancer risk may be affected by telomere length among premenopausal women or women with low dietary intake of antioxidants or antioxidant supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Shen
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Mollenhauer MAM, Carter BJ, Peden-Adams MM, Bossart GD, Fair PA. Gene expression changes in bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus, skin cells following exposure to methylmercury (MeHg) or perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2009; 91:10-18. [PMID: 19010555 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2008.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2008] [Revised: 09/20/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) bioaccumulate and biomagnify in the environment and increasing concentrations of these pollutants have been found in wildlife and humans. Both chemicals are worldwide contaminants with wide ranging biological effects and have been identified in relatively high concentrations in apex level marine mammals such as bottlenose dolphins. The primary objective of this study was to determine if exposure to MeHg or PFOS would alter the gene expression in primary bottlenose dolphin epidermal cell cultures. Primary skin cells were isolated and cultured from skin samples collected from wild bottlenose dolphins. The cells were subsequently exposed to 13ppm PFOS or 1ppm MeHg and changes in gene expression were analyzed by suppressive subtractive hybridization (SSH) and quantitative real-time PCR (QPCR). 116 genes were positively identified in the dolphin skin cells by SSH. Of these, 16 total genes were analyzed by QPCR (9 and 11 genes following PFOS or MeHg exposure, respectively, with four overlapping genes). Results indicate MeHg significantly alters gene expression patterns following 24h exposure, but has no measurable effect after only 1h. PFOS exposure, however, caused significant alterations following both 1 and 25h. Overall, the changes in gene expression observed indicate these concentrations of MeHg and PFOS significantly alter normal gene expression patterns. The changes in gene expression following exposure to these contaminants not only indicate a cellular stress response, but also decreased cell cycle progression and cellular proliferation and reduced protein translation. Alterations in normal cellular biology, like those observed, may lead to changes in health in marine mammals exposed to contaminants; however, this warrants further investigation.
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Iourov IY, Vorsanova SG, Yurov YB. Chromosomal mosaicism goes global. Mol Cytogenet 2008; 1:26. [PMID: 19032785 PMCID: PMC2612668 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8166-1-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 11/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular differences of chromosomal content in the same individual are defined as chromosomal mosaicism (alias intercellular or somatic genomic variations or, in a number of publications, mosaic aneuploidy). It has long been suggested that this phenomenon poorly contributes both to intercellular (interindividual) diversity and to human disease. However, our views have recently become to change due to a series of communications demonstrated a higher incidence of chromosomal mosaicism in diseased individuals (major psychiatric disorders and autoimmune diseases) as well as depicted chromosomal mosaicism contribution to genetic diversity, the central nervous system development, and aging. The later has been produced by significant achievements in the field of molecular cytogenetics. Recently, Molecular Cytogenetics has published an article by Maj Hulten and colleagues that has provided evidences for chromosomal mosaicism to underlie formation of germline aneuploidy in human female gametes using trisomy 21 (Down syndrome) as a model. Since meiotic aneuploidy is suggested to be the leading genetic cause of human prenatal mortality and postnatal morbidity, these data together with previous findings define chromosomal mosaicism not as a casual finding during cytogenetic analyses but as a more significant biological phenomenon than previously recognized. Finally, the significance of chromosomal mosaicism can be drawn from the fact, that this phenomenon is involved in genetic diversity, normal and abnormal prenatal development, human diseases, aging, and meiotic aneuploidy, the intrinsic cause of which remains, as yet, unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Y Iourov
- National Research Center of Mental Health, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, 119152, Russia.
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Abstract
Two paradigms central to geroscience research are that aging is associated with increased oxidative stress and increased cancer risk. Therefore, it could be deduced that cancers arising with ageing will show evidence of increased oxidative stress. Recent studies of gene expression in age-controlled breast cancer cases indicate that this deduction is false, posing parallax views of these two paradigms, and highlighting the unanswered question: does ageing cause or simply permit cancer development?
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Benz
- Christopher C. Benz and Christina Yau are at the Buck Institute for Age Research, Novato, California 94945, USA
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Hiyama K, Tanimoto K, Nishimura Y, Tsugane M, Fukuba I, Sotomaru Y, Hiyama E, Nishiyama M. Exploration of the genes responsible for unlimited proliferation of immortalized lung fibroblasts. Exp Lung Res 2008; 34:373-90. [PMID: 18716925 DOI: 10.1080/01902140802221912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Regulation mechanism of lung fibroblast proliferation remains unknown. To elucidate the key molecules in it, the authors here established mortal and immortal nontransformed lung fibroblast cell line/strains with elongated life span by telomerase reverse transcriptase gene transfection. Comparing the expression profiles of them, 51 genes were explored to be the candidates responsible for regulation of cellular proliferation of lung fibroblasts. This set of fibrobrast strains of same origin with different proliferative capacities may become useful model cells for research on lung fibroblast growth regulation and the candidate genes explored in this study may provide biomarkers or therapeutic targets of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Hiyama
- Department of Translational Cancer Research, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
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Ohshima S. Abnormal mitosis in hypertetraploid cells causes aberrant nuclear morphology in association with H2O2-induced premature senescence. Cytometry A 2008; 73:808-15. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Kriete A, Mayo KL, Yalamanchili N, Beggs W, Bender P, Kari C, Rodeck U. Cell autonomous expression of inflammatory genes in biologically aged fibroblasts associated with elevated NF-kappaB activity. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2008; 5:5. [PMID: 18631391 PMCID: PMC2483950 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4933-5-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic inflammation is a well-known corollary of the aging process and is believed to significantly contribute to morbidity and mortality of many age-associated chronic diseases. However, the mechanisms that cause age-associated inflammatory changes are not well understood. Particularly, the contribution of cell stress responses to age-associated inflammation in 'non-inflammatory' cells remains poorly defined. The present cross-sectional study focused on differences in molecular signatures indicative of inflammatory states associated with biological aging of human fibroblasts from donors aged 22 to 92 years. RESULTS Gene expression profiling revealed elevated steady-state transcript levels consistent with a chronic inflammatory state in fibroblast cell-strains obtained from older donors. We also observed enhanced NF-kappaB DNA binding activity in a subset of strains, and the NF-kappaB profile correlated with mRNA expression levels characteristic of inflammatory processes, which include transcripts coding for cytokines, chemokines, components of the complement cascade and MHC molecules. This intrinsic low-grade inflammatory state, as it relates to aging, occurs in cultured cells irrespective of the presence of other cell types or the in vivo context. CONCLUSION Our results are consistent with the view that constitutive activation of inflammatory pathways is a phenomenon prevalent in aged fibroblasts. It is possibly part of a cellular survival process in response to compromised mitochondrial function. Importantly, the inflammatory gene expression signature described here is cell autonomous, i.e. occurs in the absence of prototypical immune or pro-inflammatory cells, growth factors, or other inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Kriete
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Bossone Research Center, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Karrasch S, Holz O, Jörres RA. Aging and induced senescence as factors in the pathogenesis of lung emphysema. Respir Med 2008; 102:1215-30. [PMID: 18617381 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2008.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2007] [Revised: 03/21/2008] [Accepted: 04/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Classically, the development of emphysema in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is believed to involve inflammation induced by cigarette smoke and leukocyte activation, including oxidant-antioxidant and protease-antiprotease imbalances. While there is substantial evidence for this, additional aspects have been suggested by a number of clinical and experimental observations. Smokers exhibit signs of premature aging, particularly obvious in the skin. The link between aging and chronic disease is well-known, e.g., for the brain and musculoskeletal or cardiovascular system, as well as the clinical link between malnutrition and emphysema, and the experimental link to caloric restriction. Interestingly, this intervention also increases lifespan, in parallel with alterations in metabolism, oxidant burden and endocrine signaling. Of special interest is the observation that, even in the absence of an inflammatory environment, lung fibroblasts from patients with emphysema show persistent alterations, possibly based on epigenetic mechanisms. The importance of these mechanisms for cellular reprogramming and response patterns, individual risk profile and therapeutic options is becoming increasingly recognized. The same applies to cellular senescence. Recent findings from patients and experimental models open novel views into the arena of gene-environment interactions, including the role of systemic alterations, cellular stress, telomeres, CDK inhibitors such as p16, p21, pRb, PI3K, mTOR, FOXO transcription factors, histone modifications, and sirtuins. This article aims to outline this emerging picture and to stimulate the identification of challenging questions. Such insights also bear implications for the long-term course of the disease in relation to existing or future therapies and the exploration of potential lung regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Karrasch
- Institute for Inhalation Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg/Munich, Germany
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Yau C, Fedele V, Roydasgupta R, Fridlyand J, Hubbard A, Gray JW, Chew K, Dairkee SH, Moore DH, Schittulli F, Tommasi S, Paradiso A, Albertson DG, Benz CC. Aging impacts transcriptomes but not genomes of hormone-dependent breast cancers. Breast Cancer Res 2008; 9:R59. [PMID: 17850661 PMCID: PMC2216076 DOI: 10.1186/bcr1765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2007] [Revised: 08/21/2007] [Accepted: 09/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Age is one of the most important risk factors for human malignancies, including breast cancer; in addition, age at diagnosis has been shown to be an independent indicator of breast cancer prognosis. Except for inherited forms of breast cancer, however, there is little genetic or epigenetic understanding of the biological basis linking aging with sporadic breast cancer incidence and its clinical behavior. Methods DNA and RNA samples from matched estrogen receptor (ER)-positive sporadic breast cancers diagnosed in either younger (age ≤ 45 years) or older (age ≥ 70 years) Caucasian women were analyzed by array comparative genomic hybridization and by expression microarrays. Array comparative genomic hybridization data were analyzed using hierarchical clustering and supervised age cohort comparisons. Expression microarray data were analyzed using hierarchical clustering and gene set enrichment analysis; differential gene expression was also determined by conditional permutation, and an age signature was derived using prediction analysis of microarrays. Results Hierarchical clustering of genome-wide copy-number changes in 71 ER-positive DNA samples (27 younger women, 44 older women) demonstrated two age-independent genotypes; one with few genomic changes other than 1q gain/16q loss, and another with amplifications and low-level gains/losses. Age cohort comparisons showed no significant differences in total or site-specific genomic breaks and amplicon frequencies. Hierarchical clustering of 5.1 K genes variably expressed in 101 ER-positive RNA samples (53 younger women, 48 older women) identified six transcriptome subtypes with an apparent age bias (P < 0.05). Samples with higher expression of a poor outcome-associated proliferation signature were predominantly (65%) younger cases. Supervised analysis identified cancer-associated genes differentially expressed between the cohorts; with younger cases expressing more cell cycle genes and more than threefold higher levels of the growth factor amphiregulin (AREG), and with older cases expressing higher levels of four different homeobox (HOX) genes in addition to ER (ESR1). An age signature validated against two other independent breast cancer datasets proved to have >80% accuracy in discerning younger from older ER-positive breast cancer cases with characteristic differences in AREG and ESR1 expression. Conclusion These findings suggest that epigenetic transcriptome changes, more than genotypic variation, account for age-associated differences in sporadic breast cancer incidence and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Yau
- Buck Institute for Age Research, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Vita Fedele
- University of California Comprehensive Cancer Center, 2340 Sutter Street, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ritu Roydasgupta
- University of California Comprehensive Cancer Center, 2340 Sutter Street, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jane Fridlyand
- University of California Comprehensive Cancer Center, 2340 Sutter Street, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Alan Hubbard
- Buck Institute for Age Research, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Joe W Gray
- University of California Comprehensive Cancer Center, 2340 Sutter Street, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Karen Chew
- University of California Comprehensive Cancer Center, 2340 Sutter Street, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Shanaz H Dairkee
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, 475 Brannan Street, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
| | - Dan H Moore
- University of California Comprehensive Cancer Center, 2340 Sutter Street, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, 475 Brannan Street, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
| | | | - Stefania Tommasi
- National Cancer Institute – Bari, via Amendola 209, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo Paradiso
- National Cancer Institute – Bari, via Amendola 209, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Donna G Albertson
- University of California Comprehensive Cancer Center, 2340 Sutter Street, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Christopher C Benz
- Buck Institute for Age Research, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945, USA
- University of California Comprehensive Cancer Center, 2340 Sutter Street, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Defining 'chromosomal instability'. Trends Genet 2008; 24:64-9. [PMID: 18192061 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2007.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2007] [Revised: 11/16/2007] [Accepted: 11/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Most scientists agree that the majority of human solid malignant tumors are characterized by chromosomal instability (CIN) involving gain or loss of whole chromosomes or fractions of chromosomes. CIN is thought to be an early event during tumorigenesis and might therefore be involved in tumor initiation. Despite its frequent occurrence in tumors and its potential importance in tumor evolution, CIN is poorly defined and is used inconsistently and imprecisely. Here, we provide criteria to define CIN and argue that few experimental approaches are capable of assessing the presence of CIN. Accurate assessment of CIN is crucial to elucidate whether CIN is a driving force for tumorigenesis and whether a chromosomally unstable genome is necessary for tumor progression.
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Impact of aging on the biology of breast cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2007; 66:65-74. [PMID: 17949989 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2007.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2007] [Revised: 08/31/2007] [Accepted: 09/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous malignancy; its age-specific incidence profile rises exponentially until menopause and increases more slowly thereafter, reflecting the superimposition of early-onset and late-onset breast cancer rates. While early-onset breast cancers largely represent inherited or early life transforming effects on immature mammary epithelium, late-onset breast cancers likely follow extended exposures to promoting stimuli of susceptible epithelium that has failed to age normally. Among stimuli thought to promote late-onset breast tumorigenesis are the altered extracellular matrix and secreted products of senescent fibroblasts; however, the extent to which these senescent influences exist within the aging breast remains unknown. Clinical observations and biomarker studies indicate that late-onset breast cancers grow more slowly and are biologically less aggressive than early-onset breast cancers, even when controlled for hormone receptor (e.g. estrogen receptor, ER) and growth factor receptor (e.g. HER2) expression, supporting the conclusion that the biology of breast cancer is age-dependent.
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Boardman LA, Johnson RA, Petersen GM, Oberg AL, Kabat BF, Slusser JP, Wang L, Morlan BW, French AJ, Smyrk TC, Lindor NM, Thibodeau SN. Higher frequency of diploidy in young-onset microsatellite-stable colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:2323-8. [PMID: 17438090 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-2739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) can be divided into two nonoverlapping groups: those that are chromosomally unstable but microsatellite stable (MSS CIN+) and those that are chromosomally stable but microsatellite unstable (MSI CIN-). However, a third group with neither chromosome nor microsatellite instability (MSS CIN-) makes a substantial contribution to the total CRC burden. The clinicopathologic features of MSS CIN- CRC are not well delineated. We assessed the relationship between age and chromosomal instability (CIN) status as measured by ploidy and allelic imbalance in a series of MSS tumors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We studied a prospectively collected series of CRC patients at Mayo Clinic Rochester. A total of 84 samples of MSS CRC in patients <or=50 years old were identified between 1994 and 1997. A consecutive series of 90 MSS CRC in patients >or=65 years old served as a comparison group. CIN status was assessed using two techniques: ploidy analysis by flow cytometry and small chromosome changes as measured by genomewide fractional allelic imbalance. RESULTS CRC in the young-onset group was more likely to involve the rectum and to be high stage. MSS tumors in the young-onset group were more often diploid (46%) than those in older patients (26%; P = 0.006). This difference was maintained in the subset of MSS CRC that were high stage (42% versus 18%; P = 0.02) and in rectal cancers (50% versus 23%; P = 0.04). CONCLUSION A greater proportion of young patients with MSS CRC has diploid tumors than patients who develop MSS CRC over age 65.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Boardman
- Department of Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
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Widmann TA, Herrmann M, Taha N, König J, Pfreundschuh M. Short telomeres in aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma as a risk factor in lymphomagenesis. Exp Hematol 2007; 35:939-46. [PMID: 17533048 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2007.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2006] [Revised: 03/14/2007] [Accepted: 03/14/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Telomeres cap chromosomal ends and help to maintain chromosomal integrity. Telomere shortening may result in chromosomal instability and, ultimately, malignant transformation of cells. It has not been systematically studied whether patients with malignancy have shortened telomeres in their normal, nontransformed cells, which might point to a preexisting disposition for chromosomal instability. METHODS We designed an (age-) matched pair analysis that compared telomere length in nonmalignant peripheral leukocytes from previously untreated patients who recently developed an aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, with leukocytes from healthy individuals. RESULTS Telomere lengths in B and T lymphocytes as well as granulocytes from the patients' group were significantly shorter than those from age-matched healthy controls. We were able to rule out increased proliferation, telomerase defects, or increased oxidative stress in patients as confounding factors of shortened telomeres. CONCLUSION Short telomeres in nontransformed leukocytes may constitute a risk factor for lymphomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Widmann
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin I, Universitätsklinikum Homburg, Homburg, Germany.
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Zinner R, Teller K, Versteeg R, Cremer T, Cremer M. Biochemistry meets nuclear architecture: multicolor immuno-FISH for co-localization analysis of chromosome segments and differentially expressed gene loci with various histone methylations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 47:223-41. [PMID: 17442381 DOI: 10.1016/j.advenzreg.2007.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Zinner
- Anthropology and Human Genetics, Department of Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Grosshadernerstrasse 2, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
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Nadal M, Pera G, Pujadas J, Abril J, González L, Aguiló F, Condom E, Gómez-Zaera M, Nunes V. Aneuploidy of chromosome Y in prostate tumors and seminal vesicles: A possible sign of aging rather than an indicator of carcinogenesis? Mol Carcinog 2007; 46:543-52. [PMID: 17295237 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome Y aneuploidies have been reported as one of the recurrent cytogenetic findings in prostate cancer (PCa) and many other solid and hematological tumors. We have studied this aneuploidy in 28 patients with PCa undergoing radical prostatectomy, one patient with benign hyperplasia (BPH) and four organ donors. A total of 72 samples have been studied: 17 tumors, 25 nontumor prostate tissues, 1 BPH, 21 seminal vesicles samples obtained along with the prostate when patients underwent radical prostatectomy and prostate tissues and seminal vesicles from four organ donors. We have also studied the aneuploidy of chromosome Y in peripheral blood from four of the patients and in seminal vesicles of 11 individuals with bladder cancer (BC). The study has been performed by Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in uncultured cells. Our results indicate that complete loss of chromosome Y is found in almost all the seminal vesicles both from patients with PCa and patients with BC (samples obtained from the tissue bank), and is more frequent in prostate tumors than in nontumor samples. The percentages of chromosome Y loss in the tissues analyzed are significatively higher than expected in lymphocytes considering the patient's age as reported in the literature. The high percentage of chromosome Y loss found in the nonmalignant seminal vesicles of these patients may be an indicator of an ageing process rather than a primary cytogenetic alteration in the carcinogenesis of the prostate. However, a contribution of this loss to chromosomal instability and therefore, to the multistep tumorigenic process, cannot be discarded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marga Nadal
- Centre de Genètica Mèdica i Molecular, IDIBELL-Institut de Recerca Oncològica, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Gran Via s/n, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
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